Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Hepatology Reports 4/2016

04.11.2016 | Hepatic Cancer (A Singal and A Mufti, Section Editors)

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Future Trends

verfasst von: Christopher D. Malone, Robert F. Mattrey, David T. Fetzer

Erschienen in: Current Hepatology Reports | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review discusses the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for liver lesion detection and characterization focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It reviews the uses of CEUS in managing patients with HCC, such as in image-guided intervention, assessment of tumor viability after locoregional treatment, and differentiation of bland from tumor thrombus. Finally, it highlights potential future uses of microbubbles in targeted HCC detection and drug delivery.

Recent Findings

The high temporal resolution of ultrasound relative to CT and MRI and its sensitivity to microbubbles enables precise analysis of enhancement profiles at miniscule contrast doses, enabling confident diagnosis of HCC and differentiation of HCC from other benign and malignant hepatic lesions.

Summary

CEUS has gained widespread acceptance worldwide for the diagnosis and management of patients with HCC. CEUS is poised to make a large clinical impact in the USA given the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of a CEUS agent for use in liver imaging.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattrey RF, Scheible FW, Gosink BB, Leopold GR, Long DM, Higgins CB. Perfluoroctylbromide: a liver/spleen-specific and tumor-imaging ultrasound contrast material. Radiology. 1982;145(3):759–62.CrossRefPubMed Mattrey RF, Scheible FW, Gosink BB, Leopold GR, Long DM, Higgins CB. Perfluoroctylbromide: a liver/spleen-specific and tumor-imaging ultrasound contrast material. Radiology. 1982;145(3):759–62.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattrey RF, Strich G, Shelton RE, Gosink BB, Leopold GR, Lee T, et al. Perfluorochemicals as US contrast agents for tumor imaging and hepatosplenography: preliminary clinical results. Radiology. 1987;163(2):339–43.CrossRefPubMed Mattrey RF, Strich G, Shelton RE, Gosink BB, Leopold GR, Lee T, et al. Perfluorochemicals as US contrast agents for tumor imaging and hepatosplenography: preliminary clinical results. Radiology. 1987;163(2):339–43.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat First Approval by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Liver Received by Bracco Diagnostics Inc. for LUMASON® (sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microspheres) for injectable suspension, for intravenous use [press release]. 2016. First Approval by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Liver Received by Bracco Diagnostics Inc. for LUMASON® (sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microspheres) for injectable suspension, for intravenous use [press release]. 2016.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider M. Characteristics of SonoVue trade mark. Echocardiography. 1999;16(7, Pt 2):743–6.CrossRefPubMed Schneider M. Characteristics of SonoVue trade mark. Echocardiography. 1999;16(7, Pt 2):743–6.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Yanagisawa K, Moriyasu F, Miyahara T, Yuki M, Iijima H. Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(2):318–25.CrossRefPubMed Yanagisawa K, Moriyasu F, Miyahara T, Yuki M, Iijima H. Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(2):318–25.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsoe CP, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver—update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013;39(2):187–210. Excellent summary of indications, technical considerations, and imaging findings of liver lesions in general.CrossRefPubMed •• Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsoe CP, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver—update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013;39(2):187–210. Excellent summary of indications, technical considerations, and imaging findings of liver lesions in general.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Platts DG, Luis SA, Roper D, Burstow D, Call T, Forshaw A, et al. The safety profile of perflutren microsphere contrast echocardiography during rest and stress imaging: results from an Australian multicentre cohort. Heart Lung Circ. 2013;22(12):996–1002.CrossRefPubMed Platts DG, Luis SA, Roper D, Burstow D, Call T, Forshaw A, et al. The safety profile of perflutren microsphere contrast echocardiography during rest and stress imaging: results from an Australian multicentre cohort. Heart Lung Circ. 2013;22(12):996–1002.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Krix M, Kiessling F, Farhan N, Schmidt K, Hoffend J, Delorme S. A multivessel model describing replenishment kinetics of ultrasound contrast agent for quantification of tissue perfusion. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(10):1421–30.CrossRefPubMed Krix M, Kiessling F, Farhan N, Schmidt K, Hoffend J, Delorme S. A multivessel model describing replenishment kinetics of ultrasound contrast agent for quantification of tissue perfusion. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(10):1421–30.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips P, Gardner E. Contrast-agent detection and quantification. Eur Radiol. 2004;14 Suppl 8:P4–10.PubMed Phillips P, Gardner E. Contrast-agent detection and quantification. Eur Radiol. 2004;14 Suppl 8:P4–10.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattrey RF, Kono Y. Parenchymal enhancement on gray-scale in normal and pathologic tissues. Eur Radiol. 1999;9 Suppl 3:S359–63.CrossRefPubMed Mattrey RF, Kono Y. Parenchymal enhancement on gray-scale in normal and pathologic tissues. Eur Radiol. 1999;9 Suppl 3:S359–63.CrossRefPubMed
11.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucidarme O, Kono Y, Corbeil J, Choi SH, Mattrey RF. Validation of ultrasound contrast destruction imaging for flow quantification. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1697–704.CrossRefPubMed Lucidarme O, Kono Y, Corbeil J, Choi SH, Mattrey RF. Validation of ultrasound contrast destruction imaging for flow quantification. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1697–704.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucidarme O, Kono Y, Corbeil J, Choi SH, Golmard JL, Varner J, et al. Angiogenesis: noninvasive quantitative assessment with contrast-enhanced functional US in murine model. Radiology. 2006;239(3):730–9.CrossRefPubMed Lucidarme O, Kono Y, Corbeil J, Choi SH, Golmard JL, Varner J, et al. Angiogenesis: noninvasive quantitative assessment with contrast-enhanced functional US in murine model. Radiology. 2006;239(3):730–9.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology. 2014;60(5):1767–75.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology. 2014;60(5):1767–75.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Westwood M, Joore M, Grutters J, Redekop K, Armstrong N, Lee K, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue(R) (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the characterisation of focal liver lesions and detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17(16):1–243.CrossRef Westwood M, Joore M, Grutters J, Redekop K, Armstrong N, Lee K, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue(R) (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the characterisation of focal liver lesions and detection of liver metastases: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17(16):1–243.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka H, Iijima H, Nouso K, Aoki N, Iwai T, Takashima T, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis on the surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis patients using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Hepatol Res. 2012;42(4):376–84.CrossRefPubMed Tanaka H, Iijima H, Nouso K, Aoki N, Iwai T, Takashima T, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis on the surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis patients using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Hepatol Res. 2012;42(4):376–84.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Moriyasu F, Itoh K. Efficacy of perflubutane microbubble-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions: phase 3 multicenter clinical trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):86–95.CrossRefPubMed Moriyasu F, Itoh K. Efficacy of perflubutane microbubble-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions: phase 3 multicenter clinical trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):86–95.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Martie A, Sporea I, Popescu A, Sirli R, Danila M, Serban C, et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Ultrason. 2011;13(2):108–13.PubMed Martie A, Sporea I, Popescu A, Sirli R, Danila M, Serban C, et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Ultrason. 2011;13(2):108–13.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang XY, Luo Y, Wen TF, Jiang L, Li C, Zhong XF, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: improving the preoperative staging of hepatocellular carcinoma and guiding individual treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(35):12628–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhang XY, Luo Y, Wen TF, Jiang L, Li C, Zhong XF, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: improving the preoperative staging of hepatocellular carcinoma and guiding individual treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(35):12628–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular NeoplasiaThe International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular N. Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology. 2009;49(2):658–64.CrossRef International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular NeoplasiaThe International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular N. Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology. 2009;49(2):658–64.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsui O. Detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma by imaging. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(10 Suppl 2):S136–40.CrossRefPubMed Matsui O. Detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma by imaging. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(10 Suppl 2):S136–40.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M, Rossi S, Garioni L, Rosa L, et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology. 2004;232(2):420–30.CrossRefPubMed Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M, Rossi S, Garioni L, Rosa L, et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology. 2004;232(2):420–30.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TK, Lee KH, Khalili K, Jang HJ. Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 2011;36(3):244–63.CrossRefPubMed Kim TK, Lee KH, Khalili K, Jang HJ. Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 2011;36(3):244–63.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Burns PN, Wilson SR. Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images—concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. Radiology. 2007;242(1):162–74.CrossRefPubMed Burns PN, Wilson SR. Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images—concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. Radiology. 2007;242(1):162–74.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson SR, Kim TK, Jang HJ, Burns PN. Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: discordance between contrast-enhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(1):W7–W12.CrossRefPubMed Wilson SR, Kim TK, Jang HJ, Burns PN. Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: discordance between contrast-enhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(1):W7–W12.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Ito T, Sone Y, Kaneoka Y, et al. Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with perflubutane for determining histologic grade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3070–8.CrossRefPubMed Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Ito T, Sone Y, Kaneoka Y, et al. Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with perflubutane for determining histologic grade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3070–8.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Numata K, Fukuda H, Nihonmatsu H, Kondo M, Nozaki A, Chuma M, et al. Use of vessel patterns on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using a perflubutane-based contrast agent for the differential diagnosis of regenerative nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma or high-grade dysplastic nodules in patients with chronic liver disease. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(7):2372–83.CrossRefPubMed Numata K, Fukuda H, Nihonmatsu H, Kondo M, Nozaki A, Chuma M, et al. Use of vessel patterns on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using a perflubutane-based contrast agent for the differential diagnosis of regenerative nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma or high-grade dysplastic nodules in patients with chronic liver disease. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(7):2372–83.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Jang HJ, Kim TK, Burns PN, Wilson SR. Enhancement patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma at contrast-enhanced US: comparison with histologic differentiation. Radiology. 2007;244(3):898–906.CrossRefPubMed Jang HJ, Kim TK, Burns PN, Wilson SR. Enhancement patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma at contrast-enhanced US: comparison with histologic differentiation. Radiology. 2007;244(3):898–906.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Numata K, Fukuda H, Miwa H, Ishii T, Moriya S, Kondo M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography findings using a perflubutane-based contrast agent in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83(1):95–102.CrossRefPubMed Numata K, Fukuda H, Miwa H, Ishii T, Moriya S, Kondo M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography findings using a perflubutane-based contrast agent in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83(1):95–102.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson SR, Burns PN. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(5):1401–12.CrossRefPubMed Wilson SR, Burns PN. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(5):1401–12.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Goetti R, Reiner CS, Knuth A, Klotz E, Stenner F, Samaras P, et al. Quantitative perfusion analysis of malignant liver tumors: dynamic computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Invest Radiol. 2012;47(1):18–24.CrossRefPubMed Goetti R, Reiner CS, Knuth A, Klotz E, Stenner F, Samaras P, et al. Quantitative perfusion analysis of malignant liver tumors: dynamic computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Invest Radiol. 2012;47(1):18–24.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Feng Y, Qin XC, Luo Y, Li YZ, Zhou X. Efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound washout rate in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(6):1553–60.CrossRefPubMed Feng Y, Qin XC, Luo Y, Li YZ, Zhou X. Efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound washout rate in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(6):1553–60.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei XQ, Liu LZ, Liu M, Zheng W, Han F, Li AH, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between quantitative parameters and histological grading. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1017):e740–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pei XQ, Liu LZ, Liu M, Zheng W, Han F, Li AH, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between quantitative parameters and histological grading. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1017):e740–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi M, Maruyama H, Ishibashi H, Yoshikawa M, Yokosuka O. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with perflubutane microbubble agent: evaluation of differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(2):W123–31.CrossRefPubMed Takahashi M, Maruyama H, Ishibashi H, Yoshikawa M, Yokosuka O. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with perflubutane microbubble agent: evaluation of differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(2):W123–31.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu JF, Liu HY, Shi Y, Wei ZH, Wu Y. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma by contrast-enhanced sonography: correlation with pathologic differentiation. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(5):625–33.PubMed Xu JF, Liu HY, Shi Y, Wei ZH, Wu Y. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma by contrast-enhanced sonography: correlation with pathologic differentiation. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(5):625–33.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K, Taira J, Saguchi T, Yoshimura N, et al. Comparison of Kupffer-phase Sonazoid-enhanced sonography and hepatobiliary-phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and correlation with histologic grading. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(4):529–38.PubMed Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K, Taira J, Saguchi T, Yoshimura N, et al. Comparison of Kupffer-phase Sonazoid-enhanced sonography and hepatobiliary-phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and correlation with histologic grading. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(4):529–38.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kondo T, Maruyama H, Kiyono S, Sekimoto T, Shimada T, Takahashi M, et al. Intensity-based assessment of microbubble-enhanced ultrasonography: phase-related diagnostic ability for cellular differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3079–87.CrossRefPubMed Kondo T, Maruyama H, Kiyono S, Sekimoto T, Shimada T, Takahashi M, et al. Intensity-based assessment of microbubble-enhanced ultrasonography: phase-related diagnostic ability for cellular differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3079–87.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Suzuki K, Okuda Y, Ota M, Kojima F, Horimoto M. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma nodules in patients with chronic liver disease using contrast-enhanced sonography: usefulness of the combination of arterial- and Kupffer-phase enhancement patterns. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(3):423–33.CrossRefPubMed Suzuki K, Okuda Y, Ota M, Kojima F, Horimoto M. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma nodules in patients with chronic liver disease using contrast-enhanced sonography: usefulness of the combination of arterial- and Kupffer-phase enhancement patterns. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(3):423–33.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TK, Choi BI, Han JK, Hong HS, Park SH, Moon SG. Hepatic tumors: contrast agent-enhancement patterns with pulse-inversion harmonic US. Radiology. 2000;216(2):411–7.CrossRefPubMed Kim TK, Choi BI, Han JK, Hong HS, Park SH, Moon SG. Hepatic tumors: contrast agent-enhancement patterns with pulse-inversion harmonic US. Radiology. 2000;216(2):411–7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Onofrio M, Crosara S, De Robertis R, Canestrini S, Mucelli RP. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of focal liver lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(1):W56–66.CrossRefPubMed D’Onofrio M, Crosara S, De Robertis R, Canestrini S, Mucelli RP. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of focal liver lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(1):W56–66.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Guang Y, Xie L, Ding H, Cai A, Huang Y. Diagnosis value of focal liver lesions with SonoVue(R)-enhanced ultrasound compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced MRI: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(11):1595–605.CrossRefPubMed Guang Y, Xie L, Ding H, Cai A, Huang Y. Diagnosis value of focal liver lesions with SonoVue(R)-enhanced ultrasound compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced MRI: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(11):1595–605.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Shiraishi J, Saito K, Taira J, Saguchi T, et al. Assessment of arterial hypervascularity of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of contrast-enhanced US and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(6):1205–13.CrossRefPubMed Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Shiraishi J, Saito K, Taira J, Saguchi T, et al. Assessment of arterial hypervascularity of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of contrast-enhanced US and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(6):1205–13.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi M, Maruyama H, Shimada T, Kamezaki H, Sekimoto T, Kanai F, et al. Characterization of hepatic lesions (≤ 30 mm) with liver-specific contrast agents: a comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(1):75–84.CrossRefPubMed Takahashi M, Maruyama H, Shimada T, Kamezaki H, Sekimoto T, Kanai F, et al. Characterization of hepatic lesions (≤ 30 mm) with liver-specific contrast agents: a comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(1):75–84.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin SK, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Shim YS, Jung DH, Kwon OS, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the differentiation of small atypical hepatocellular carcinomas from dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(9):775–82.CrossRefPubMed Shin SK, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Shim YS, Jung DH, Kwon OS, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the differentiation of small atypical hepatocellular carcinomas from dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(9):775–82.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Shagdarsuren B, Tamai H, Shingaki N, Mori Y, Maeshima S, Nuta J, et al. Contribution of contrast-enhanced sonography with perfluorobutane microbubbles for diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(7):1383–91.CrossRefPubMed Shagdarsuren B, Tamai H, Shingaki N, Mori Y, Maeshima S, Nuta J, et al. Contribution of contrast-enhanced sonography with perfluorobutane microbubbles for diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(7):1383–91.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat • D’Onofrio M, Crosara S, De Robertis R, Canestrini S, Cantisani V, Morana G, et al. Malignant focal liver lesions at contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and magnetic resonance with hepatospecific contrast agent. Ultrasound. 2014;22(2):91–8. Emphasizes the synergy of using both MR and CEUS to improve diagnosis of HCC.CrossRefPubMed • D’Onofrio M, Crosara S, De Robertis R, Canestrini S, Cantisani V, Morana G, et al. Malignant focal liver lesions at contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and magnetic resonance with hepatospecific contrast agent. Ultrasound. 2014;22(2):91–8. Emphasizes the synergy of using both MR and CEUS to improve diagnosis of HCC.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Catalano O, Izzo F, Vallone P, Sandomenico F, Albino V, Nunziata A, et al. Integrating contrast-enhanced sonography in the follow-up algorithm of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation: single cancer center experience. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(2):133–42.CrossRefPubMed Catalano O, Izzo F, Vallone P, Sandomenico F, Albino V, Nunziata A, et al. Integrating contrast-enhanced sonography in the follow-up algorithm of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation: single cancer center experience. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(2):133–42.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah A, Tang A, Santillan C, Sirlin C. Cirrhotic liver: what’s that nodule? The LI-RADS approach. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(2):281–94.CrossRefPubMed Shah A, Tang A, Santillan C, Sirlin C. Cirrhotic liver: what’s that nodule? The LI-RADS approach. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(2):281–94.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Radiology. ACo. CEUS liver imaging reporting and data system version 2016. 2016. Radiology. ACo. CEUS liver imaging reporting and data system version 2016. 2016.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Barreiros AP, Piscaglia F, Dietrich CF. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): comments on AASLD guidelines. J Hepatol. 2012;57(4):930–2.CrossRefPubMed Barreiros AP, Piscaglia F, Dietrich CF. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): comments on AASLD guidelines. J Hepatol. 2012;57(4):930–2.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu GJ, Wang W, Lu MD, Xie XY, Xu HX, Xu ZF, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2015;4(4):241–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Liu GJ, Wang W, Lu MD, Xie XY, Xu HX, Xu ZF, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2015;4(4):241–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat • Li R, Yuan MX, Ma KS, Li XW, Tang CL, Zhang XH, et al. Detailed analysis of temporal features on contrast enhanced ultrasound may help differentiate intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98612. Examined temporal characteristics of liver lesions to distinguish between HCC and cholangiocarcinoma, a diagnosis that has traditionally been difficult to make on CEUS.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral • Li R, Yuan MX, Ma KS, Li XW, Tang CL, Zhang XH, et al. Detailed analysis of temporal features on contrast enhanced ultrasound may help differentiate intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98612. Examined temporal characteristics of liver lesions to distinguish between HCC and cholangiocarcinoma, a diagnosis that has traditionally been difficult to make on CEUS.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Han J, Liu Y, Han F, Li Q, Yan C, Zheng W, et al. The degree of contrast washout on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in distinguishing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3088–95.CrossRefPubMed Han J, Liu Y, Han F, Li Q, Yan C, Zheng W, et al. The degree of contrast washout on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in distinguishing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(12):3088–95.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Li R, Yang D, Tang CL, Cai P, Ma KS, Ding SY, et al. Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (biphenotypic) tumors: clinical characteristics, imaging features of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and computed tomography. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Li R, Yang D, Tang CL, Cai P, Ma KS, Ding SY, et al. Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (biphenotypic) tumors: clinical characteristics, imaging features of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and computed tomography. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Kong WT, Wang WP, Huang BJ, Ding H, Mao F. Value of wash-in and wash-out time in the diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic nodules with similar vascular pattern on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(3):576–80.CrossRefPubMed Kong WT, Wang WP, Huang BJ, Ding H, Mao F. Value of wash-in and wash-out time in the diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic nodules with similar vascular pattern on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(3):576–80.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Ohtomo K. Selection criteria for hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg. 2001;233(3):379–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Ohtomo K. Selection criteria for hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg. 2001;233(3):379–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, Vilana R, Ayuso Mdel C, Sala M, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology. 1999;29(1):62–7.CrossRefPubMed Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, Vilana R, Ayuso Mdel C, Sala M, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology. 1999;29(1):62–7.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Piscaglia F, Gianstefani A, Ravaioli M, Golfieri R, Cappelli A, Giampalma E, et al. Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(5):658–67.PubMed Piscaglia F, Gianstefani A, Ravaioli M, Golfieri R, Cappelli A, Giampalma E, et al. Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(5):658–67.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodd 3rd GD, Memel DS, Baron RL, Eichner L, Santiguida LA. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: does sonographic detection of intrathrombus flow allow differentiation of benign and malignant thrombus? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165(3):573–7.CrossRefPubMed Dodd 3rd GD, Memel DS, Baron RL, Eichner L, Santiguida LA. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: does sonographic detection of intrathrombus flow allow differentiation of benign and malignant thrombus? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165(3):573–7.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat • Raza SA, Jang HJ, Kim TK. Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(1):153–61. Demonstrated the high diagnostic accuracy of CEUS for distinguishing between malignant and benign thrombosis, the former having significant clinical and prognostic implications.CrossRefPubMed • Raza SA, Jang HJ, Kim TK. Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(1):153–61. Demonstrated the high diagnostic accuracy of CEUS for distinguishing between malignant and benign thrombosis, the former having significant clinical and prognostic implications.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Esposito F, Giorgio A, Sorrentino P, et al. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31(5):537–44.CrossRefPubMed Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Esposito F, Giorgio A, Sorrentino P, et al. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31(5):537–44.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V, Cascina A, Quaretti P, Azzaretti A, et al. Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(3):763–73.CrossRefPubMed Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V, Cascina A, Quaretti P, Azzaretti A, et al. Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(3):763–73.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V, Torello Viera F, Rosa L, Serassi M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(8):1749–56.CrossRefPubMed Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V, Torello Viera F, Rosa L, Serassi M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(8):1749–56.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat • Rajesh S, Mukund A, Arora A, Jain D, Sarin SK. Contrast-enhanced US-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(8):1235–40. This study shows how CEUS can better demonstrate lesions that are not well seen on unenhanced US or CT, thus providing improved guidance for ablation.CrossRefPubMed • Rajesh S, Mukund A, Arora A, Jain D, Sarin SK. Contrast-enhanced US-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(8):1235–40. This study shows how CEUS can better demonstrate lesions that are not well seen on unenhanced US or CT, thus providing improved guidance for ablation.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SH, et al. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal hepatic lesions not localised on B-mode ultrasound. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(8):2047–56.CrossRefPubMed Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SH, et al. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal hepatic lesions not localised on B-mode ultrasound. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(8):2047–56.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan AK, Hegarty C, Klass D, Yoshida E, Chung S, Liu DM, et al. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in guiding radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2015;66(2):171–8.CrossRefPubMed Chan AK, Hegarty C, Klass D, Yoshida E, Chung S, Liu DM, et al. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in guiding radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2015;66(2):171–8.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu M, Lin MX, Lu MD, Xu ZF, Zheng KG, Wang W, et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in evaluating the treatment response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma using modified RECIST. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2502–11.CrossRefPubMed Liu M, Lin MX, Lu MD, Xu ZF, Zheng KG, Wang W, et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in evaluating the treatment response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma using modified RECIST. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2502–11.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw CM, Eisenbrey JR, Lyshchik A, O’Kane PL, Merton DA, Machado P, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of residual blood flow to hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with transarterial chemoembolization using drug-eluting beads: a prospective study. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(5):859–67.CrossRefPubMed Shaw CM, Eisenbrey JR, Lyshchik A, O’Kane PL, Merton DA, Machado P, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of residual blood flow to hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with transarterial chemoembolization using drug-eluting beads: a prospective study. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(5):859–67.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kono Y, Lucidarme O, Choi SH, Rose SC, Hassanein TI, Alpert E, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a predictor of treatment efficacy within 2 weeks after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(1 Pt 1):57–65.CrossRefPubMed Kono Y, Lucidarme O, Choi SH, Rose SC, Hassanein TI, Alpert E, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a predictor of treatment efficacy within 2 weeks after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(1 Pt 1):57–65.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat • Takizawa K, Numata K, Morimoto M, Kondo M, Nozaki A, Moriya S, et al. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with a perflubutane-based contrast agent performed one day after transarterial chemoembolization for the early assessment of residual viable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(9):1471–80. This study showed that CEUS one day after TACE was more accurate than CECT at one month. This is significant as it provides quicker feedback and follow-up for HCC lesions that have not responded to therapy.CrossRefPubMed • Takizawa K, Numata K, Morimoto M, Kondo M, Nozaki A, Moriya S, et al. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with a perflubutane-based contrast agent performed one day after transarterial chemoembolization for the early assessment of residual viable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(9):1471–80. This study showed that CEUS one day after TACE was more accurate than CECT at one month. This is significant as it provides quicker feedback and follow-up for HCC lesions that have not responded to therapy.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho YZ, Park SY, Choi EH, Baik SK, Kwon SO, Kim YJ, et al. The usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma viability after transarterial chemoembolization: pilot study. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2015;21(2):165–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cho YZ, Park SY, Choi EH, Baik SK, Kwon SO, Kim YJ, et al. The usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma viability after transarterial chemoembolization: pilot study. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2015;21(2):165–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Jing X, Ding J. Clinical value of dynamic 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma ablation. Clin Imaging. 2016;40(3):402–6.CrossRefPubMed Wang Y, Jing X, Ding J. Clinical value of dynamic 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma ablation. Clin Imaging. 2016;40(3):402–6.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Qu P, Yu X, Liang P, Cheng Z, Han Z, Liu F, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization of hepatocellular carcinomas treated by ablation: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013;39(9):1571–9.CrossRefPubMed Qu P, Yu X, Liang P, Cheng Z, Han Z, Liu F, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization of hepatocellular carcinomas treated by ablation: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013;39(9):1571–9.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Inoue T, Kudo M, Hatanaka K, Arizumi T, Takita M, Kitai S, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to evaluate the post-treatment responses of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic CT. Oncology. 2013;84 Suppl 1:51–7.CrossRefPubMed Inoue T, Kudo M, Hatanaka K, Arizumi T, Takita M, Kitai S, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to evaluate the post-treatment responses of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic CT. Oncology. 2013;84 Suppl 1:51–7.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lekht I, Gulati M, Nayyar M, Katz MD, Ter-Oganesyan R, Marx M, et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluation of thermal ablation zone. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41(8):1511–21.CrossRef Lekht I, Gulati M, Nayyar M, Katz MD, Ter-Oganesyan R, Marx M, et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluation of thermal ablation zone. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41(8):1511–21.CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Li K, Su ZZ, Xu EJ, Ju JX, Meng XC, Zheng RQ. Improvement of ablative margins by the intraoperative use of CEUS-CT/MR image fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:277.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Li K, Su ZZ, Xu EJ, Ju JX, Meng XC, Zheng RQ. Improvement of ablative margins by the intraoperative use of CEUS-CT/MR image fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:277.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitsunori Y, Tanaka S, Nakamura N, Ban D, Irie T, Noguchi N, et al. Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma: high sensitivity of diagnosis and therapeutic impact. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2013;20(2):234–42.CrossRefPubMed Mitsunori Y, Tanaka S, Nakamura N, Ban D, Irie T, Noguchi N, et al. Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma: high sensitivity of diagnosis and therapeutic impact. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2013;20(2):234–42.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):378–90.CrossRefPubMed Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):378–90.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou JH, Cao LH, Liu JB, Zheng W, Liu M, Luo RZ, et al. Quantitative assessment of tumor blood flow in mice after treatment with different doses of an antiangiogenic agent with contrast-enhanced destruction-replenishment US. Radiology. 2011;259(2):406–13.CrossRefPubMed Zhou JH, Cao LH, Liu JB, Zheng W, Liu M, Luo RZ, et al. Quantitative assessment of tumor blood flow in mice after treatment with different doses of an antiangiogenic agent with contrast-enhanced destruction-replenishment US. Radiology. 2011;259(2):406–13.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou JH, Zheng W, Cao LH, Liu M, Luo RZ, Han F, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonic parametric perfusion imaging in the evaluation of antiangiogenic tumor treatment. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(6):1360–5.CrossRefPubMed Zhou JH, Zheng W, Cao LH, Liu M, Luo RZ, Han F, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonic parametric perfusion imaging in the evaluation of antiangiogenic tumor treatment. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(6):1360–5.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu XD, Zhang JB, Fan PL, Xiong YQ, Zhuang PY, Zhang W, et al. Antiangiogenic effects of pazopanib in xenograft hepatocellular carcinoma models: evaluation by quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhu XD, Zhang JB, Fan PL, Xiong YQ, Zhuang PY, Zhang W, et al. Antiangiogenic effects of pazopanib in xenograft hepatocellular carcinoma models: evaluation by quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Moschouris H, Malagari K, Gkoutzios P, Kalokairinou M, Stamatiou K, Chatzimichail K, et al. Intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with the antiangiogenic agent sorafenib. Evaluation with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Med Ultrason. 2012;14(2):87–94.PubMed Moschouris H, Malagari K, Gkoutzios P, Kalokairinou M, Stamatiou K, Chatzimichail K, et al. Intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with the antiangiogenic agent sorafenib. Evaluation with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Med Ultrason. 2012;14(2):87–94.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Zocco MA, Garcovich M, Lupascu A, Di Stasio E, Roccarina D, Annicchiarico BE, et al. Early prediction of response to sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound. J Hepatol. 2013;59(5):1014–21.CrossRefPubMed Zocco MA, Garcovich M, Lupascu A, Di Stasio E, Roccarina D, Annicchiarico BE, et al. Early prediction of response to sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound. J Hepatol. 2013;59(5):1014–21.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K, Rognin N, Kamiyama N, Furuichi Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: early detection of treatment response and major adverse events by contrast-enhanced US. Liver Int. 2013;33(4):605–15.CrossRefPubMed Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K, Rognin N, Kamiyama N, Furuichi Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: early detection of treatment response and major adverse events by contrast-enhanced US. Liver Int. 2013;33(4):605–15.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Frampas E, Lassau N, Zappa M, Vullierme MP, Koscielny S, Vilgrain V. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to targeted therapy and prognostic value of perfusion CT and dynamic contrast enhanced-ultrasound. Preliminary results. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(5):e205–11.CrossRefPubMed Frampas E, Lassau N, Zappa M, Vullierme MP, Koscielny S, Vilgrain V. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to targeted therapy and prognostic value of perfusion CT and dynamic contrast enhanced-ultrasound. Preliminary results. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(5):e205–11.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Lassau N, Koscielny S, Chami L, Chebil M, Benatsou B, Roche A, et al. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to bevacizumab therapy at dynamic contrast-enhanced US with quantification—preliminary results. Radiology. 2011;258(1):291–300.CrossRefPubMed Lassau N, Koscielny S, Chami L, Chebil M, Benatsou B, Roche A, et al. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to bevacizumab therapy at dynamic contrast-enhanced US with quantification—preliminary results. Radiology. 2011;258(1):291–300.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Lo GM, Al Zahrani H, Jang HJ, Menezes R, Hudson J, Burns P, et al. Detection of early tumor response to axitinib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(6):1303–11.CrossRefPubMed Lo GM, Al Zahrani H, Jang HJ, Menezes R, Hudson J, Burns P, et al. Detection of early tumor response to axitinib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(6):1303–11.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Negishi Y, Hamano N, Oshiro H, Rognin NG, et al. Quantification in molecular ultrasound imaging: a comparative study in mice between healthy liver and a human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(12):1909–16.PubMed Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Negishi Y, Hamano N, Oshiro H, Rognin NG, et al. Quantification in molecular ultrasound imaging: a comparative study in mice between healthy liver and a human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(12):1909–16.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron Toaldo M, Salvatore V, Marinelli S, Palama C, Milazzo M, Croci L, et al. Use of VEGFR-2 targeted ultrasound contrast agent for the early evaluation of response to sorafenib in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17(1):29–37.CrossRefPubMed Baron Toaldo M, Salvatore V, Marinelli S, Palama C, Milazzo M, Croci L, et al. Use of VEGFR-2 targeted ultrasound contrast agent for the early evaluation of response to sorafenib in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17(1):29–37.CrossRefPubMed
90.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat • Mullick Chowdhury S, Wang TY, Bachawal S, Devulapally R, Choe JW, Abou Elkacem L, et al. Ultrasound-guided therapeutic modulation of hepatocellular carcinoma using complementary microRNAs. J Control Release. 2016;238:272–80. This preclinical study showed the feasibility of deliverying complementary microRNAs to HCC, resulting in improved efficiency of treatment of doxorubicin resistant HCC.CrossRefPubMed • Mullick Chowdhury S, Wang TY, Bachawal S, Devulapally R, Choe JW, Abou Elkacem L, et al. Ultrasound-guided therapeutic modulation of hepatocellular carcinoma using complementary microRNAs. J Control Release. 2016;238:272–80. This preclinical study showed the feasibility of deliverying complementary microRNAs to HCC, resulting in improved efficiency of treatment of doxorubicin resistant HCC.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu F, Jiang Y, Luo F, Li P. Effectiveness of localized ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction with doxorubicin liposomes in H22 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model. J Drug Target. 2015;23(4):323–34.CrossRefPubMed Zhu F, Jiang Y, Luo F, Li P. Effectiveness of localized ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction with doxorubicin liposomes in H22 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model. J Drug Target. 2015;23(4):323–34.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Zhou P, Li L, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Tang L, et al. Effects of cationic microbubble carrying CD/TK double suicide gene and alphaVbeta3 integrin antibody in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158592.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Li J, Zhou P, Li L, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Tang L, et al. Effects of cationic microbubble carrying CD/TK double suicide gene and alphaVbeta3 integrin antibody in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158592.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Future Trends
verfasst von
Christopher D. Malone
Robert F. Mattrey
David T. Fetzer
Publikationsdatum
04.11.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Hepatology Reports / Ausgabe 4/2016
Elektronische ISSN: 2195-9595
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-016-0324-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

Current Hepatology Reports 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Hepatitis B (JK Lim, Section Editor)

Future Therapy for HBV: Role of Cell Cycle Inhibitors

Hepatitis C (J Ahn, Section Editor)

Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatitis B (JK Lim, Section Editor)

Current Management of Hepatitis B in 2016

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.