Background
Materials and methods
Study design and participants
Assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of somatization between non-health care workers and health care workers
Variables | Non-health care workers (n = 1151) | Health care workers (n = 605) | Z/χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Men | 356(30.93) | 114(18.84) | 29.56 | < 0.001 |
Women | 795(69.07) | 491(81.16) | ||
Age (years), Median (IQR) | 22(21–37) | 35(30–41) | −15.81 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), Median (IQR) | 21.51(19.72–24.16) | 22.03(20.22–24.35) | −2.57 | 0.01 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Han | 1092(94.87) | 558(92.23) | 4.88 | 0.03 |
Others | 59(5.13) | 47(7.77) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Single | 689(59.86) | 122(20.17) | 260.30 | < 0.001 |
Married or cohabiting | 413(35.88) | 456(75.37) | ||
Divorced, separated or widowed | 49(4.26) | 27(4.46) | ||
Education level, n (%) | ||||
High school or below | 148(12.86) | 14(2.31) | 110.32 | < 0.001 |
Junior college and Bachelor’s degree | 897(77.93) | 445(73.55) | ||
Master’s degree or above | 106(9.21) | 146(24.13) | ||
Occupation, n (%) | ||||
Student | 586(50.91) | NA | ||
Professional | 339(29.45) | NA | ||
Teacher | 57(4.95) | NA | ||
Others | 189(16.42) | NA | ||
Doctor | NA | 208(34.38) | ||
Nurse | NA | 333(55.04) | ||
Medical technician | NA | 64(10.58) | ||
Living situation, n (%) | ||||
Wuhan | 17(1.48) | 28(4.63) | 37.98 | < 0.001 |
Hubei province outside Wuhan | 14(1.22) | 29(4.79) | ||
Outside Hubei province | 1120(97.31) | 548(90.58) | ||
Length of service (years), n (%) | ||||
≤ 5 | NA | 110(18.18) | ||
6–10 | NA | 162(26.78) | ||
≥ 10 | NA | 194(32.07) | ||
≥ 20 | NA | 139(22.98) | ||
Working hours per day during COVID-19 outbreak, n (%) | ||||
4–6 | NA | 40(6.61) | ||
6–8 | NA | 243(40.17) | ||
8–10 | NA | 268(44.30) | ||
≥ 10 | NA | 54(8.93) | ||
Relatives and friends infected with coronavirus, n (%) | ||||
No | 1143(99.30) | 592(97.85) | 7.09 | 0.01 |
Yes | 8(0.70) | 13(2.15) | ||
Experience SARS personally, n (%) | ||||
No | 594(51.61) | 343(56.69) | 4.12 | 0.04 |
Yes | 557(48.39) | 262(43.31) | ||
Income (ten thousand), n (%) | ||||
≤ 8 | 488(42.40) | 105(17.36) | 111.35 | < 0.001 |
8–30 | 539(46.83) | 402(66.45) | ||
≥ 30 | 124(10.77) | 98(16.20) | ||
Income (ten thousand, Chinese Yuan) | 18.2 ± 17.5 | 24.1 ± 18.7 | 4.99 | < 0.001 |
Economic loss (ten thousand), n (%) | ||||
≤ 3 | 791(68.72) | 323(53.39) | 56.79 | < 0.001 |
3–10 | 82(7.12) | 89(14.71) | ||
≥ 10 | 82(7.12) | 83(13.72) | ||
Unknown | 202(17.55) | 110(18.18) | ||
Medical illness, n (%) | ||||
No | 1002(87.05) | 468(77.36) | 27.36 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 149(12.95) | 137(22.64) | ||
Somatization, n (%) | ||||
No (< 24) | 1108(96.26) | 547(90.41) | 11.12 | < 0.001 |
Yes (≥24) | 63(5.45) | 58(9.59) | ||
Insomnia, Median (IQR) | 3(0–7) | 5(1–9) | −4.44 | < 0.001 |
Suicide (mean ± SD) | 0.19 ± 0.61 | 0.22 ± 0.63 | −1.05 | 0.30 |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||
No | 1032(89.66) | 550(90.91) | 0.94 | 0.62 |
Yes | 82(7.12) | 40(6.61) | ||
smoking cessation | 37(3.21) | 15(2.48) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | ||||
No | 884(76.80) | 460(76.03) | 7.21 | 0.03 |
Yes | 212(18.42) | 130(21.49) | ||
Abstinence | 55(4.78) | 15(2.48) |
Comparison of SCL-90 SOM dimension subscale between non-health care workers and health care workers
Variables | Non-health care workers (n = 1151) | health care workers (n = 605) | |
---|---|---|---|
total scores | 14.0 (12.0–17.0) | 16.0 (14.0–20.0) | < 0.001 |
Headaches | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Faintness or dizziness | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Pains in heart or chest | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.003 |
Pains in lower back | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Nausea or upset stomach | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Soreness of your muscles | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Trouble getting your breath | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | < 0.001 |
Hot or cold spells | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | < 0.001 |
Numbness or tingling in parts of your body | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.02 |
A lump in your throat | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.5) | 0.046 |
Feeling weak in parts of your body | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Heavy feelings in your arms or legs | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Comparison of demographic data and clinical symptoms by group and diagnose
variables | Non-health care workers | health care workers | Group | Diagnose | Group×Diagnose | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-SOM group | SOM group | Non-SOM group | SOM group | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
(n = 1065) | (n = 86) | (n = 532) | (n = 73) | |||||||
Sex, n (%) | 2.94 | 0.09 | 3.44 | 0.06 | 4.24 | 0.04 | ||||
Men | 330(30.99) | 26(30.23) | 91(17.11) | 23(31.51) | ||||||
Women | 735(69.01) | 60(69.77) | 441(82.89) | 50(68.49) | ||||||
Age (years) | 28.43 ± 0.30 | 31.17 ± 1.04 | 35.67 ± 0.42 | 36.53 ± 1.13 | 60.17 | < 0.001 | 4.93 | 0.03 | 1.34 | 0.25 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.20 ± 0.11 | 22.41 ± 0.39 | 22.61 ± 0.16 | 22.94 ± 0.42 | 2.41 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.23 | 0.63 | 3.18 | 0.08 | ||||
Han | 1014(95.21) | 78(90.70) | 489(91.92) | 69(94.52) | ||||||
Others | 51(4.79) | 8(9.30) | 43(8.08) | 4(5.48) | ||||||
Marital status, n (%) | 68.93 | < 0.001 | 2.8 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.63 | ||||
Single | 648(60.85) | 41(47.67) | 111(20.86) | 11(15.07) | ||||||
Married or cohabiting | 369(34.65) | 44(51.16) | 397(74.62) | 59(80.82) | ||||||
Divorced, separated or widowed | 48(4.51) | 1(1.16) | 24(4.51) | 3(4.11) | ||||||
Education level, n (%) | 47.28 | < 0.001 | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.66 | ||||
High school or below | 134(12.58) | 14(16.28) | 13(2.44) | 1(1.37) | ||||||
Junior college and Bachelor’s degree | 832(78.12) | 65(75.58) | 389(73.12) | 56(76.71) | ||||||
Master’s degree or above | 99(9.30) | 7(8.14) | 13(2.44) | 1(1.37) | ||||||
Living situation, n (%) | 7.94 | 0.005 | 3.91 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.39 | ||||
Wuhan | 17(1.60) | 0(0.00) | 27(5.08) | 1(1.37) | ||||||
Hubei province outside Wuhan | 13(1.22) | 1(1.16) | 26(4.89) | 3(4.11) | ||||||
Outside Hubei province | 1035(97.18) | 85(98.84) | 479(90.04) | 69(94.52) | ||||||
Relatives and friends infected with coronavirus, n (%) | 2.49 | 0.12 | 0.81 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.94 | ||||
No | 1057(99.25) | 86(100) | 520(97.74) | 72(98.63) | ||||||
Yes | 8(0.75) | 0(0.00) | 12(2.26) | 1(1.37) | ||||||
Experience SARS personally, n (%) | 1.28 | 0.26 | 4.62 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.82 | ||||
No | 556(52.21) | 38(44.19) | 308(57.89) | 35(47.95) | ||||||
Yes | 509(47.79) | 48(55.81) | 224(42.11) | 38(52.05) | ||||||
Income (ten thousand), n (%) | 42.32 | < 0.001 | 1.68 | 0.20 | 1.02 | 0.31 | ||||
≤ 8 | 448(42.07) | 40(46.51) | 97(18.23) | 8(10.96) | ||||||
8–30 | 507(47.61) | 32(37.21) | 352(66.17) | 50(68.49) | ||||||
≥ 30 | 110(10.33) | 14(16.28) | 83(15.60) | 15(20.55) | ||||||
Economic loss (ten thousand), n (%) | 9.9 | 0.002 | 0.21 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.38 | ||||
≤ 3 | 734(68.92) | 57(66.28) | 286(53.76) | 37(50.68) | ||||||
3–10 | 72(6.76) | 10(11.63) | 79(14.85) | 10(13.70) | ||||||
≥ 10 | 74(6.95) | 8(9.30) | 74(13.91) | 9(12.33) | ||||||
Unknown | 185(17.37) | 11(12.79) | 93(17.48) | 17(23.29) | ||||||
Medical illness, n (%) | 0.07 | 0.80 | 4.85 | 0.03 | 12.19 | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 124(11.64) | 25(29.07) | 123(23.12) | 14(19.18) | ||||||
Yes | 941(88.36) | 61(70.93) | 409(76.88) | 59(80.82) | ||||||
Insomnia | 4.52 ± 0.17 | 11.15 ± 0.60 | 6.22 ± 0.24 | 6.44 ± 0.65 | 10.31 | 0.001 | 53.35 | < 0.001 | 46.77 | < 0.001 |
Suicide | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 4.41 ± 0.43 | 1.07 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.46 | 23.82 | < 0.001 | 26.92 | < 0.001 | 35.65 | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.74 | ||||
No | 955(89.67) | 77(89.53) | 486(91.35) | 64(87.67) | ||||||
Yes | 77(7.23) | 5(5.81) | 33(6.20) | 7(9.59) | ||||||
smoking cessation | 33(3.10) | 4(4.65) | 13(2.44) | 2(2.74) | ||||||
Drinking, n (%) | 1.08 | 0.30 | 5.66 | 0.02 | 0.53 | 0.47 | ||||
No | 825(77.46) | 59(68.60) | 409(76.88) | 51(69.86) | ||||||
Yes | 193(18.12) | 19(22.09) | 110(20.68) | 20(27.40) | ||||||
Abstinence | 47(4.41) | 8(9.30) | 13(2.44) | 2(2.73) |
Demographic data and clinical symptoms between non-SOM and SOM groups of non-health care workers
Non-health care workers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-SOM group (n = 1065) | SOM group (n = 86) | Z/χ2 | P | |
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Men | 330(30.99) | 26(30.23) | 0.02 | 0.88 |
Women | 735(69.01) | 60(69.77) | ||
Age (years), Median (IQR) | 22(21–37) | 30.50(22–38) | −2.91 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), Median (IQR) | 21.51(19.71–24.17) | 21.50(20.02–23.89) | −0.74 | 0.46 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Han | 1014(95.21) | 78(90.70) | 3.33 | 0.07 |
Other | 51(4.79) | 8(9.30) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Single | 648(60.85) | 41(47.67) | 10.45 | 0.005 |
Married or cohabiting | 369(34.65) | 44(51.16) | ||
Divorced, separated or widowed | 48(4.51) | 1(1.16) | ||
Education level, n (%) | ||||
High school or below | 134(12.58) | 14(16.28) | 1.03 | 0.60 |
Junior college and Bachelor’s degree | 832(78.12) | 65(75.58) | ||
Master’s degree or above | 99(9.30) | 7(8.14) | ||
Occupation, n (%) | ||||
Student | 539(50.61) | 30(34.88) | 7.92 | 0.048 |
Professional | 306(28.73) | 33(38.37) | ||
Teacher | 51(4.79) | 5(5.81) | ||
Other | 169(15.87) | 18(20.93) | ||
Living situation, n (%) | ||||
Wuhan | 17(1.60) | 0(0.00) | 1.40 | 0.50 |
Hubei province outside Wuhan | 13(1.22) | 1(1.16) | ||
Outside Hubei province | 1035(97.18) | 85(98.84) | ||
Relatives and friends infected with coronavirus, n (%) | ||||
No | 1057(99.25) | 86(100) | 0.65 | 0.42 |
Yes | 8(0.75) | 0(0.00) | ||
Experience SARS personally, n (%) | ||||
No | 556(52.21) | 38(44.19) | 2.05 | 0.15 |
Yes | 509(47.79) | 48(55.81) | ||
Income, n (%) | ||||
≤ 8 | 448(42.07) | 40(46.51) | 4.82 | 0.09 |
8–30 | 507(47.61) | 32(37.21) | ||
≥ 30 | 110(10.33) | 14(16.28) | ||
Economic loss, n (%) | ||||
≤ 3 | 734(68.92) | 57(66.28) | 4.33 | 0.23 |
3–10 | 72(6.76) | 10(11.63) | ||
≥ 10 | 74(6.95) | 8(9.30) | ||
Unknown | 185(17.37) | 11(12.79) | ||
Medical illness, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 124(11.64) | 25(29.07) | 21.44 | < 0.001 |
No | 941(88.36) | 61(70.93) | ||
Insomnia, Median (IQR) | 3(0–7) | 12(6–15) | −8.86 | < 0.001 |
Suicide (mean ± SD) | 0.15 ± 0.53 | 0.76 ± 1.11 | − 8.72 | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||
No | 955(89.67) | 77(89.53) | 0.82 | 0.66 |
Yes | 77(7.23) | 5(5.81) | ||
Smoking cessation | 33(3.10) | 4(4.65) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | ||||
No | 825(77.46) | 59(68.60) | 5.48 | 0.07 |
Yes | 193(18.12) | 19(22.09) | ||
Abstinence | 47(4.41) | 8(9.30) |
Variable | B | SE | p | OR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity (ref: Han) | 0.90 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 2.45 | 1.04–5.78 | |
Insomnia | 0.15 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 1.16 | 1.12–1.20 | |
Suicide | 0.07 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.04–1.12 | |
Marital status (ref: Married or cohabiting) | 0.01 | |||||
Single | −0.66 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 0.32–0.84 | |
Divorced, separated or widowed | −1.99 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.02–1.08 | |
Constant | −6.27 | 1.16 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | . |
Demographic data and clinical symptoms in non-SOM and SOM groups of health care workers
Health care workers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-SOM group (n = 532) | SOM group (n = 73) | Z/χ2 | p | |
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Men | 91(17.11) | 23(31.51) | 8.71 | 0.003 |
Women | 441(82.89) | 50(68.49) | ||
Age (years), Median (IQR) | 35(30–41) | 36(30–44) | −0.93 | 0.35 |
BMI (kg/m2), Median (IQR) | 22.03(20.20–24.43) | 22.60(20.71–24.60) | −0.82 | 0.41 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Han | 489(91.92) | 69(94.52) | 0.61 | 0.44 |
Other | 43(8.08) | 4(5.48) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Single | 111(20.86) | 11(15.07) | 1.42 | 0.49 |
Married or cohabiting | 397(74.62) | 59(80.82) | ||
Divorced, separated or widowed | 24(4.51) | 3(4.11) | ||
Education level, n (%) | ||||
High school or below | 13(2.44) | 1(1.37) | 0.60 | 0.74 |
Junior college and Bachelor’s degree | 389(73.12) | 56(76.71) | ||
Master’s degree or above | 130(24.44) | 16(21.92) | ||
Occupation, n (%) | ||||
Doctor | 180(33.83) | 28(38.36) | 2.44 | 0.30 |
Nurse | 292(55.89) | 41(56.16) | ||
Medical technician | 60(11.28) | 4(5.48) | ||
Living situation, n (%) | ||||
Wuhan | 27(5.08) | 1(1.37) | 2.13 | 0.35 |
Hubei province outside Wuhan | 26(4.89) | 3(4.11) | ||
Outside Hubei province | 479(90.04) | 69(94.52) | ||
Length of service, n (%) | ||||
≤ 5 | 99(18.61) | 11(15.07) | 1.65 | 0.65 |
6–10 | 144(27.07) | 18(24.66) | ||
≥ 10 | 166(31.20) | 28(38.36) | ||
≥ 20 | 123(23.12) | 16(21.92) | ||
Working hours per day during COVID-19 outbreak, n (%) | ||||
4–6 | 31(5.83) | 9(12.33) | 15.38 | 0.002 |
6–8 | 222(41.73) | 21(28.77) | ||
8–10 | 226(42.48) | 42(57.53) | ||
≥ 10 | 53(9.96) | 1(1.37) | ||
Relatives and friends infected with coronavirus, n (%) | ||||
No | 520(97.74) | 72(98.63) | 0.24 | 0.63 |
Yes | 12(2.26) | 1(1.37) | ||
Experience SARS personally, n (%) | ||||
No | 308(57.89) | 35(47.95) | 2.59 | 0.11 |
Yes | 224(42.11) | 38(52.05) | ||
Income, n (%) | ||||
≤ 8 | 97(18.23) | 8(10.96) | 2.98 | 0.23 |
8–30 | 352(66.17) | 50(68.49) | ||
≥ 30 | 83(15.60) | 15(20.55) | ||
Economic loss, n (%) | ||||
≤ 3 | 286(53.76) | 37(50.68) | 1.48 | 0.69 |
3–10 | 79(14.85) | 10(13.70) | ||
≥ 10 | 74(13.91) | 9(12.33) | ||
Unknown | 93(17.48) | 17(23.29) | ||
Medical illness, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 123(23.12) | 14(19.18) | 0.57 | 0.45 |
No | 409(76.88) | 59(80.82) | ||
Insomnia, Median (IQR) | 5(1–9) | 5(1–7) | −0.01 | 0.99 |
Suicide (mean ± SD) | 1.07 ± 2.03 | 0.81 ± 2.69 | − 0.95 | 0.34 |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||
No | 486(91.35) | 64(87.67) | 1.23 | 0.54 |
Yes | 33(6.20) | 7(9.59) | ||
Smoking cessation | 13(2.44) | 2(2.74) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | ||||
No | 409(76.88) | 51(69.86) | 1.79 | 0.41 |
Yes | 110(20.68) | 20(27.40) | ||
Abstinence | 13(2.44) | 2(2.73) |
B | SE | p | OR | 95%CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (ref: Men) | −0.79 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.26–0.80 | |
0.01 | ||||||
6–8 | 2.70 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 14.87 | 1.79–123.78 | |
8–10 | 1.78 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 5.91 | 0.77–45.26 | |
≥10 | 2.40 | 1.03 | 0.02 | 11.07 | 1.48–82.75 | |
Constant | −2.70 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | . |