Background
Methods
Subjects
Method
Source of information
Statistical analysis
Results
Information on ET group and NC group from January 2016 to December 2018
Demographic information
Demographic information | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 45.549 | < 0.0001 | 1.233 | 1.176–1.293 | < 0.0001 | ||
Advanced (≥35 years old) | 125 (38.9) | 194 (20.1) | |||||
Non-advanced (< 35 years old) | 196 (61.1) | 769 (79.9) | |||||
Occupation | 15.647 | 0.016 | 0.984 | 0.910–1.014 | 0.687 | ||
Enterprise staff | 77 (24.0) | 193 (20.0) | |||||
Professional/technical personnel | 14 (4.4) | 19 (2.0) | |||||
Worker | 14 (4.4) | 64 (6.6) | |||||
Farmer/freelancer | 10 (3.1) | 53 (5.5) | |||||
Unemployed | 139 (43.3) | 400 (41.5) | |||||
Seeking employment | 11 (3.4) | 60 (6.2) | |||||
Other | 56 (17.4) | 174 (18.1) | |||||
Marital status | 9.924 | 0.007 | 1.407 | 0.907–2.181 | 0.127 | ||
Single | 2 (0.6) | 41 (4.3) | |||||
Married | 316 (98.4) | 915 (95.0) | |||||
Remarried/remarried to ex- spouse/divorced | 3 (0.9) | 7 (0.7) | |||||
Educational background | 36.382 | < 0.001 | 1.196 | 0.901–1.587 | 0.216 | ||
Elementary and below | 12 (3.7) | 42 (4.4) | |||||
Secondary school | 138 (43.0) | 500 (51.9) | |||||
Post-secondary school | 105 (32.7) | 341(35.4) | |||||
Bachelor degree and higher | 66 (20.6) | 80 (8.3) |
Comparison of medical past history between the embryo transfer and natural conception groups
Past medical history | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any disease | 12 (3.7) | 40 (4.2) | 0.107 | 0.744 | |||
Allergy | 17 (5.3) | 29 (9.0) | 3.638 | 0.056 | |||
Infection | 5 (1.6) | 3 (0.3) | 4.193 | 0.041 | 2.226 | 0.527–2.400 | 0.276 |
Surgery | 110 (34.3) | 143 (14.8) | 57.378 | < 0.001 | 3.926 | 2.661–5.793 | < 0.001 |
Blood transfusion | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.4) | 0 | 1 |
Comparison of pregnancy and delivery history between the embryo transfer and natural conception groups
History of pregnancy and delivery | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of pregnancies (including any previous and current pregnancy) | 30.208 | < 0.001 | 0.082 | 0.057–0.118 | < 0.001 | ||
1 | 154 (48.0) | 299 (31.0) | |||||
> 1 | 167 (52.0) | 664 (69.0) | |||||
Number of miscarriages | 7.56 | 0.006 | 0.736 | 0.569–0.952 | 0.02 | ||
0 | 231 (72.0) | 575 (59.7) | |||||
≥ 1 | 108 (33.6) | 388 (40.3) | |||||
Spontaneous abortion | 5.448 | 0.02 | 1.353 | 0.944–1.939 | 0.099 | ||
Yes | 35 (10.9) | 66 (6.85) | |||||
No | 286 (89.1) | 897 (93.1) | |||||
Induced abortion | 16.723 | < 0.001 | 0.674 | 0.529–0.859 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 75 (23.4) | 344 (35.7) | |||||
No | 246 (76.6) | 619 (64.3) | |||||
Fetal death | – | 0.604 | |||||
Yes | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | |||||
No | 319 (99.4) | 960 (99.7) | |||||
Stillbirth | – | 1 | |||||
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | |||||
No | 321 (100.0) | 961 (99.8) | |||||
Ectopic pregnancy | 92.704 | < 0.001 | 3.131 | 1.921–5.103 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 44 (13.7) | 11 (1.1) | |||||
No | 277 (86.3) | 952 (98.9) |
Comparison of maternal clinical outcomes between the embryo transfer and natural conception groups
Maternal comorbidities
Maternal comorbidity | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational diabetes mellitis | 30.761 | < 0.001 | 1.58 | 1.151–2.168 | 0.005 | ||
Yes | 135 (42.1) | 254 (26.4) | |||||
No | 186 (58.0) | 732 (76.0) | |||||
Gestational hypertension | 0 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 4 (1.2) | 11 (1.1) | |||||
No | 317 (98.8) | 952 (98.9) | |||||
Gestational anemia | 32.894 | < 0.001 | 5.306 | 2.894–9.927 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 40 (12.5) | 36 (3.7) | |||||
No | 281 (87.5) | 927 (96.3) | |||||
Preeclampsia | 16.428 | < 0.001 | 3.362 | 1.308–8.638 | 0.012 | ||
Yes | 17 (5.3) | 13 (1.3) | |||||
No | 304 (94.7) | 950 (98.7) | |||||
Gestational hypothyroidism | 2.705 | 0.1 | |||||
Yes | 8 (2.5) | 10 (1.0) | |||||
No | 313 (97.5) | 953 (99.0) | |||||
Gestational respiratory infection | 2.494 | 0.114 | |||||
Yes | 9 (2.8) | 14 (1.5) | |||||
No | 312 (97.2) | 949 (98.5) | |||||
Premature rupture of the membrane | 0.177 | 0.674 | |||||
Yes | 55 (17.1) | 175 (18.2) | |||||
No | 266 (82.9) | 788 (81.8) | |||||
Placental abruption | 0.179 | 0.672 | |||||
Yes | 3 (0.9) | 14 (1.5) | |||||
No | 318 (99.1) | 949 (98.5) | |||||
Gestational comorbidities | 31.858 | < 0.001 | 0.437 | 0.287–0.665 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 211 (65.7) | 458 (47.6) | |||||
No | 110 (34.3) | 505 (52.4) | |||||
Reasons for miscarriage prevention treatment | 42.122 | < 0.001 | 0.075 | 0.688–0.806 | < 0.001 | ||
Threatened labor | 82 (25.5) | 551 (57.2) | |||||
Threated premature labor | 24 (7.5) | 41 (4.3) | |||||
Vaginal bleeding | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | |||||
Acute or chronic diseases | 7 (2.2) | 12 (1.3) | |||||
Late pregnancy | 102 (31.8) | 338 (35.1) | |||||
Fetal factors | 7 (2.2) | 12 (1.2) |
Group | \( \overline{x} \) Days of miscarriage prevention (±s) | t | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Embryo transfer | 8.45 ± 7.408 | 11.145 | < 0.001 | 1.149 | 1.107–1.193 | < 0.001 |
Natural conception | 4.80 ± 4.026 |
Delivery records
Delivery records | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational weeks | 17.058 | < 0.001 | 0.659 | 0.587–0.740 | < 0.001 | ||
< 37 | 113 (35.2) | 140 (14.5) | |||||
37–40+ 6 | 203 (63.2) | 783 (81.3) | |||||
≥ 41 weeks | 5 (1.6) | 40 (4.2) | |||||
Class of pregnancy risk | 492.981 | < 0.001 | 8.969 | 6.661–12.076 | < 0.001 | ||
Class I | 21 (6.5) | 422 (43.8) | |||||
Class II | 39 (12.1) | 397 (41.2) | |||||
Class III | 261 (81.3) | 144 (44.9) | |||||
Amniotic fluid volume | 2.844 | 0.092 | |||||
Normal | 286 (89.1) | 822 (85.4) | |||||
Abnormal | 35 (10.9) | 141 (14.6) | |||||
Amniotic fluid clarity | 2.784 | 0.095 | |||||
Clear | 285 (88.8) | 818 (84.9) | |||||
Not clear | 36 (11.2) | 145 (15.1) | |||||
Mode of delivery | 413.874 | < 0.001 | 3.225 | 2.656–3.916 | < 0.001 | ||
Vaginal delivery | 65 (20.2) | 780 (81.0) | |||||
Cesarean section | 251 (78.2) | 164 (17.0) | |||||
Vacuum-assisted/assisted breech delivery | 5 (1.6) | 19 (2.0) | |||||
Number of births | 345.445 | < 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.012–0.046 | < 0.001 | ||
Single | 194(60.4) | 946 (98.2) | |||||
Twin | 127(39.6) | 17 (1.8) |
Social factors, n (%) | Pathological factors, n (%) | χ2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ET group | 3 (1.2) | 248 (98.8) | 0 | 1 |
NC group | 2 (1.2) | 162 (98.8) |
Comparison of neonatal clinical outcomes between embryo transfer and natural conception groups
Neonatal clinical outcomes | ET group, n (%) | NC group, n (%) | χ2 | P | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.62 | 0.431 | |||||
Male | 231 (51.3) | 525 (53.6) | |||||
Female | 219 (48.7) | 455 (46.4) | |||||
Premature birth | 24.968 | < 0.001 | 3.267 | 2.293–4.654 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 112 (24.9) | 138 (14.1) | |||||
No | 338 (75.1) | 842 (85.9) | |||||
Fetal macrosomia | 0.013 | 0.911 | |||||
Yes | 11 (2.4) | 23 (2.3) | |||||
No | 439 (97.6) | 957 (97.7) | |||||
Low birth weight (1.5–2.5 kg) | 14.566 | < 0.001 | 3.052 | 2.110–4.414 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 84 (18.7) | 110 (11.2) | |||||
No | 366 (81.3) | 870 (88.8) | |||||
Extremely low birth weight | 0 | 1 | |||||
(1.0–1.5 kg) | |||||||
Yes | 4 (0.9) | 8 (0.8) | |||||
No | 446 (99.1) | 972 (99.2) | |||||
Fetal anomaly | 2.577 | 0.108 | |||||
Yes | 8 (17.8) | 8 (0.8) | |||||
No | 442 (98.2) | 972 (99.2) | |||||
Neonatal asphyxia | 0.031 | 0.861 | |||||
Yes | 9 (2.0) | 21 (2.1) | |||||
No | 441 (98.0) | 959 (97.9) | |||||
Umbilical cord conditions | 80.454 | < 0.001 | 1.016 | 0.881–1.172 | 0.825 | ||
Normal | 239 (74.5) | 651 (67.6) | |||||
Around neck | 65 (20.2) | 272 (28.2) | |||||
Around foot | 1 (0.3) | 6 (0.6) | |||||
Twisted | 16 (5.0) | 34 (3.5) |