Introduction
Overview of OVs
History of OVs
Virus Name | Virus and genetic modification process | Indication | Approval authority | Listing date | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gendicine | Recombinant adenovirus-p53 | Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other solid tumors | CFDA (Changed to NMPA in 2018) | 2003 | |
RIGVIR | ECHO-7 enterovirus | Melanoma and other solid tumors | Latvia | 2004 | [27] |
Oncorine | Recombinant human adenovirus type 5, deleted E1B-55KD gene fragments | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | CFDA (Changed to NMPA in 2018) | 2005 | [28] |
Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-Vec) | HSV-1 ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes were knocked out, and GM-CSF was inserted at the ICP34.5 site | Advanced melanoma | FDA | 2015 | [32] |
Europe and Australia | 2016 | [33] | |||
Delytact (Teserpaturev/G47∆) | HSV-1 created in the ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes. Further insertion of the Escherichia coli LacZ gene inactivates the ICP6 gene | Malignant glioma | Japan | 2021 | [34] |
Anti-neoplastic mechanisms of OVs
Direct oncolysis
Induce systemic anti-tumor immunity
Destruction of the neoplastic vascular system
Oncolytic virus for treating HNSCC
Reoviruses
Herpes simplex virus
Adenoviruses
Vaccinia virus
Overview of ICIs
Discovery of major immune checkpoints
CTLA-4
PD-1/PD-L1
Mechanism of ICIs
CTLA-4/CD28
PD-1/PD-L1
Progress of research into ICIs
Drug name | Trade name | Target | Manufacturer | Age | Indication | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ipilimumab | Yervoy® | CTLA-4 | Bristol-Meyers Squibb | 2011 | Melanoma, RCC | [77] |
Nivolumab | Opdivo® | PD-1 | Bristol-Meyers Squibb | 2015 | Melanoma, RCC, NSCLC, HNSCC, HL, Urothelial carcinoma, HCC, Colorectal cancer | [81] |
Pembrolizumab | Keytruda® | PD-1 | Merck | 2014 | Melanoma, NSCLC, HNSCC, PMBCL HL, Urothelial carcinoma, HCC, Cervical cancer, Gastric cancer, MSI-H/dMMR Solid Tumors | [82] |
Cemiplimab-rwlc | Libtayo® | PD-1 | Sanofi/ Regeneron | 2018 | CSCC, BCC, NSCLC | [88] |
Atezolizumab | Tecentriq™ | PD-L1 | Genentech | 2016 | Urothelial carcinoma, NSCLC | [90] |
Durvalumab | Imfinzi™ | PD-L1 | Astra Zeneca | 2017 | Urothelial carcinoma, NSCLC | [92] |
Avelumab | Bavencio® | PD-L1 | Merck/Pfizer | 2017 | Merkel cell carcinoma, RCC, Urothelial carcinoma | [97] |
Target | Drug name | Indication | Combined drugs | Enrollment | Phase | Status | Clinical Trials Gov Identifier/ references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTLA-4 | Ipilimumab | Advanced HNSCC | Cetuximab, Radiation | 19 | Ib | Active, not recruiting | [78] |
PD-1 | Nivolumab | HNSCC | Cetuximab, Methotrexate, Docetaxel | 361 | III | Completed | [81] |
Pembrolizumab | R/M HNSCC | / | 192 | Ib | Completed | ||
HNSCC | / | 172 | II | Completed | [86] | ||
R/M HNSCC | Cisplatin, Carboplatin, 5-FU, Cetuximab | 882 | III | Active, not recruiting | [87] | ||
Cemiplimab | Advanced Cancer, Advanced Malignancies | Hypo fractionated radiotherapy, Cyclophosphamide, Docetaxel, Carboplatin, GM-CSF, Paclitaxel, Pemetrexed | 398 | I | Completed | [89] | |
R/M HNSCC, p16-Positive OSCC | Carboplatin, Paclitaxel | 33 | II | Recruiting | NCT04862650 | ||
HNSCC | REGN6569 | 85 | I | Recruiting | NCT04465487 | ||
OSCC | ISA101B | 86 | II | Recruiting | NCT04398524 | ||
HNSCC | / | 44 | II | Not yet recruiting | NCT04831450 | ||
PD-L1 | Atezolizumab | R/M HNSCC | / | 32 | I | Completed | [91] |
Durvalumab | HNSCC | / | 62 | I/ II | Completed | [93] | |
PD-L1-positive or -Negative R/M HNSCC | Tremelimumab, SoC (cetuximab, a taxanes, methotrexate, or a fluoropyrimidine) | 736 | III | Completed | [94] | ||
Locally Advanced HNSCC | Cetuximab, Radiation | 69 | I/ II | Not yet recruiting | [95] | ||
HNSCC, M HNSCC | Radiation, Tremelimumab | 45 | I/ II | Active, not recruiting | [96] | ||
Avelumab | Locally Advanced HNSCC | Cetuximab, Cisplatin, IMRT | 707 | III | Active, not recruiting | [98] |