Main text
While we agree that efforts to find and introduce new candidate pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines are warranted, we disagree with the statement of Molina-Franky and colleagues [1] that none of these approaches has led to promising results regarding an effective control of the disease. It is indeed our opinion that the results available today for RTS,S/AS01, and based on at least 28 clinical Phase I, II and III studies [2] (and not five studies as suggested in Table 1 of the paper) do indicate the potential of this vaccine to provide substantial public health benefit. This is well supported by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) (as reflected in their positive scientific opinion [3]), the World Health Organization (WHO) (as reflected in the WHO position paper on this vaccine [4]) and the national regulatory authorities in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi [5].
We would also like to address some of the specific points raised by the paper. The authors state that “A tetrapeptide from the CSP NANP tandem repeat region (R) and the C-terminal region containing T cell (T) epitopes (exclusive for the NF54 strain) are fused to the hepatitis B surface (S) antigen”. However, each RTS molecule includes 19 copies of the tetrapeptide repeat motif (NANP). In addition, the fact that the C-terminal region of the CSP protein included in the vaccine is derived from the NF54 parasite strain does not mean that it is exclusive for that strain [6‐8].
Anzeige
With reference to the WHO position paper on Malaria vaccine [4], the authors state that the EMA issued a “cautious scientific opinion regarding its quality”. However, neither the WHO position paper, nor EMA, qualified the positive scientific opinion as cautious, and no specific caution was expressed on the quality of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in particular.
The authors also address a series of other concerns relating to the profile of RTS,S/AS01 or to some of its components, such as the genetic variability of the selected CSP region, high parasitaemia levels in “individuals considered protected”, presumed pro-apoptotic signals induced by some RTS,S components, or a lack of mechanistic understanding of the AS01 adjuvant system used in the vaccine.
Regarding CSP variability, we know that in the large phase III trial where efficacy was demonstrated against malaria, fewer than 10% of the parasites matched the CSP protein alleles used in the vaccine [9]. These reassuring data clearly mitigate the concern that CSP variability may neutralize vaccine efficacy.
High parasitaemia levels (i.e. > 5000 parasites/μl or 0.1% parasitaemia) are not unexpected after RTS,S vaccination, since the objective of the vaccination is not to prevent infection but to reduce the risk of clinical episodes of malaria. During RTS,S vaccine development the > 5000 parasites/μl threshold was used to define clinical cases of malaria to evaluate vaccine efficacy, but not as a direct efficacy surrogate of the vaccine [10‐14]. A child with a parasitaemia of 5000 parasites/µl or more was not considered to be protected, but on the contrary to experience a malaria episode.
Anzeige
It is unclear why the authors attribute pro-apoptotic signals to RTS,S components, based on the references provided in the manuscript [15, 16]. From our own review on the two cited papers, such pro-apoptotic signals are described as potential malaria disease-related mechanisms, or as B-cell based mechanisms in the context of influenza vaccination, but not as RTS,S/AS01-related mechanisms. Importantly, the actual clinical implications of this statement are unclear.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank Fabienne Danhier (Modis c/o GSK) for manuscript coordination.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
As the present manuscript (Commentary) is not a clinical study, there was no need neither for ethics committee approval nor for informed consent to participate.
Consent for publication
No details on individuals are reported within the manuscript, therefore consent for publication of images is not applicable.
Competing interests
François P. Roman, Margherita Coccia and Lode Schuerman are employees of the GSK group of companies hold shares in the GSK group of companies, have full access to the data included in the current work and have final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.