Introduction
Contraceptive choice
Application of discrete choice experiments (DCEs)
Methods
Study methods and design
Study area
Study population and sampling
Sampling of respondents
Data collection
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio- demographic characteristics
Variables | Frequency (N = 340) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender*
| ||
Male | 271 | 79.7 |
Female | 69 | 20.3 |
Age
| ||
15 – 19 | 12 | 3.5 |
20 – 24 | 56 | 16.5 |
25 – 29 | 104 | 30.6 |
30 – 34 | 58 | 17.0 |
35 – 39 | 47 | 13.8 |
40 – 44 | 37 | 10.9 |
45+ | 26 | 7.7 |
Mean age: 31.12, SD: 7.89
| ||
Educational level
| ||
No Schooling | 18 | 5.3 |
Primary | 37 | 10.9 |
Middle/JHS | 155 | 45.6 |
SHS/Technical | 118 | 34.7 |
Tertiary | 12 | 3.5 |
Marital status
| ||
Single | 163 | 47.9 |
Married | 127 | 37.4 |
Cohabitating | 37 | 10.9 |
Divorced/widowed | 13 | 3.8 |
Religion
| ||
Christians | 307 | 90.3 |
Moslems | 30 | 8.8 |
Traditionalist | 3 | 0.9 |
Average expenditure
| ||
Less GH¢ 15 | 242 | 71.2 |
More GH¢ 15 | 98 | 28.8 |
Mean expenditure: GH¢13.28, Range: GH¢ (2-50)
| ||
Average Income
| ||
Less GH¢ 25 | 221 | 65.0 |
More GH¢ 25 | 119 | 35.0 |
Mean Income: GH¢25.29, Range: GH¢ (2-200)
|
Practice of contraception
Variable | Frequency (N = 340) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Ever Used any Method
| ||
Yes | 281 | 87.8 |
No | 59 | 12.2 |
Current use of Method
| ||
Yes | 186 | 58.1 |
No | 154 | 41.9 |
Currently used Method*
| ||
Condoms | 119 | 63.98 |
Pill | 8 | 4.30 |
IUD | 1 | 0.54 |
Injectables | 2 | 1.08 |
Rhythm | 34 | 18.28 |
Withdrawal | 68 | 36.56 |
Source of service*
1
| ||
Government facility | 12 | 5.61 |
Private facility | 7 | 3.27 |
Chemical/ Pharmacy | 195 | 91.12 |
Influence of contraceptive attributes on use
“[…] ooh, cost of contraceptive is not all that important to me. So far as Im able to enjoy myself […..] hahahaaa! if a method has low negative side effects, cheap and easy to access, Im prepared to go for it. (FGD, male group, Suame Magazine)
Variables | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Reason for Choice
| ||
Less Expensive | 101 | 35.94 |
Effective | 177 | 62.99 |
Less Side Effects | 176 | 62.63 |
Reversible | 165 | 58.71 |
Its Attractive | 8 | 2.85 |
Received it for Free | 8 | 2.85 |
Reason for not using a method
| ||
Inconvenience | 23 | 38.98 |
Afraid of Side Effects | 46 | 77.97 |
Spouse Opposition | 12 | 20.34 |
Religious belief | 25 | 42.37 |
Sexually Inactive | 20 | 33.90 |
Others | 3 | 5.08 |
Important attributes for using*
| ||
Price | 45 | 13.24 |
Effectiveness | 266 | 78.24 |
Reversibility | 194 | 57.06 |
Side effects | 297 | 87.35 |
Attractiveness | 8 | 2.35 |
[….] Mmmm, I look for how easy it is to use, availability and its ability to prevent STIs and pregnancy. Price is not all that important to me. (FGD, male group, Suame Magazine).
Predictors of choice of contraceptives in discrete choice experiment
Attribute | Parameter | 95% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean1 | Std. dev2 | ||
Price3 | 1.86 | 1.36 | 1.65 to 2.06 |
Interruption in act 4 | -4.26 | 6.19 | -5.19 to -3.34 |
Prevents STI’s Only5 | -11.65 | 1.29 | -11.84 to -11.46 |
Prevents Pregnancy only | -15.13 | 7.14 | -16.2 to -14.07 |
Serious allergic reaction6 | 3.29 | 1.01 | 3.14 to 3.44 |
Minimal allergic reaction | 13.93 | 7.55 | 12.8 to 15.05 |
No effect on BP | 12.71 | 7.29 | 11.62 to 13.79 |
Reversible7 | 21.74 | 10.49 | 20.17 to 23.3 |
Colour coded8 | 1.8 | 0.62 | 1.71 to 1.89 |
Colourless | -0.35 | 2.38 | -0.70 to 0.01 |
Privacy in acquiring9 | 1.19 | 1.35 | 0.98 to 1.39 |
[…] I have little knowledge about the negative side effects. Usually, health staff tell you only the good sides of the contraceptives and less on bad side effects. […] I know of contraceptives being able to prevent pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. But I do not know anything about the bad effects on me. […] I will not buy any good or service which will give me troubles. […] but I believe that if heath staff tell us the bad side too, it will help us in using it so I think they should inform us about these too! (FGD, Male group, Suame Magazine)
Influence of price on contraceptive use in the discrete choice experiment
Price | Coefficient | 95% confidence interval | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Interruption in sex activity | -0.028 | -0.062 to 0.006 | 0.105 |
Pregnancy only | 0.102 | 0.038 to 0.167 | 0.002 |
Serious allergic reaction | 0.003 | -0.077 to 0.083 | 0.936 |
Minimal allergic reaction | -0.054 | -0.175 to 0.066 | 0.374 |
No effect on BP | -0.177 | -0.285 to -0.069 | 0.001 |
Reversible | -0.092 | -0.175 to -0.009 | 0.031 |
Colour coding | 0.269 | 0.171 to 0.367 | 0.000 |
Colourless | -0.026 | 0.126 to 0.074 | 0.608 |
Privacy in acquiring | -0.08 | -0.137 to -0.023 | 0.007 |