Background
Methods
Study population, metabolic status and the selection of patients
Evaluation of clinical variables
Assessment of atheromatous plaque burden by ultrasound study
Statistical analysis
Results
Prediabetes (n = 2269) | Control group (n = 4419) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Women, n (%) | 1290 (56.9) | 2151 (48.7) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 59 [54;64] | 57 [52;62] | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 40 [39;42] | 36 [33;37] | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.8 [5.7;6.0] | 5.4 [5.2;5.5] | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1290 (56.9) | 2214 (50.1) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 206 [183;231] | 203 [179;229] | 0.002 |
LDL-cholesterola (mg/dL) | 146 [133;164] | 145 [129;162] | 0.020 |
HDL-cholesterola (mg/dL) | 53 [45;65] | 55 [46;67] | 0.009 |
Triglyceridesa (mg/dL) | 148 [113;205] | 133 [100;183] | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 534 (23.5) | 712 (16.1) | < 0.001 |
Statins, n (%) | 478 (21.0) | 656 (14,8) | < 0.001 |
Fibrates, n (%) | 62 (2.7) | 54 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Ezetimibe, n (%) | 8 (0.3) | 17 (0.3) | 0.838 |
Omega-3 fatty acids, n (%) | 6 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1048 (46.2) | 1617 (36.6) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 132 [120;142] | 129 [119;141] | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 81 [75;88] | 81 [75;88] | 0.764 |
Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 49 [42;58] | 47 [40;56] | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensives, n (%) | 911 (40.1) | 1305 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 430 (18.9) | 659 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
ARA II, n (%) | 230 (10.1) | 334 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 441 (19.4) | 586 (13.2) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 196 (8.6) | 216 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
Calcium antagonists, n (%) | 147 (6.4) | 210 (4.7) | 0.003 |
Other, n (%) | 12 (0.5) | 19 (0.4) | 0.573 |
Obesityb, n (%) | 817 (36.0) | 1176 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 [26.7;33.1] | 28.0 [25.1;31.2] | < 0.001 |
Current or former smoker, n (%) | 1211 (53.4) | 2714 (61.4) | < 0.001 |
Antithrombotics, n (%) | 94 (4.1) | 115 (2.6) | 0.001 |
Number of CV risk factors | 2 [1;3] | 2 [1;2] | < 0.001 |
Characteristics of atheromatous disease | |||
Presence of any plaque, n (%) | 1597 (70.4) | 2984 (67.5) | 0.017 |
Carotid territory affected, n (%) | 1112 (49.0) | 1924 (43.5) | < 0.001 |
Femoral territory affected, n (%) | 1227 (54.1) | 2321 (52.5) | 0.228 |
Number of affected territories | 2 [1;3] | 1 [0;3] | 0.002 |
Total plaque area, (cm2) | 0.96 [0.52;1.62] | 0.93 [0.56;1.55] | 0.760 |
Stenotic lesions ≥ 50% | 21 (0.9) | 23 (0.5) | 0.057 |
Prediabetes (n = 2269) | Control group (n = 4419) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Left arteries | 1297 (57.2) | 2395 (54.2) | 0.021 |
Common carotid artery, n (%) | 95 (4.2) | 142 (3.2) | 0.041 |
Bifurcation carotid artery, n (%) | 644 (28.4) | 1118 (25.3) | 0.018 |
Internal carotid artery, n (%) | 350 (15.4) | 546 (12.3) | 0.002 |
External carotid artery, n (%) | 31 (1.4) | 69 (1.6) | 0.534 |
Common femoral artery, n (%) | 925 (40.8) | 1775 (40.2) | 0.636 |
Superficial femoral artery, n (%) | 152 (6.7) | 232 (5.3) | 0.016 |
Right arteries | 1348 (59.4) | 2513 (56.9) | 0.046 |
Common carotid artery, n (%) | 68 (3.0) | 129 (2.9) | 0.376 |
Bifurcation carotid artery, n (%) | 659 (29.1) | 1053 (23.8) | < 0.001 |
Internal carotid artery, n (%) | 322 (14.2) | 578 (13.1) | 0.240 |
External carotid artery, n (%) | 40 (1.8) | 78 (1.8) | 0.992 |
Common femoral artery, n (%) | 1018 (44.9) | 1936 (43.8) | 0.411 |
Superficial femoral artery, n (%) | 172 (7.6) | 275 (6.2) | 0.035 |
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | p | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Women | Ref. | |
Men | 3.37 (2.60 to 4.36) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.12) | < 0.001 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | 1.92 (1.09 to 3.38) | 0.024 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.01) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering agents | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.83) | 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive treatment | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.96) | 0.018 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.234 |
Waist circumferencea | ||
Normal | Ref. | |
High | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.42) | 0.762 |
Smoking status | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Former | 1.89 (1.49 to 2.41) | < 0.001 |
Current | 5.23 (3.85 to 7.11) | < 0.001 |
Antithrombotic treatment | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.82 (0.46 to 1.45) | 0.491 |
Test of fit Hosmer–Lemeshow | 0.586 | |
Area under de ROC curve | 0.74 (0.72 to 0.76) | < 0.001 |