Background
Methods
Patient selection
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristics | Value |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
Median (Interquartile range) | 60 (25–87) |
≤ 60 | 301 (50.6%) |
> 60 | 294 (49.4%) |
Sex | |
Female | 304 (51.1%) |
Male | 291 (48.9%) |
Maximum diameter of tumor | |
≤ 1.6 cm | 304 (51.1%) |
> 1.6 cm | 284 (47.7%) |
Missing | 7 (1.2%) |
Position | |
Right Upper Lobe | 181 (30.4%) |
Right Middle Lobe | 28 (4.7%) |
Right Lower Lobe | 84 (14.1%) |
Left Upper Lobe | 135 (22.7%) |
Left Lower Lobe | 87 (14.6%) |
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 48 (8.1%) |
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 26 (4.4%) |
Missing | 6 (1.0%) |
Pathological type | |
Adenocarcinoma | 442 (74.3%) |
Squamous cell carcinoma | 62 (10.4%) |
Adenocarcinoma in situ | 73 (12.3%) |
Others | 16 (2.7%) |
adenosquamous carcinoma | 4 |
large cell neuroendocrine lung cancer | 3 |
metastatic colorectal cancer | 1 |
carcinoid | 5 |
sclerosing pneumocytoma | 1 |
lymphlepithelioma | 1 |
metastatic papillary thyroid cancer | 1 |
Missing | 2 (0.35%) |
Tumor differentiation | |
No | 28 (4.7%) |
I | 125 (21.0%) |
I-II | 82 (13.8%) |
II | 139 (23.4%) |
II-III | 137 (23.0%) |
III | 61 (10.3%) |
Missing | 23 (3.9%) |
Pathological morphology | |
No | 210 (35.3%) |
lepidic | 37 (6.2%) |
Acinar | 178 (29.9%) |
Micropapillary | 4 (0.7%) |
Papillary | 85 (14.3%) |
solid | 53 (8.9%) |
Missing | 28 (4.7%) |
Pulmonary membrane invasion | |
No | 431 (72.4%) |
Yes | 58 (9.7%) |
Missing | 106 (17.8%) |
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | |
No | 540 (90.8%) |
Yes | 54 (9.1%) |
Missing | 1 (0.2%) |
Vascular invasion | |
No | 548 (92.1%) |
Yes | 44 (7.4%) |
Missing | 3 (0.5%) |
Nerve invasion | |
No | 581 (97.6%) |
Yes | 13 (2.2%) |
Missing | 1 (0.2%) |
CEA | |
≤ 2.21 ng/ml | 253 (42.5%) |
> 2.21 ng/ml | 254 (42.7%) |
Missing | 88 (14.8%) |
Albumin | |
≤ 43.1 g/l | 289 (48.6%) |
> 43.1 g/l | 288 (48.4%) |
Missing | 18 (3.0%) |
Association of Individual clinicopathologic characteristics with metastasis of different regional lymph nodes
Independents Variables | Univariate Predictors | Multivariate Predictors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N Metastasis/N total | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | B | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
≤60 | 19/216 (8.8%) | Reference | ||
> 60 | 10/202 (5.0%) | 0.54 (0.25–1.19), 0.540 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 10/207 (4.8%) | Reference | ||
Male | 19/211 (9.0%) | 1.95 (0.88–4.30), 0.098* | ||
Maximum diameter of tumor | ||||
≤1.6 cm | 8/205 (3.9%) | Reference | ||
> 1.6 cm | 21/209 (10.0%) | 2.75 (1.19–6.36), 0.018* | ||
Position | < 0.0001* | |||
Right Upper Lobe | 3/121 (2.5%) | Reference | ||
Right Middle Lobe | 0/22 (0.0%) | 0.00 (0.00-), 0.998 | ||
Right Lower Lobe | 16/61 (26.2%) | 13.99 (3.89–50.30), < 0.0001* | ||
Left Upper Lobe | 1/93 (1.1%) | 0.43 (0.04–4.18), 0.465 | ||
Left Lower Lobe | 6/67 (9.0%) | 3.87 (0.94–16.01), 0.062* | ||
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 1/35 (2.9%) | 1.16 (0.12–11.48), 0.901 | ||
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 2/17 (11.8%) | 5.24 (0.81–33.96), 0.082* | ||
Pathological type | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 25/319 (7.8%) | Reference | ||
Others | 4/98 (4.1%) | 0.50 (0.17–1.48), 0.209 | ||
Tumor differentiation | ||||
No | 0/102 (0.0%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 29/302 (9.6%) | 171,607,233.80 (0.00-), 0.996 | ||
Pathological morphology | ||||
No | 8/140 (5.7%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 21/262 (8.0%) | 1.44 (0.62–3.34), 0.398 | ||
Pulmonary membrane invasion | ||||
No | 14/296 (4.7%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 5/40 (12.5%) | 2.88 (0.98–8.47), 0.055* | ||
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | ||||
No | 23/379 (6.1%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 6/39 (15.4%) | 2.81 (1.07–7.40), 0.036* | ||
Vascular invasion | ||||
No | 25/387 (6.5%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 4/30 (13.3%) | 2.23 (0.72–6.88), 0.164* | ||
Nerve invasion | ||||
No | 28/412 (6.8%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 1/6 (16.7%) | 2.74 (0.31–24.29), 0.365 | ||
CEA | ||||
≤2.21 ng/ml | 4/172 (2.3%) | Reference | ||
> 2.21 ng/ml | 18/182 (9.9%) | 4.61 (1.53–13.91), 0.007* | ||
Albumin | ||||
≤43.1 g/l | 22/195 (11.3%) | Reference | ||
> 43.1 g/l | 7/212 (3.3%) | 0.27 (0.11–0.64), 0.003* |
Independents Variables | Univariate Predictors | Multivariate Predictors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N Metastasis/N total | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | B | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
≤ 60 | 31/243 (12.8%) | Reference | ||
> 60 | 33/245 (13.5%) | 1.07 (0.63–1.80), 0.816 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 23/238 (9.7%) | Reference | ||
Male | 41/250 (16.4%) | 1.83 (1.06–3.16), 0.029* | ||
Maximum diameter of tumor | ||||
≤1.6 cm | 10/228 (4.4%) | Reference | ||
> 1.6 cm | 51/256 (19.9%) | 5.42 (2.68–10.97), < 0.0001* | ||
Position | 0.122* | |||
Right Upper Lobe | 15/157 (9.6%) | Reference | ||
Right Middle Lobe | 5/20 (25.0%) | 3.16 (1.01–9.90), 0.049* | ||
Right Lower Lobe | 13/68 (19.1%) | 2.24 (1.00–5.01), 0.050* | ||
Left Upper Lobe | 16/110 (14.5%) | 1.61 (0.76–3.42), 0.213 | ||
Left Lower Lobe | 6/80 (7.5%) | 0.77 (0.29–2.06), 0.600 | ||
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 7/33 (21.2%) | 2.55 (0.95–6.86), 0.064* | ||
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 2/16 (12.5%) | 1.35 (0.28–6.53), 0.707 | ||
Pathological type | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 51/370 (13.8%) | Reference | ||
Others | 13/118 (11.0%) | 0.77 (0.41–1.48), 0.439 | ||
Tumor differentiation | ||||
No | 3/101 (3.0%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 60/368 (16.3%) | 6.36 (1.95–20.74), 0.002* | ||
Pathological morphology | ||||
No | 21/167 (12.6%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 42/306 (13.7%) | 1.11 (0.63–1.94), 0.725 | ||
Pulmonary membrane invasion | ||||
No | 33/342 (9.6%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 14/55 (25.5%) | 3.20 (1.58–6.47), 0.001* | ||
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | ||||
No | 44/436 (10.1%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 20/52 (38.5%) | 5.57 (2.94–10.56), < 0.0001* | 1.13 | 3.11 (1.19–8.13), 0.021# |
Vascular invasion | ||||
No | 45/445 (10.1%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 19/41 (46.3%) | 7.68 (3.86–15.26), < 0.0001* | 1.09 | 2.98 (1.14–7.81), 0.026# |
Nerve invasion | ||||
No | 59/477 (12.4%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 5/11 (45.5%) | 5.90 (1.75–19.95), 0.004* | ||
CEA | ||||
≤2.21 ng/ml | 5/197 (2.5%) | Reference | ||
> 2.21 ng/ml | 44/219 (20.1%) | 9.66 (3.74–24.90), < 0.0001* | 2.14 | 8.49 (2.49–28.97), 0.001# |
Albumin | ||||
≤43.1 g/l | 45/247 (18.2%) | Reference | ||
> 43.1 g/l | 16/227 (7.0%) | 0.27 (0.11–0.64), 0.003* |
Independents Variables | Univariate Predictors | Multivariate Predictors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N Metastasis/N total | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | B | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
≤60 | 25/298 (8.4%) | Reference | ||
> 60 | 25/291 (8.6%) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83), 0.930 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 18/301 (6.0%) | Reference | ||
Male | 32/288 (11.1%) | 1.97 (1.08–3.59), 0.028* | ||
Maximum diameter of tumor | ||||
≤1.6 cm | 10/303 (3.3%) | Reference | ||
> 1.6 cm | 39/279 (14.0%) | 4.76 (2.33–9.74), < 0.0001* | 1.16 | 3.18 (1.15–8.78), 0.026# |
Position | 0.096* | 0.019# | ||
Right Upper Lobe | 9/181 (5.0%) | Reference | ||
Right Middle Lobe | 4/28 (14.3%) | 3.19 (0.91–11.15), 0.070* | 1.78 | 5.92 (0.93–37.66), 0.060 |
Right Lower Lobe | 14/84 (16.7%) | 3.82 (1.58–9.24), 0.003* | 2.42 | 11.29 (2.50–51.04), 0.002# |
Left Upper Lobe | 10/135 (7.4%) | 1.53 (0.60–3.87), 0.371 | 0.06 | 1.07 (0.22–5.07), 0.937 |
Left Lower Lobe | 7/87 (8.0%) | 1.67 (0.60–4.65), 0.324 | 1.21 | 3.35 (0.78–14.38),0.103 |
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 4/48 (8.3%) | 1.74 (0.51–5.91), 0.376 | 1.93 | 6.89 (1.16–40.83),0.034# |
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 2/26 (7.7%) | 1.59 (0.33–7.81), 0.566 | 2.54 | 12.69 (1.65–97.51),0.015# |
Pathological type | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 41/440 (9.3%) | Reference | ||
Others | 9/147 (6.1%) | 0.64 (0.30–1.34), 0.233 | ||
Tumor differentiation | ||||
No | 2/153 (1.3%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 48/413 (11.6%) | 9.93 (2.38–41.37), 0.002* | ||
Pathological morphology | ||||
No | 16/209 (7.7%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 33/356 (9.3%) | 1.23 (0.66–2.30), 0.511 | ||
Pulmonary membrane invasion | ||||
No | 27/427 (6.3%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 12/57 (21.1%) | 3.95 (1.87–8.34), < 0.0001* | 1.53 | 4.60 (1.60–13.23),0.005# |
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | ||||
No | 36/534 (6.7%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 14/54 (25.9%) | 4.84 (2.41–9.71), < 0.0001* | ||
Vascular invasion | ||||
No | 35/542 (6.5%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 15/44 (34.1%) | 7.49 (3.68–15.26), < 0.0001* | 1.35 | 3.85 (1.26–11.78), 0.018# |
Nerve invasion | ||||
No | 47/576 (8.2%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 3/12 (25.0%) | 3.75 (0.98–14.33), 0.053* | ||
CEA | ||||
≤2.21 ng/ml | 6/250 (2.4%) | Reference | ||
> 2.21 ng/ml | 35/253 (13.8%) | 6.53 (2.69–15.82), < 0.0001* | 1.79 | 6.01 (1.86–19.44), 0.003# |
Albumin | ||||
≤43.1 g/l | 33/287 (11.5%) | Reference | ||
> 43.1 g/l | 16/286 (5.6%) | 0.46 (0.25–0.85), 0.013* |
Independents Variables | Univariate Predictors | Multivariate Predictors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N Metastasis/N total | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | B | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
≤60 | 15/298 (5.0%) | Reference | ||
> 60 | 9/291 (3.1%) | 0.60 (0.26–1.40), 0.238 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 14/301 (4.7%) | Reference | ||
Male | 10/288 (3.5%) | 0.74 (0.32–1.69), 0.471 | ||
Maximum diameter of tumor | ||||
≤1.6 cm | 9/303 (3.0%) | Reference | ||
> 1.6 cm | 14/279 (5.0%) | 1.73 (0.74–4.05), 0.210 | ||
Position | 0.535 | |||
Right Upper Lobe | 5/181 (2.8%) | Reference | ||
Right Middle Lobe | 0/28 (0.0%) | 0.00 (0.00,) 0.998 | ||
Right Lower Lobe | 7/84 (8.3%) | 3.20 (0.99–10.40), 0.053 | ||
Left Upper Lobe | 4/135 (3.0%) | 1.08 (0.28–4.08), 0.916 | ||
Left Lower Lobe | 4/87 (4.6%) | 1.70 (0.44–6.48), 0.440 | ||
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 3/48 (6.3%) | 2.35 (0.54–10.19), 0.255 | ||
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 1/26 (3.8%) | 1.41 (0.16–12.55), 0.759 | ||
Pathological type | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 17/440 (3.9%) | Reference | ||
Others | 7/147 (4.8%) | 1.24 (0.51–3.06), 0.635 | ||
Tumor differentiation | ||||
No | 3/153 (2.0%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 21/413 (5.1%) | 2.68 (0.79–9.11), 0.115* | ||
Pathological morphology | ||||
No | 8/209 (3.8%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 16/356 (4.5%) | 1.18 (0.50–2.81), 0.705 | ||
Pulmonary membrane invasion | ||||
No | 15/427 (3.5%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 4/57 (7.0%) | 2.07 (0.66–6.48), 0.210 | ||
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | ||||
No | 18/534 (3.4%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 6/54 (11.1%) | 3.58 (1.36–9.45), 0.010* | ||
Vascular invasion | ||||
No | 16/542 (3.0%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 8/44 (18.2%) | 7.31 (2.93–18.21), < 0.0001* | 1.59 | 4.89 (1.78–13.40), 0.002# |
Nerve invasion | ||||
No | 21/576 (3.6%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 3/12 (25.0%) | 8.81 (2.22–34.93), 0.002* | 1.55 | 4.73 (1.05–21.35), 0.043# |
CEA | ||||
≤2.21 ng/ml | 8/250 (3.2%) | Reference | ||
> 2.21 ng/ml | 14/253 (5.5%) | 1.77 (0.73–4.30), 0.206 | ||
Albumin | ||||
≤43.1 g/l | 12/287 (4..2%) | Reference | ||
> 43.1 g/l | 11/286 (3.8%) | 0.92 (0.40–2.11), 0.838 |
Independents Variables | Univariate Predictors | Multivariate Predictors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N Metastasis/N total | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | B | Odds Ratio (95% CI), P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
≤60 | 8/298 (2.7%) | Reference | ||
> 60 | 3/291 (0%) | 0.38 (0.10–1.44), 0.153* | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 8/301 (2.7%) | Reference | ||
Male | 3/288 (1.0%) | 0.39 (0.10–1.47), 0.162* | ||
Maximum diameter of tumor | ||||
≤1.6 cm | 6/303 (2.0%) | Reference | ||
> 1.6 cm | 4/279 (1.4%) | 0.72 (0.20–2.58), 0.614 | ||
Position | 0.961 | |||
Right Upper Lobe | 4/181 (2.2%) | Reference | ||
Right Middle Lobe | 0/28 (0.0%) | 0.00 (0.00,), 0.998 | ||
Right Lower Lobe | 3/84 (3.6%) | 1.64 (0.36–7.49), 0.524 | ||
Left Upper Lobe | 2/135 (1.5%) | 0.67 (0.12–3.69), 0.641 | ||
Left Lower Lobe | 1/87 (1.1%) | 0.52 (0.06–4.67), 0.555 | ||
Ipsilateral Mixed lobes | 1/48 (2.1%) | 0.94 (0.10–8.62), 0.957 | ||
Bilateral Mixed lobes | 0/26 (0.0%) | 0.00 (0.00,), 0.998 | ||
Pathological type | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 7/440 (1.6%) | Reference | ||
Others | 4/147 (2.75) | 1.73 (0.50–6.00), 0.387 | ||
Tumor differentiation | ||||
No | 2/153 (1.3%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 9/413 (2.2%) | 1.68 (0.36–7.87), 0.509 | ||
Pathological morphology | ||||
No | 4/209 (1.9%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 7/356 (2.0%) | 1.03 (0.30–3.55), 0.965 | ||
Pulmonary membrane invasion | ||||
No | 8/427 (1.9%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 2/57 (3.5%) | 1.91 (0.39–9.20), 0.423 | ||
Bronchial mucosa and cartilage invasion | ||||
No | 10/534 (1.9%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 1/54 (1.9%) | 0.99 (0.12–7.87), 0.991 | ||
Vascular invasion | ||||
No | 10/542 (1.8%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 1/44 (2.3%) | 1.24 (0.16–9.89), 0.841 | ||
Nerve invasion | ||||
No | 9/576 (1.6%) | Reference | ||
Yes | 2/12 (16.7%) | 12.60 (2.41–65.93), 0.003* | 3.37 | 29.11 (3.81–222.61), 0.001# |
CEA | ||||
≤2.21 ng/ml | 6/250 (2.4%) | Reference | ||
> 2.21 ng/ml | 5/253 (2.0%) | 0.82 (0.25–2.72), 0.746 | ||
Albumin | ||||
≤43.1 g/l | 3/287 (1.0%) | Reference | ||
> 43.1 g/l | 8/286 (2.8%) | 0.34 (0.19–0.62), < 0.0001* | 1.63 | 5.09 (0.99–26.20), 0.051# |