Background
Methods
Search Strategy
Inclusion criteria
Appraisal of Study Quality and Data extraction
Analytical Approach
Results
Search Results
Analysis
Citation | Study Design | Type of Training | MCI Sample size (n) | Age (yrs) | Gender (% male) | MMSE (0-30) | Criteria for diagnosis of MCI | Exclusion of co-morbidities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapp et al 2002 | RCT | Memory strategies | Total n = 19 | Petersen (1999) | not reported | |||
Treatment n = 9 | 73.3 (6.6) | 11% | 28 (1.5) | |||||
Control n = 10 | 75.1 (7.03) | 70% | 27.3 (1.8) | |||||
Gunther et al 2003 | UCT | Cognitive exercise | n = 19 | 75-91 | 21 | not reported | Age Associated Memory Impairment, no Dementia, subjective & objective memory complaint, | not reported |
Olazaran et al 2004 | RCT | Cognitive exercise | Total n = 12 | 35%* | Flicker (1991) | Physical condition precluding full participation. Illiteracy. | ||
Treatment n = 8 | 75.3 (1.05)* | 17.2 (3.6) | Neuro-imaging studies | |||||
Control n = 4 | 73.3 (1.05)* | 21.7 (5.9) | ||||||
Belleville et al 2006 | NRCT | Memory strategies | Total n = 28 | Petersen (2001) | Alzheimer's Disease, alcoholism or "toxicomania", presence of history of psychiatric or neurological disorder, general anaesthesia in the last 6 months | |||
Treatment n = 20 | 62.3 (7.3) | not reported | 28.9 (1.2) | |||||
Control = 8 | not reported | not reported | not reported | |||||
Cipriani et al 2006 | UCT | Cognitive exercise | n = 10 | 70.6 (6.0) | not reported | 28.0 (1.4) | not reported | not reported |
Rozzini et al 2007 | RCT | Cognitive exercise | Total n = 59 | 63-7 ** | not reported | Petersen (2001) | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) > 5 | |
Treatment CT & ChEI n = 15 | 26.0 (1.6) | Neuro-imaging studies | Probable or possible Alzheimer Disease, Drug or alcohol abuse or dependence according to DSM-IV criteria, poorly controlled diabetes or other medical condition incompatible with treatment, Previous treatment with ChEIs, Intake of antidepressants during the period of study. | |||||
Control I ChEI n = 22 | 26.4 (1.9) | |||||||
Control II n = 22 | 26.8 (1.8) | |||||||
Talassi et al 2007 | NRCT | Cognitive exercise | Total n = 37 | Petersen (1997) | not reported | |||
Treatment n = 30 | 76.2 (7.3) | not reported | 27.5 (1.4) | |||||
Control n = 7 | 76.1 (7.0) | not reported | 26.9(1.9) | |||||
Wenisch et al 2007 | NRCT | Memory strategies | Total = 24 | 73.0 (5.5) | 33.3 | 28.1 (.9) | Petersen (2001) | Illiteracy, physical condition preventing full participation, prior cognitive stimulation therapy |
Treatment n = 12 | ||||||||
Control n = 12 Healthy | ||||||||
Troyer et al 2008 | RCT | Memory strategies | Total n = 50 | Petersen (2004) | not reported | |||
Treatment n = 24 | 76.0 (5.6) | 45% | 27.2(1.9) | |||||
Control n = 26 | 74.8 (7.7) | 45% | 28.5(1.0) | |||||
Barnes et al 2009 | RCT | Cognitive exercise | Total n = 47 | Winbald (2004) | Cerebrovascular disease, starting treatment with ChEIs | |||
Treatment n = 22 | 74.1 (8.7) | 59.1% | not reported | |||||
Control n = 25 | 74.8 (7.2) | 60% | not reported |
Citation | Cognitive training | Control condition | No. Of sessions/wk | Session length (hrs) | Total no. of sessions/no. wks | Follow-up (mo) | Cognitive outcome measures | Generalisation outcome measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapp et al 2002 | Memory strategies (cueing, categorisation, chunking, method of loci) through repetitive exercises and homework drills. Group format. | RCT No treatment | 1 | 2 | 6/6 | 6 | Domain Specific: Memory Functioning Questionnaire, Memory Controllability Questionnaire, Word list immediate & delayed recall, Story Paragraph immediate & delayed recall, Grocery list immediate & delayed recall, Names and faces immediate & delayed recall | Profile of Mood States |
Gunther et al 2003 | Cognitive exercise of multi-domain computer-based training with Cogpack (Marker Software, 1992). Format not reported. | UCT None | 1 | .75 | 14/14 | 5 | Domain Specific: Six tests from the German Nurnberger-Aging Inventory: TMT, Repeat sentences, Word Lists, Word Pairs, Picture test, Figure test, California Verbal Learning Test- German version (CVLT-G) | None |
Olazaran et al 2004 | Cognitive exercise with multi-domain pen & paper cognitive exercise drills, within a larger cognitive-motor intervention. | RCT Psycho-social support | 2 | 3.5 | 100/52 | None | Global: Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog), Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) |
Belleville et al 2006 | Memory strategies of imagery, association, method of loci, and computer-assisted attention training | NRCT Wait list | 1 | 2 | 8/8 | None | Domain Specific: Episodic memory tasks of face naming, word list, story text. | Subjective Memory Questionnaire (QAM), Scale of Well Being |
Cipriani et al 2006 | Cognitive exercise of multimodal & multi- domain computer-based exercises with NeuroPsychological Training (NPT) (Tonetta, 1995, 1998). Format not reported. | UCT None | 4 | .75 | 32/8 | None | Global: MMSE Domain Specific: Phonemic and Semantic fluency, Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Symbol, NPT scores | Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Advanced Activity of Daily Living, State and Trait Anxiety (STAI-XI, X2), Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) |
Rozzini et al 2007 | Cognitive exercise computer-based NPT and Cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI). Individual format. | RCT Control1 (C1) ChEI Control 2 (C2) No treatment | 5 | 1 | 72/12 | 3 | Global: MMSE Domain Specific: Story Paragraph, Letter verbal fluency, Semantic verbal fluency, Raven's Coloured Matrices, Rey Complex Figure test (RCFT) copy and recall | GDS-15 items, Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI), Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL) |
Talassi et al 2007 | Cognitive exercise multimodal & multi- domain computer NPT (Tonetta, 1995, 1998). Group format. | NRCT Physiotherapy | 4 | .5 to .75 | 12/3 | None | Global: MMSE Domain specific: Digit Span, Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) copy and recall, digit Symbol, clock drawing, Phonemic and Semantic verbal fluency | RBMT, Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADL), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), GDS, STAI, Carer Burden Inventory, physical Performance Test (PPT) |
Wenisch et al 2007 | Memory strategies categorisation, reality orientation, mental imagery along with executive exercises. Group format. | UCT None | 1 | 1.5 | 12/12 | None | Global: MMSE Domain specific: Logical Memory, Word pair Associate learning, TMT, Semantic and Phonemic verbal fluency. | Goldberg Anxiety & Depression Scale (GADS) |
Troyer et al 2008 | Memory strategies spaced retrieval, memory book, semantic association, logical location with repeated exercises and homework activities within a larger mixed intervention. Group format. | RCT Wait list | not reported | 2 | 10/25 | 3 | Domain specific: Word List of two-syllable nouns, Digit span, Memory strategy knowledge, Multi-factorial Memory Questionnaire | None |
Barnes et al 2009 | Cognitive exercise computer-based training of 7 exercises to improve information processing and accuracy of auditory cortex developed by POSIT Science Corporation (San Francisco, CA). Individual home-based format. | 3 types of computer activities | 5 | 1.6 | not reported | None | Global: Repeatable battery for Assessment of Cognitive Status(RBANS) Domain Specific: California Verbal Learning test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Boston Naming Test, TMT, Design Fluency Test, Spatial Span | GDS |
Citation | Design | Outcome measure | Effect size and 95% confidence Interval | ES > .5 or < -.5 | Power of study | > 1 whole number change in test score | Could Type II errors explain lack of significance? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gunther et al 2003 | UCT | Repeat sentence T1 | .46 (-.18, 1.11) | No | Single | Yes | Yes |
Repeat sentences T2 | .17 (-.50, .83) | No | group | Yes | |||
CVLT list immediate T1 | .80 (.14, 1.47) | Yes | Yes | ||||
CVLT list immediate T2 | .35 (-3.2, 1.02) | No | Yes | ||||
CVLT Word lists delay T1 | 1.21 (-.52, 1.91) | Yes | Yes | ||||
CVLT Wordlist delay T2 | .45 (-.22, 1.12) | No | Yes | ||||
Olazaran et al 2004 | RCT | ADAS-Cog | .84 (-.53, 2.21) | Yes | .30 | No | Yes |
MMSE | -.10 (-1.43, 1.23) | No | .06 | No | |||
GDS^ | -.33 (-1.23, 1.17) | No | .05 | No | |||
Cipriani et al 2006 | UCT | MMSE | .50 (-.39, 1.39) | Yes | Single | No | Yes |
RBMT | .64 (-.26, 1.54) | Yes | group | Yes | |||
GDS^ | -.33 (-1.21,.55) | No | Yes | ||||
Rozzini et al 2007 | RCT | Story recall vs C1 | .99 (.29, 1.68) | Yes | .52 | Yes | Yes |
Story recall vs C2 | .82 (.14, 1.50) | Yes | .77 | Yes | |||
MMSE vs C1 | -.37 (-1.04, .29) | No | .19 | No | |||
MMSE vs C2 | -.58 (-1.25, .09) | Yes | .52 | No | |||
NPI^ vs C1 | -.82 (-1.5, -.14) | Yes | .77 | Yes | |||
NPI^ vs C2 | -.64 (-1.31, -.14) | Yes | .92 | Yes | |||
GDS^ vs C1 | -.26 (-.92, 1.29) | No | .45 | No | |||
GDS^ vs C2 | -.52 (-1.18, 15) | Yes | .54 | No | |||
Talassi et al 2007 | NRCT | MMSE | .07(-.76, .89) | No | .14 | No | No |
Episodic immediate | .10(-.73, .92) | No | .12 | No | |||
Episodic delay | .14 (-.96, .68) | No | .09 | No | |||
GDS^ | -.35(-1.18, .47) | No | .20 | Yes | |||
Barnes et al 2009 | RCT | RBANS total | 0.33 (-.26, -0.92) | No | .29 | Yes | |
RBANS immediate memory | .38 (-.21,-0.96) | No | .35 | ||||
RBANS delay memory | .53 (-.05, -1.10) | Yes | .55 | ||||
GDS^ | No data |
Citation | Design | Outcome measure | Effect size and 95% confidence Interval | ES > .5 or < -.5 | Power of study | > 1 whole number change in test score | Could Type II errors explain lack of significance? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapp et al 2002 | RCT | Word List immediate T1 | .33 (-.58, 1.23) | No | .16 | Yes | Yes |
Word list immediate T2 | -1.18 (-2.24, -.11) | Yes | .71 | No | |||
Word list delay T1 | .88 (-.07, 1.82) | Yes | .57 | Yes | |||
Word list delay T2 | -.36 (-1.36, .64) | No | .16 | Yes | |||
Paragraph immediateT1 | -.03 (-.93, .87) | No | .05 | Yes | |||
Paragraph immediate T2 | -.54 (- 1.54, .47) | Yes | .26 | Yes | |||
Paragraph delay T1 | .38 (-.53, 1.29) | No | .19 | Yes | |||
Paragraph delay T2 | -.14 (-1.13, .85) | No | .08 | Yes | |||
Profile of mood states | No data | ||||||
Belleville et al 2006 | NRCT | Word list immediate | .78 (-.06,1.63) | Yes | .75 | No | Yes |
Word list delay | .62 (-.22, 1.45) | Yes | .42 | Yes | |||
Text immediate | .09 (-.73, .91) | No | .07 | Yes | |||
Text delay | -.42 (-1.25, .41) | No | .25 | No | |||
Scale of wellbeing | .21 (-.41, .83) | No | .13 | Yes | |||
Wenisch et al 2007 | UCT | Story recall immediate | -.71 (-1.54, -.11) | Yes | Single | Yes | Yes |
Story recall delay | .09 (-.71, .89) | No | group | No | |||
Troyer et al 2008 | RCT | Word list T1 | .23 (-.82, .35) | No | .18 | No | No |
Word list T2 | -.02 (-.58, .62) | No | .06 | No |