Background
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread throughout the world [
1,
2]. The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 could specifically display in a wide spectrum, which is so far mostly mild and self-limiting. Besides, other COVID-19 patients show severe viral pneumonia with respiratory dysfunction, even including several organs failure, resulting in a 2% to 3% mortality rate worldwide [
3].
With advanced knowledge, immune system dysfunction triggered by SARS-CoV-2 was observed in COVID-19 patients. In mild cases, immune responses were efficiently established to curb the viral replication, while in severe cases, uncontrolled inflammation and the microcirculation dysfunctions together lead to viral sepsis with immunologic impairment [
4]. The severity of disease was associated with immunological impairment. Especially, in some life-threaten cases, SARS-CoV-2 could trigger catastrophic damage to the human immune system resulting in death at their worst.
Unfortunately, our understanding of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is extremely limited until now. Many scholars speculated that the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 and host could be referring to the other coronavirus because of the highly similarity in the sequence homology in coronavirus family [
5]. Previous study mainly focused on the immune dysfunction caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Coronavirus infections (SARS and MERS) are confirmed to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses [
6,
7]. In simply it means that the changes of peripheral blood cells could reflect the immune damage caused by virus infection.
Lymphocytes play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis during virus infection, especially SARS-CoV-2 [
8]. Several cohort studies have reported that lymphopenia can predict prognosis in COVID-19 patients [
9,
10]. In addition, a few studies found that the eosinopenia was also associated with poor prognostic features [
11,
12]. Thus, the differentiation of peripheral white blood cells may indicate the immunologic impairment at the early stage of the disease. However, the risk factors for the changes of peripheral blood cells, especially eosinophils (EOS) in the prognosis have not been well addressed yet. This retrospective cohort study was performed to assess the value of peripheral white blood cells in COVID-19 patients.
Methods
Study design
Patients were diagnosed of COVID-19 according to World Health Organization interim guidance. COVID-19 positivity was confirmed of nucleonic acid for SARS-CoV-2 by throat swab. As one-time supportive task led by China National Health Commission, patients who were hospitalized at designated wards in the Sino-French New City Branch of Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, Hubei province, China were under treatment by medical team from Beijing Hospital. This retrospective cohort study was implemented from Feb 8th to March 15th, 2020 and all COVID-19 patients were consecutively recruited. We excluded patients with hematological disease or a blood transfusion in a week after admission. The severity of the disease was assessed according to the Seventh Version of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Guidance from the National Health Commission of China. CURB-65 score were also calculated and patients were divided into 3 groups: low risk (0–1 point), intermediate risk (2 points) and high risk (3–5 points) [
13].
The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Beijing Hospital (2020BJYYEC-046-01).
The clinical data, including demographics information; clinical symptoms and signs; underlying diseases; laboratory results; the most intense level of oxygen support; treatment and clinical outcomes, were extracted from electronic medical records. The whole laboratory evaluation consisted complete blood cell counts, biochemical and coagulation indices and so forth. The differential peripheral blood indices were detailed recorded. Laboratory data at baseline were recorded in the first 24 h after admission According to the level of circulating EOS counts on admission, COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups: low EOS group (< 0.02 × 109/L) and normal EOS group (≥ 0.02 × 109/L). The end point was written of discharging from hospital or death. The differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory findings in patients with different outcome would be addressed. Longitudinal tracing of laboratory indices during the hospitalization was performed and the endpoint laboratory examinations were performed. All the data were entered into a computerized database and checked by two experienced physicians independently.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were described using median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were described as number (%). Non-normal distributed continuous data were compared using Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Categorical data were compared using X2 test or the Fisher exact test. Correlations between variables were analyzed using the Spearman's rank correlation. Correlation strength was selected by an absolute correlation |r|> 0.2 and the selected correlation were plotted as an undirected network graph. All tests were 2-sides, and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 19.0).
Discussion
As the classification of survivors and non-survivors was observed in this retrospective cohort study, the differential features of peripheral white blood cells were analyzed. Previous study demonstrated that severe patients tend to have lower lymphocytes counts, higher leukocytes counts and neutrophil–lymphocyte-ratio (NLR), as well as lymphopenia has been reported as a predictor of prognosis in COVID-19 patients [
9,
14,
15]. Our data also revealed that the initial counts of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils of COVID-19 patients were much lower in non-survivors compared with the counts of above indices in survivors, which was consistent with conclusion of other studies [
11,
12].
Eosinophils are linked to immune response conferring host protection against viruses and eosinopenia has been observed in different acute inflammation situation as pneumonia [
16‐
18]. A recent report by Xie et al. proved that COVID-19 patients with low EOS counts were likely to have more severe symptoms such as fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, more lesions in chest CT, radiographic aggravation, longer length of hospital stay and course of disease [
19]. Our study also indicated that patients with low EOS on admission showed as a predictor for in-hospital death. Eosinopenia may be the result of rapid sequestration of circulating eosinophils mediated by the overwhelming release of inflammatory cytokines, including thermogenic ones (such as IL-1, IL-6) [
20]. In addition, effects of glucocorticoids on hematological and immunological indicators were significant, especially the decrease in counts of eosinophils.
Although our understanding of the specific innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is relatively limited, the hematological changes may reflect a homeostatic mechanism to prevent systemic over-activation of inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins interact with various pattern recognition receptors can initiate antiviral immune responses which characterized by differentiation and proliferation of various immune cells with immune mediator production and release, especially lymphocytopenia and elevated level of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IP-10 and IL-17, regulating viral replication and spreading within the host [
21,
22]. SARS-CoV-2 has been proven to induce remodeling of peripheral lymphocytes, and a more robust humoral immune response occurs in severe infection [
23]. The decreased production, apoptosis and redistribution of lymphocytes may together lead to circulating lymphopenia [
24]. In addition, eosinophils are recruited from the blood circulation into the inflammatory focus, modulating immune responses through releasing a serious of cytokines and other mediators, as well as by a broad spectrum of immune mechanisms [
25]. In short, uncontrolled SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response may cause a systemic destruction, while the changes of peripheral blood cells can serve as early signals of immune impairment in COVID-19 patients [
26].
Glucocorticoids can avoid excessive inflammation by inhibiting immune response to SARS-Cov-2 infection, while the suppression of immunity may lead to an increase in viral load [
27]. Besides, glucocorticoids can suppress the release of EOS in bone marrow and promote eosinophil clearance by directly inducing apoptosis [
28,
29]. The panel of WHO made a strong recommendation for use of glucocorticoids in severe and critical COVID-19 patients, and in a real-life clinical setting, physicians tend to use glucocorticoids in most critically patients [
30]. In this cohort, we proved that the use of glucocorticoids altered the immunological characteristics of peripheral blood cells and glucocorticoid-related EOS decreased, which was considered as a risk factor for fatal outcomes. As the role of glucocorticoids in treating severe COVID-19 patients is still controversial, blood immunological marker which could be used as an index to guide the strategy of glucocorticoids therapy in COVID-19 patients is needed and may improve the prognosis in the clinical practice.
Early identification of risk factors for critical illness can facilitate appropriate provision of supportive care and help reduce mortality. Blood routine seems like a convenient and effective indicator which can help to identify the entities involved in immune dysregulation. Lymphopenia and eosinopenia on admission may be particularly important to indicate the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients, and counts of eosinophils are of guiding significance for the use of glucocorticoids. Unchanged levels of EOS during monitoring and treatment also hinted the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, peripheral white blood cells may serve as early signals of disease progression, which can be chosen as convenient and effective monitor parameters during the treatment of COVID-19.
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