Chemoradiotherapy versus surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy in tonsil cancer: Korean Radiation Oncology Group (KROG) study
verfasst von:
Sanghyuk Song, Hong-Gyun Wu, Chang Geol Lee, Ki Chang Keum, Mi Sun Kim, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Hyo Jung Park, Sang-Wook Lee, Geumju Park, Sung Ho Moon, Kwan Ho Cho, Yeon-Sil Kim, Yongkyun Won, Young-Taek Oh, Won-Taek Kim, Jae-Uk Jeong
Treatment of tonsil cancer, a subset of oropahryngeal cancer, varies between surgery and radiotherapy. Well-designed studies in tonsil cancer have been rare and it is still controversial which treatment is optimal. This study aimed to assess the outcome and failure patterns in tonsil cancer patients treated with either approaches.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 586 patients with tonsil cancer, treated between 1998 and 2010 at 16 hospitals in Korea. Two hundred and one patients received radiotherapy and chemotherapy (CRT), while 385 patients received surgery followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (SRT). Compared with the SRT group, patients receiving CRT were older, with more advanced T stage and received higher radiotherapy dose given by intensity modulation techniques. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and clinicopathologic factors were analyzed.
Results
At follow-up, the 5-year OS, DFS, LRRFS and DMFS rates in the CRT group were 82, 78, 89, and 94%, respectively, and in the SRT group were 81, 73, 87, and 89%, respectively. Old age, current smoking, poor performance status, advanced T stage, nodal involvement, and induction chemotherapy were associated with poor OS. Induction chemotherapy had a negative prognostic impact on OS in both treatment groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033 in the CRT and SRT groups, respectively).
Conclusions
In our multicenter, retrospective study of tonsil cancer patients, the combined use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy resulted in comparable oncologic outcome to surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy, despite higher-risk patients having been treated with the definitive radiotherapy. Induction chemotherapy approaches combined with either surgery or definitive radiotherapy were associated with unfavorable outcomes.
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3571-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Abkürzungen
CRT
Chemoradiotherapy
CT
Computed tomography
DFS
Disease-free survival
DMFS
Distant metastasis-free survival
ECOG
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
HPV
Human papillomavirus
IMRT
Intensity modulated radiotherapy
KROG
Korean Radiation Oncology Group
LRRFS
Locoregional recurrence-free survival
OS
Overall survival
PET
Positron emission tomography
SRT
Surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy
Background
The tonsils, a subsite of the oropharynx, are the most common site of oropharyngeal neoplasm [1]. The incidence of tonsil cancer is increasing [2, 3]. Odynophagia, dysphagia, otalgia and asymptomatic mass is common presentations. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly observed in tonsil cancer. Regional nodal metastases are frequent in more than half of patients, while contralateral nodal diseases are found in more than one fifth of patients with tonsil cancer [4]. Management of tonsil cancer is limited to either surgery or radiotherapy, yet there is a scarcity of randomized prospective trials comparing these treatment options. However, several retrospective studies published similar oncologic outcomes with both modalities [5‐7]. Therefore, current guidelines recommend both strategies based on such findings [8].
In recent decades, breakthroughs in the field have included the introduction of chemotherapy, resulting in improved survival rates after definitive radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy [9, 10]. Furthermore, randomized clinical trial data showed that more than half of oropharyngeal cancers were human papillomavirus (HPV) positive and responded well to definitive radiotherapy [11]. The incidence of HPV positive tumors is continuously increasing [12]. In the era of chemotherapy and endemic HPV, comparisons of the efficacy between treatment modalities is still controversial. In the present study, we conducted a large-scale retrospective multicenter study to evaluate the outcome of chemoradiotherapy and surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy in tonsil cancer patients.
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Methods
A total of 620 tonsil cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy between 1998 and 2010 were identified in 16 institutions in Korea. Of these, we analyzed data from 586 patients who were treated with definitive radiotherapy with chemotherapy (CRT; 201 patients) or surgery followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (SRT; 385 patients). All institutional review boards of participating hospitals approved the collection of these data. The need for consent had been waived by the institutional review boards. Patient demographics, performance status, smoking history, imaging study, stage, pathology, type of surgery, radio- and chemotherapeutic information, and follow-up results were compiled.
The median age at diagnosis was 56 (range, 26–89) and patients were predominantly male (89%). The performance status of most patients was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) grade 0–1 (94%). More than half of the patients (52%) had a history of smoking. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck were performed at diagnosis in 91% of individuals; positron emission tomography (PET) or CT scans were taken in 69% of patients, while magnetic resonance imaging of the oropharynx and neck was performed in 48%.
Patient characteristics according to the two treatment groups are summarized in Table 1. Younger patients and those with early T stage were more likely to receive surgery (p = 0.041 and 0.002, respectively). Unknown histologic differentiation was less frequent in the SRT group. Chemotherapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were more commonly used in the CRT group (p < 0.001 and 0.014, respectively). Radiotherapy dose was also higher in the CRT group than in those receiving SRT (p < 0.001).
Table 1
Patient Characteristics
Characteristic
Number of patients (%)
All (n = 586)
CRT (n = 201)
SRT (n = 385)
p-value
Sex
0.913
Male
523
(89)
179
(89)
344
(89)
Female
63
(11)
22
(11)
41
(11)
Age (years)
0.041
< 60
395
(67)
125
(62)
270
(70)
≥ 60
189
(32)
76
(38)
113
(29)
Unknown
2
(0)
0
(0)
2
(1)
Smoker
0.673
Never smoker
232
(40)
73
(36)
159
(41)
Ex-smoker a
98
(17)
32
(16)
66
(17)
Current smoker
206
(35)
73
(36)
133
(35)
Unknown
50
(8)
23
(11)
27
(7)
Performance
0.351
ECOG 0
197
(34)
74
(37)
123
(32)
ECOG 1
351
(60)
117
(58)
234
(61)
ECOG 2
21
(3)
5
(2)
16
(4)
Unknown
17
(3)
5
(2)
12
(3)
PET/CT
0.072
No
182
(31)
72
(36)
110
(29)
Yes
404
(69)
129
(64)
275
(71)
Differentiation
<0.001
WD
62
(11)
15
(7)
47
(12)
MD
297
(51)
73
(36)
224
(58)
PD
129
(22)
37
(18)
92
(24)
UD
16
(3)
11
(5)
5
(1)
Unknown
82
(14)
65
(32)
17
(4)
T stage
0.002
T1
134
(23)
31
(15)
103
(27)
T2
292
(50)
101
(50)
191
(50)
T3
74
(13)
30
(15)
44
(11)
T4a
73
(12)
30
(15)
43
(11)
T4b
13
(2)
9
(4)
4
(1)
N stage
0.779
N0
73
(12)
20
(10)
53
(14)
N1
79
(13)
28
(14)
51
(13)
N2a
45
(8)
16
(8)
29
(8)
N2b
307
(52)
105
(52)
202
(52)
N2c
60
(10)
23
(11)
37
(10)
N3
22
(4)
9
(4)
13
(3)
Stage
0.092
I
8
(1)
2
(1)
6
(2)
II
42
(7)
23
(11)
37
(10)
III
82
(14)
29
(14)
53
(14)
IVA
419
(72)
143
(71)
276
(72)
IVB
35
(6)
18
(9)
17
(4)
Chemotherapy
<0.001
Induction
61
(10)
33
(16)
28
(7)
Concurrent
244
(42)
167
(83)
77
(20)
Adjuvant
13
(2)
1
(1)
12
(3)
No
268
(46)
0
(0)
268
(70)
Radiotherapy technique
0.014
3D–CRT
391
(67)
121
(60)
270
(70)
IMRT
194
(33)
80
(40)
114
(30)
Unknown
1
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0)
Total dose of radiotherapy
Median 66
Median 70
Median 63
<0.001
(Gy)
(range, 25.2–76)
(range, 59.4–76)
(range, 25.2–72.6)
Abbreviations: CRT radiotherapy with chemotherapy, SRT surgery followed by radiotherapy, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, PET/CT positron emission tomography/computed tomography, WD well differentiated, MD moderate differentiation, PD poor differentiation, UD undifferentiated, 3D–CRT three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, IMRT intensity modulated radiotherapy
aAn adult who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime but who had quit smoking at the time of diagnosis
Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the date of treatment initiation to either death or last follow-up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from treatment initiation to recurrence, death, or last follow-up. Locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were defined as the time from treatment initiation to locoregional/distant recurrence or last follow-up, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the log rank test and Cox-proportional hazard regression model, respectively.
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Results
With a median follow-up duration of 54 months (range, 2–176 months), 67 (11%) patients demonstrated locoregional recurrence, while 50 (9%) patients failed with distant metastases. The 5-year OS, DFS, LRRFS, and DMFS rates of the cohort as a whole were 81, 75, 87, and 91%, respectively. When the data from the CRT and SRT groups were analyzed independently, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. The 5-year OS rates were 82 and 81% (p = 0.698) in the CRT and SRT groups, respectively; DFS, 78 and 73% (p = 0.612); LRRFS, 89 and 87% (p = 0.695); and DMFS, 94 and 89% (p = 0.157). The survival curves of each group are plotted in Fig. 1.
×
Older age, current smoking, advanced T and N stage, and induction chemotherapy treatment were associated with poor OS in the univariate analysis (Table 2). Furthermore, patients undergoing induction chemotherapy showed inferior survival in both treatment groups (Fig. 2); the 5-year OS rates of patients treated with and without induction chemotherapy were 71 and 83%, respectively (p < 0.001). This significant finding was also observed when the treatment groups were analyzed independently; in the CRT group, the 5-year OS rates of patients with or without induction chemotherapy were 70 and 84% (p = 0.001), respectively, and 72% vs 82% in the SRT group (p = 0.033).
Table 2
Univariate Analyses
Characteristic
OS
DFS
LRRFS
DMFS
No.
5Y (%)
p-value
No.
5Y (%)
p-value
No.
5Y (%)
p-value
No.
5Y (%)
p-value
Sex
Male
523
80
0.082
521
73
0.037
525
86
0.025
522
91
0.787
Female
63
90
63
88
63
94
63
91
Age (years)
< 60
395
85
<0.001
393
80
<0.001
395
89
0.121
394
92
0.026
≥ 60
189
73
189
62
189
83
189
86
Smoking history
Never/ex-smoker
330
85
0.001
329
79
0.001
330
90
0.005
330
92
0.306
Current smoker
206
76
205
67
206
82
205
89
Performance status
ECOG 0
197
85
0.094
197
80
0.027
197
93
0.008
197
92
0.45
ECOG 1–2
372
79
370
72
372
85
371
90
PET/CT
No
182
79
0.226
181
74
0.847
182
88
0.669
182
93
0.311
Yes
404
83
403
74
404
87
403
89
T stage
T1–T2
426
87
<0.001
425
81
<0.001
426
90
0.003
425
94
<0.001
T3–T4
160
67
159
58
160
81
160
82
N stage
N0–N2b
504
84
0.005
503
78
<0.001
504
88
0.055
504
83
<0.001
N2c–N3
82
67
81
55
82
81
81
79
Stage
I–III
132
90
0.066
132
85
0.016
132
93
0.06
132
97
0.004
IVA–IVB
454
79
452
72
454
86
453
89
Chemotherapy
Concurrent/no
525
83
<0.001
523
76
0.006
525
88
0.263
524
90
0.762
Induction
61
71
61
64
61
83
61
93
Radiotherapy technique
3D–CRT
391
80
0.420
389
74
0.36
391
87
0.754
390
90
0.235
IMRT
194
84
194
76
194
88
194
92
Treatment modality
CRT
201
82
0.698
201
78
0.612
201
89
0.695
201
94
0.157
SRT
385
81
383
73
385
87
384
89
Abbreviations: OS overall survival, DFS disease-free survival, LRRFS locoregional recurrence-free survival, DMFS distant metastasis-free survival, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, PET/CT positron emission tomography–computed tomography, 3D–CRT three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, IMRT intensity modulated radiotherapy, CRT radiotherapy with chemotherapy, SRT surgery followed by radiotherapy
×
The multivariate analysis (Table 3) also indicated that induction chemotherapy was a risk factor for poor OS and DFS, but not for LRRFS or DMFS. Other prognostic factors such as old age, current smoking, poor initial performance status and advanced T stage were associated with inferior OS. For DFS, advanced N stage was an additional significant prognostic factor. However, in terms of LRRFS, patient age and use of induction chemotherapy were not included in the Cox model. Age, and T and N stage were also identified as independent prognostic factors for DMFS.
Table 3
Multivariate Analyses
OS
DFS
LRRFS
DMFS
Characteristics
p-value
HR
95% CI
p-value
HR
95% CI
p-value
HR
95% CI
p-value
HR
95% CI
Age (years)
≥ 60
<0.001
3.000
2.001–4.497
<0.001
2.516
1.779–3.560
0.009
2.227
1.217–4.077
Smoking history
Current smoker
0.012
1.663
1.116–2.478
0.015
1.54
1.089–2.176
0.014
1.919
1.141–3.226
Performance status
ECOG 1–2
0.045
1.566
1.010–2.426
0.017
1.587
1.087–2.315
0.019
2.094
1.130–3.879
T stage
T3–T4
<0.001
2.913
1.943–4.366
<0.001
2.572
1.808–3.659
0.021
1.852
1.097–3.127
<0.001
3.312
1.804–6.082
N stage
N2c–N3
0.069
1.542
0.966–2.462
0.008
1.735
1.155–2.607
0.075
1.747
0.946–3.226
0.007
2.435
1.271–4.664
Chemotherapy
Induction
0.003
2.224
1.313–3.768
0.033
1.712
1.044–2.806
Abbreviations: OS overall survival, DFS disease-free survival, LRRFS locoregional recurrence-free survival, DMFS distant metastasis-free survival, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Discussion
Controversy surrounds the treatment of tonsil cancer. Both definitive surgery and radiotherapy resulted in favorable outcomes in retrospective studies [5‐7]. With the use of chemotherapy, improved survival rates were reported with both treatment modalities [9, 10]. However, no well-designed prospective study comparing radiotherapy and surgery has been completed in the era of widely used chemotherapy. The only prospective randomized trial comparing chemoradiotherapy and surgery followed by radiotherapy was stopped prematurely due to slow accrual and therefore failed to detect any significant difference in DFS between treatment groups [13].
In the present study, we report the outcome of 586 patients from 16 hospitals. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest tonsil cancer cohorts in the literature. We found that old age and advanced T stage which were associated with inferior survival in a multivariate analysis are more found in the CRT group. Despite these discrepancies in patient demographic and disease stage, there was no significant difference between the two treatment modalities under investigation in terms of survival, recurrence, or failure pattern. Our findings suggest that the CRT approach is more effective than SRT; however, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
If the outcome is comparable between two treatment options, morbidity associated with the treatment becomes important when choosing the treatment modality. Unfortunately, we were unable to collect extensive information regarding treatment-related toxicities. Future trials should address not only the outcomes of treatment, but also any associated complications.
The outcomes of our multicenter study are comparable with those of previously published series. Canis et al. reported the outcome of 102 tonsil cancer patients who were treated with transoral laser microsurgery [14]. The 5-year locoregional control rates of T1–T2 and T3–T4 stage tumors were 78 and 75%, respectively. In the current study, the corresponding rates were 90 and 81%, respectively. Similarly, researchers from MD Anderson Cancer Center reported 5-year locoregional control and OS rates of 97 and 86%, respectively, in 120 patients who were treated with tonsillectomy followed by postoperative radiotherapy [15]. Poulsen et al. studied the outcomes of 148 patients who received surgery followed by radiotherapy or definitive radiotherapy [16], yielding 5-year locoregional control and OS rates of 84 and 57%, respectively. Other studies performed before the early 2000s reported lower 5-year locoregional control rates of 63–77% and OS rates of 53–60% [7, 17‐19], possibly because these studies included a large proportion of patients who were treated in the pre-chemotherapy era. Although direct comparisons are not possible, our treatment outcomes are acceptable when compared with the literature.
In the present study, the induction chemotherapy approach negatively influenced both OS and DFS, but had little effect on LRRFS or DMFS in the multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that induction chemotherapy may cause non-cancer related death. Recently, randomized trials reported increased toxicities and no survival gain with induction chemotherapy [20, 21]. Despite the limitations of retrospective studies (e.g., patient selection), our findings support the proposal that the toxicity associated with routine use of induction chemotherapy might be potentially harmful to tonsil cancer patients who are highly curable without such treatment. This is further indicated by our finding that patients with tonsil cancer showed favorable prognosis and a low rate of distant metastasis, despite 86% demonstrating stage III–IVA disease.
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Tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for head and neck cancer [22]. Indian researchers reported that prior tobacco abuse was an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS and locoregional control in oropharyngeal cancer [23]. Less than half of tumors in that study were located in the tonsils. In our study, current smokers showed significantly worse OS, DFS, and LRRFS than non- or ex-smokers in the multivariate analysis. Differing tumor biology in smokers may affect disease outcome [24]. It is well known that persistent smoking during radiation therapy adversely affects the response and survival rate of head and neck cancer patients [25]. Smoking cessation may be beneficial and should be encouraged in patients with tonsil cancer.
Age of >60 years was associated with a significant risk of death, disease recurrence, and distant metastasis in the multivariate analysis. HPV infection, which correlated with favorable prognosis, was more frequently observed in younger patients than in the elderly; [12] therefore, smoking history and old age could be secondary surrogates of poor tumor biology which is unrelated to HPV infection. Unfortunately, because the HPV status of patients in the present study was unknown, this hypothesis could not be tested. Regarding that many recent studies for altering therapy based on HPV status are in progress, the lack of details of HPV status in this study has significant limitations [26].
Conclusion
Our large, multicenter, retrospective review of tonsil cancer patients showed favorable survival and disease control. Despite more high-risk patients being treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy than surgery followed by radiotherapy, demonstrated comparable outcomes. Furthermore, our study indicated that induction chemotherapy is correlated with significant risk of death and should not be routinely given to tonsil cancer patients.
Acknowledgements
None.
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Funding
This research was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is funded by the Korean government (MEST, grant no.2015M2A2A7055063); a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (H14C3459); and the National R&D Program through the Dong-nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (DIRAMS) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (50595–2016). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating hospitals, and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Owing to retrospective approach of this study, the need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committees. Additional information about the ethics committees and waiver of informed consent is provided in Additional file 1.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Chemoradiotherapy versus surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy in tonsil cancer: Korean Radiation Oncology Group (KROG) study
verfasst von
Sanghyuk Song Hong-Gyun Wu Chang Geol Lee Ki Chang Keum Mi Sun Kim Yong Chan Ahn Dongryul Oh Hyo Jung Park Sang-Wook Lee Geumju Park Sung Ho Moon Kwan Ho Cho Yeon-Sil Kim Yongkyun Won Young-Taek Oh Won-Taek Kim Jae-Uk Jeong