Introduction
Pouchitis, a nonspecific inflammatory condition of the ileal pouch reservoir, is the most common long-term complication in patients who have undergone ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA), and it significantly affects patients’ quality of life.1
The reported cumulative risk of developing pouchitis varies widely, ranging from 15 to 50 % in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and may be even higher2‐5. It occurs most commonly within the first 6 months after IPAA and develops in 7–15 % of patients.2,4,6‐8
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Patients with pouchitis have a wide range of clinical presentations.9 To the best of our knowledge, the relationship between onset days and clinical characteristics of pouchitis has not been fully examined in previous studies. We analyzed the histories of patients with UC who developed pouchitis within 4 weeks of ileostomy closure. Identification of the clinical characteristics of patients with extremely early-onset pouchitis (EEOP) is important for recognition of early postoperative complications and assurance of effective management. We present the characteristics of eight patients with EEOP.
Material and Methods
Study Population
This retrospective study evaluated the clinical characteristics of EEOP by reviewing Mie University’s pouchitis database. All 225 consecutive patients from January 2000 to May 2011, who underwent IPAA for UC with a minimum follow-up of 12 months in our unit, were enrolled. Patients were reviewed at 3-month intervals for the first postoperative year and every 6 months or as needed, thereafter.
Standard Operation
The standard operation was a mucosal restorative proctocolectomy with hand-sewn IPAA using an 18 cm two-limbed J-shaped ileal pouch. Of the 225 patients, 223 patients underwent hand-sewn IPAA, with two patients with anal sphincter dysfunction undergoing stapled IPAA. Closure of the ileostomy was performed approximately 3 months after IPAA if an intact pouch without anastomotic leakage was confirmed just before ileostomy closure. We routinely examined ileal pouch–anal anastomosis using digital examination, manometry, and defecography before ileostomy closure. Our surgeons performed bougienage just before ileostomy closure for the patients with anastomotic stricture, and/or patients repeated self-bougienage after ileostomy closure.
Diagnosis of Pouchitis
All patients with pouchitis were diagnosed using a combination of clinical and endoscopic techniques. Biopsies were not routinely taken. Pouchitis was defined as a modified Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI) score of ≥5 points.10 We performed endoscopy for all of the patients with suspected pouchitis. Endoscopic findings included edema, granularity, friability, loss of vascular pattern, mucoid exudate, and ulceration, but excluded staple-line ulcer. We performed digital examination of the ileal pouch–anal anastomosis before pouchoscopy. Secondary pouchitis (e.g., anastomotic stricture, pelvic sepsis, pouch ischemia, Clostridium difficile infection, cytomegalovirus infection and regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and Crohn’s disease were actively excluded before diagnosing pouchitis. The onset days of pouchitis were defined as the time period from restoration of gastrointestinal continuity to endoscopic diagnosis at the first episode. EEOP was defined as pouchitis that developed within 4 weeks of restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. Non-EEOP was defined as pouchitis that developed >4 weeks after restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. Absence of pouchitis was defined as a modified PDAI score of ≤4 points. Pouchitis was classified as acute and chronic pouchitis.11 Acute pouchitis was defined as <4-week duration of symptoms and chronic pouchitis as >4-week duration. Antibiotic-responsive pouchitis was defined as an episode of pouchitis that responded to a 2-week course of antibiotics. Antibiotic-dependent pouchitis was defined as disease requiring long-term, continuous antibiotic therapy to maintain remission. Antibiotic–refractory pouchitis fails to respond to antibiotics and typically requires oral or topical 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroid therapy, or oral immunomodulator therapy.11 Antibiotic-dependent and antibiotic-refractory phenotypes were categorized as chronic pouchitis. We divided patients with pouchitis into EEOP and non-EEOP groups according to onset days, for comparison.
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Possible factors related to the development of EEOP included: gender (male), age at initial surgery, >32 years; disease duration of <6 years; type of disease (acute fulminating vs. relapsing–remitting vs. chronic continuous); extent of colitis (left-sided colitis); severity of colitis (severe); extraintestinal manifestation; total dosage of steroid before colectomy of >8 g; dosage of steroid per month just before surgery >600 mg; use of immunomodulators; emergency or urgent operation at first operation; operation stages (two vs. three stages); and pelvic sepsis. These factors were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the significant factors related to EEOP among patients with pouchitis. We justified age at initial surgery of 32 years; disease duration of 6 years; total dosage of steroid before surgery of 8 g; and dosage of steroid per month just before surgery of 600 mg as cutoff values using receiver–operator characteristic curves.
Statistical Analysis
Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD (range). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test for quantitative and qualitative variables using JMP version 5 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All variables associated with EEOP with P < 0.4 in univariate analysis of categorical data were examined consecutively using multivariate analysis logistic regression. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Of the 225 patients, 13 with an ileostomy or who had undergone ileostomy reconstruction for pelvic sepsis or perianal fistula were excluded. Of the 212 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 62 had pouchitis (29.2 %). Neither of the two patients who underwent stapled IPAA developed cuffitis or pouchitis. All of the patients with pelvic sepsis and perianal fistula were radiographically confirmed to be improved before ileostomy closure. No patients with pouchitis had concurrent anastomotic stricture when they developed pouchitis. Eight (3.8 %) patients developed EEOP. The median number of days between restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and first pouchitis onset was 587.5 days (range, 6–3,352 days). Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients with EEOP. Six male and two female patients with a mean age of 38 ± 13 years (19–58 years) developed EEOP. Seven of eight patients had total colitis, and four of eight had severe colitis. The average cumulative dosage of steroid administered before colectomy in the patients with EEOP was 17.6 g. The average dosage of steroid per month just before colectomy in patients with EEOP was 734 mg.
Table 1
Characteristics of patients with EEOP
Case | Gender | Age (years) | Disease duration (months) | Extent of colitis | Disease severity | Disease type | Total dosage of prednisolone (mg) | Dosage of prednisolone just before surgery (mg/month) | IM just before surgery | Postoperative complications excluding PC | Steroid withdrawal syndrome | Days between ileostomy closure and first PC onset (days) | Modified PDAI | Classification categories for pouchitis subtypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Male | 40 | 18 | Total | Severe | Relapse-remitting | 8,000 | 600 | N | Pelvic abscess Perianal fistula | Y | 6 | 8 | chronic |
2 | Male | 53 | 28 | Total | Moderate | Relapse-remitting | 12,000 | 600 | N | Perianal fistula | Y | 7 | 8 | chronic |
3 | Male | 32 | 39 | Total | Moderate | Chronic continuous | 20,000 | 900 | N | None | N | 8 | 9 | chronic |
4 | Female | 19 | 8 | Total | Severe | Acute fulminanting | 3,400 | 900 | CYS | None | N | 9 | 8 | acute |
5 | Female | 23 | 79 | Left-sided | Moderate | Chronic continuous | 43,000 | 750 | CYS | Partial vein thrombi | Y | 13 | 10 | chronic |
6 | Male | 41 | 60 | Total | Severe | Relapse-remitting | 34,000 | 620 | N | Small bowel obstruction | N | 20 | 5 | chronic |
7 | Male | 58 | 75 | Total | Moderate | Relapse-remitting | 9,000 | 900 | TAC | Small bowel obstruction | N | 21 | 11 | chronic |
8 | Male | 37 | 21 | Left-sided | Severe | Chronic continuous | 8,000 | 600 | N | Pelvic abscess | N | 28 | 11 | acute |
Of the eight patients who developed EEOP, two had pelvic sepsis, two had perianal fistula, two had small bowel obstruction, and one had portal vein thrombi after IPAA. All of the pelvic sepsis and small bowel obstruction patients improved before ileostomy closure. Two patients developed perianal fistula 3 and 5 months after ileostomy closure, respectively, and seton drainage improved the perianal fistulas. One patient with portal vein thrombi required warfarin therapy. None of the patients with EEOP had concurrent postoperative complications when they developed pouchitis except the patient with portal vein thrombi.
The clinical characteristics of the non-EEOP and EEOP patients are shown in Table 2. Univariate analysis revealed a significant difference in the dosage of steroid per month just before colectomy between the two groups (P = 0.025). There was no difference in gender, age at initial surgery, disease duration, type of disease, extent of colitis, severity of colitis, extraintestinal manifestation, cumulative dosage of steroid before colectomy, use of immunomodulators, emergency or urgent operation at first operation, operation stages, or pelvic sepsis between patients with non-EEOP and EEOP. The results of univariate analysis of categorical data did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups (Table 3). Multivariate analysis was performed using four factors: age at initial surgery >32 years, type of disease (chronic continuous), extent of colitis (left-sided colitis), or dosage of steroid per month just before surgery >600 mg. Multivariate analysis showed that the dosage of steroid per month just before surgery was significantly associated with EEOP (P = 0.039; Table 4).
Table 2
The clinical characteristics of the non-EEOP and EEOP patients
Factors | Non-EEOP | EEOP |
P
|
|---|---|---|---|
n = 54 |
n = 8 | ||
Gender (male/female) | 30/24 | 6/2 | 0.45 |
Age at initial surgery (years) | 32 ± 15 | 38 ± 13 | 0.24 |
Disease duration (years) | 7.5 ± 6.9 | 5.5 ± 6.2 | 0.28 |
Type of disease (acute fulminating/relapse–remitting/chronic continuous) | 5/38/11 | 1/4/3 | 0.49 |
Extent of colitis (left-sided colitis/total colitis) | 7/47 | 2/6 | 0.33 |
Severity of colitis (severe/moderate/mild) | 11/32/11 | 2/5/1 | 0.86 |
Extraintestinal manifestation (Y/N) | 2/52 | 0/8 | 1.00 |
Total dosage of steroid before surgery (g) | 19.1 ± 19.6 | 17.6 ± 13.8 | 0.90 |
Dosage of steroid per month just before surgery (mg) | 518 ± 450 | 734 ± 146 | 0.03 |
Immunomodulator (Y/N) | 22/32 | 4/4 | 0.71 |
Emergency or urgent operation at first operation (Y/N) | 11/43 | 1/7 | 0.59 |
Operation stages (one stage/two stage/three stage) | 3/37/14 | 0/7/1 | 0.52 |
Postoperative pelvic abscess (Y/N) | 8/46 | 2/6 | 0.60 |
Table 3
The results of univariate analysis of categorical data
Factors | Odds ratio | 95%CI |
P
|
|---|---|---|---|
Gender (male) | 1.35 | 0.85–2.15 | 0.45 |
Age at initial surgery (>32 years) | 4.04 | 0.75–21.89 | 0.13 |
Disease duration (<6 years) | 1.79 | 0.39–8.27 | 0.45 |
Type of disease (chronic continuous) | 2.35 | 0.48–11.35 | 0.36 |
Type of disease (relapse–remitting) | 0.42 | 0.09–1.89 | 0.42 |
Type of disease (acute fulminating) | 1.40 | 0.14–13.8 | 0.58 |
Extent of colitis (left-sided colitis) | 2.24 | 0.37–13.36 | 0.33 |
Severity of colitis (severe) | 1.30 | 0.23–7.36 | 0.67 |
Total dosage of steroid before surgery (>8 g) | 1.08 | 0.24–4.76 | 1.00 |
Dosage of steroid per month just before surgery (>600 mg) | 4.12 | 0.88–19.82 | 0.10 |
Use of immunomodulator (Y) | 1.45 | 0.33–6.44 | 0.71 |
Emergency or urgent operation at first operation (Y) | 0.56 | 0.06–5.00 | 1.00 |
Operation stages (two stage) | 3.22 | 0.37–28.24 | 0.42 |
Operation stages (three stage) | 0.41 | 0.05–3.57 | 0.67 |
Postoperative pelvic abscess (Y) | 1.22 | 0.13–11.27 | 1.00 |
Table 4
Multivariate analysis showing the dosage of steroid per month just before surgery
Odds ratio | 95%CI |
P
| |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at initial surgery (>32 years) | 3.60 | 0.66–25.55 | 0.14 |
Type of disease (chronic continuous) | 4.69 | 0.63–44.83 | 0.13 |
Extent of colitis (left-sided colitis) | 1.58 | 0.08–6.05 | 0.67 |
Dosage of steroid per month just before surgery (>600 mg) | 6.26 | 1.09–52.78 | 0.039 |
Comparisons of severity between patients with non-EEOP and EEOP are shown in Table 5. The median number of days between restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and first pouchitis onset was 737 days in patients with non-EEOP and 11 days in patients with EEOP. The modified PDAI score (including clinical criteria and endoscopic criteria) at first onset in patients with EEOP was higher than in patients with non-EEOP (P = 0.0009). The occurrence of EEOP was significantly associated with the development of chronic pouchitis at first onset compared with non-EEOP patients (P = 0.0056). None of the patients with pouchitis required permanent ileostomy for refractory pouchitis.
Table 5
Comparisons of severity between patients with non-EEOP and EEOP
Factors | Non-EEOP (n = 54) | EEOP |
P
|
|---|---|---|---|
Modified PDAI | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 0.0009 |
Clinical criteria | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 0.0031 |
Endoscopic criteria | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 0.0035 |
Classification categories for pouchitis subtypes (acute/chronic) | 42/12 | 2/6 | 0.0056 |
Discussion
Abdelrazeq et al.12 reported that the first episode of pouchitis occurred within 6 months of restoration of gastrointestinal continuity in 45 % of patients who developed pouchitis. The mean interval from the beginning of pouch function to the occurrence of the first episode of pouchitis was 5 months (range, 0.5–48 months). Other previous reports indicated that the incidence of the first attack of pouchitis was highest during the first 6 months after restoration of gastrointestinal continuity, that the mean interval from the beginning of pouch function to the first episode of pouchitis was 5–17 months, and that the range of onset was 2 days to 156 months.5,6,13‐15 However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies of EEOP have fully examined the relationship between onset days and clinical characteristics of pouchitis.
Several studies have reported an increased incidence of pouchitis in patients with extraintestinal manifestations, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and genetic factors (IL-1ra, NOD2/CARD 15, and TNF genes).2,4‐6,11,13,16‐18 Recent studies have reported a relationship between the occurrence of pouchitis and preoperative steroid use.13,19,20 Fleshner et al.13 reported that clinical factors associated with the development of acute pouchitis include the use of a steroid before colectomy, although they did not describe the use or dose of the steroid in detail. Kalkan et al.19 reported that a high preoperative Disease Activity Index score and steroid dependency are independent risk factors for the development of pouchitis. They suggested that more severe disease activity in the preoperative period may pose an increased risk for the development of pouchitis. Nakamura et al.20 reported that many joint symptoms could be the result of alterations in the steroid dose taken by patients prior to surgery and that the presence of joint symptoms during steroid tapering is a significant risk factor for the development of pouchitis. In our study, there was a significant difference in the dosage of steroid per month just before colectomy between patients with EEOP and with non-EEOP. The mechanism of how steroid use relates to EEOP remains unclear. Although patients with more aggressive disease may have a higher incidence of pouchitis after surgery, this trend was not seen in patients taking other, more potent immunosuppressive agents, before IPAA.13 Suzuki et al.21 reported a relationship between the modified PDAI score at the first diagnosis of pouchitis and the subsequent clinical course. Patients with chronic, frequent, and antibiotic-dependent or refractory pouchitis had higher modified PDAI scores than did patients with acute, infrequent, and antibiotic-responsive pouchitis. However, they did not describe the relationship between onset days and modified PDAI score. In this study, patients with EEOP were associated with higher modified PDAI score and the development of chronic pouchitis compared with non-EEOP patients. There is a possibility that patients with EEOP could be diagnosed earlier because more severe symptomatic pouchitis is easier to detect.
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The limits of the present study relate to the small numbers in the two groups. Hoda et al.22 showed that patients with postoperative complications, specifically anastomotic complications, were more likely to develop chronic pouchitis. Because of the small sample size, this study may not have shown differences in pelvic sepsis between non-EEOP and EEOP, which was significantly related to chronic pouchitis. In addition, diagnosing pouchitis without biopsy may lead to diagnostic bias. New criteria for the diagnosis of pouchitis were proposed in Japan. These criteria are based on clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings that are clearly categorized in the atlas and exclude infectious enteritis, anastomotic insufficiency, pelvic infection, anal dysfunction, and Crohn’s disease. Advantages of the new criteria include ease of bedside diagnosis without the calculation of points required by the other criteria for pouchitis.23 We diagnosed pouchitis based on clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings in our patients.
Conclusion
The present study is the first to report the characteristics of EEOP occurring within 4 weeks of restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. The results show that EEOP has characteristics that differ from those of non-EEOP. Some studies have reported an increased incidence of pouchitis in patients who were administered steroids. In particular, the dosage of steroid per month just before colectomy may affect the early occurrence of pouchitis. This study suggests that EEOP may be related to a high preoperative dosage of steroid and may be more severe than pouchitis that occurs >4 weeks after restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. Recognition of the clinical characteristics of EEOP may ensure effective management for patients with UC in the early postoperative period. Regardless of the reasons why an increased incidence of pouchitis was observed in patients who were administered steroids, further studies on this observation may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of pouchitis.
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