nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.12.2021 | COVID-19 | COVID-19 Zur Zeit gratis

Immune-mediated neurological syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review of literature on autoimmune encephalitis in COVID-19

verfasst von: Alvin Oliver Payus, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, May Honey Ohn, Hui Jan Tan, Azliza Ibrahim, Yuen Kang Chia, Azman Ali Raymond

Erschienen in: Neurological Sciences | Ausgabe 3/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Introduction

The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has been spreading rapidly amongst humans and causing a global pandemic. The notorious infection has shown to cause a wide spectrum of neurological syndrome, including autoimmune encephalitis.

Objective

Here, we systematically review the literature on autoimmune encephalitis that developed in the background of SARS-CoV-2 infections and also the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-immune mediated damage to the nervous system.

Methodology

An exhaustive search was made in Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus and other medical databases, and 28 relevant published articles were selected according to the strict inclusion criteria.

Results

Autoimmune encephalitis can occur via three possible proposed pathophysiological mechanism and can manifest during or after the acute infection period. It is more common in adult but can also occur in the paediatric patients. There were various spectra of autoantibody panels reported including antineuronal antibody, anti-gangliosides antibody and onconeural antibody. Majority of the patients responded well to the immunomodulating therapy and achieved good recovery.

Conclusion

In conclusion, SARSCoV-2 infection can induce various spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis. It is a major concern since there is very limited long-term study on the topic. Hence, this review aims to elucidate on the potential long-term complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hopefully to improve the management and prognosis of COVID-19.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. N Engl J Med 2019. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schoeman D, Fielding BC (2019) Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J 16(1):69CrossRef

Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric R, Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses—a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group

Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D (2020) Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 92(4):418–423CrossRef

Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J et al (2016) Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trend Microbiol 24:490–502CrossRef

Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen K (2004) Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nature Med 10:S88-97CrossRef

Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology 8 Suppl S9–14

Zaki AM, Boheemen SV, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM (2012) Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 367:1814–1820CrossRef

10.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506CrossRef

11.

Payus AO, Lin CL, Noh MM, Jeffree MS, Ali RA (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nervous system: a review of the literature on neurological involvement in novel coronavirus disease-(COVID-19). Bosn J Basic Med Sci 20(3):283PubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Toussirot É, Roudier J (2008) Epstein-Barr virus in autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 22(5):883–896CrossRef

13.

Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJ, Saffari SE, Ng A (2021) Encephalitis as neurological complication of COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta analysis of incidence, outcomes and predictors. Eur J Neurol

14.

Panariello A, Bassetti R, Radice A, Rossotti R, Puoti M, Corradin M, Moreno M, Percudani M (2020) Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19 patient: a case report. Brain Behav Immun 87:179CrossRef

15.

Bravo GA, Torrentà LR (2020) Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurología (Engl Ed) 35(9):699CrossRef

16.

Monti G, Giovannini G, Marudi A, Bedin R, Melegari A, Simone AM, Santangelo M, Pignatti A, Bertellini E, Trenti T, Meletti S (2020) Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus in COVID-19. Seizure 81:18CrossRef

17.

Allahyari F, Hosseinzadeh R, Nejad JH, Heiat M, Ranjbar R (2021) A case report of simultaneous autoimmune and COVID-19 encephalitis. J Neurovirol 1–3

18.

Burr T, Barton C, Doll E, Lakhotia A, Sweeney M (2021) N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a toddler. Pediatr Neurol 114:75CrossRef

19.

Sarigecili E, Arslan I, Ucar HK, Celik U (2021) Pediatric anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19. Child’s Nervous Syst 1–4

20.

Guilmot A, Slootjes SM, Sellimi A, Bronchain M, Hanseeuw B, Belkhir L, Yombi JC, De Greef J, Pothen L, Yildiz H, Duprez T (2021) Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. J Neurol 268(3):751–757CrossRef

21.

Vraka K, Ram D, West S, Chia WY, Kurup P, Subramanian G, Tan HJ (2021) Two paediatric patients with encephalopathy and concurrent COVID-19 infection: two sides of the same coin? Case Rep Neurol Med 2021

22.

Ahsan N, Jafarpour S, Santoro JD (2021) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody encephalitis following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a pediatric patient. Clin Exp Pediatr 64(6):310CrossRef

23.

Gaughan M, Connolly S, O’Riordan S, Tubridy N, McGuigan C, Kinsella JA (2021) Pediatric parainfectious encephalitis associated with COVID-19. Neurology 96(11):541–544CrossRef

24.

Ayuso LL, Rubio PT, do Rosário RF, Arroyo ML, Sierra-Hidalgo F (2020) Bickerstaff encephalitis after COVID-19. J Neurol 1–3

25.

Payus AO, Jan T, Ibrahim A, Raymond AA (2020) Autoimmune polyradiculopathy In Sars-Cov-2: a narrative review of Guillain-Barre syndrome in novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Acta Med 36:3781

26.

McLendon LA, Rao CK, Da Hora CC, Islamovic F, Galan FN (2021) Post–COVID-19 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a 17-month-old. Pediatrics 147(6)

27.

Scoppettuolo P, Borrelli S, Naeije G (2020) Neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a clinical systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health. 5:100094CrossRef

28.

Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T, Jayaseelan DL, Kumar G, Raftopoulos RE, Zambreanu L, Vivekanandam V (2020) The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain 143(10):3104–3120CrossRef

29.

Hambali NL, Noh MM, Paramasivam S, Chua TH, Hayati F, Payus AO, Tee TY, Rosli KT, Isnadi MF, Manin BO (2020) A non-severe coronavirus disease 2019 patient with persistently high interleukin-6 level. Front Public Health 8

30.

Yousuf F, King RD, Ainger T, Yamasaki T, Wilcock DM, Lee TL, Hessler AB. Autoimmune encephalitis following recovery of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

31.

Grimaldi S, Lagarde S, Harlé JR, Boucraut J, Guedj E (2020) Autoimmune encephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection: insight from 18F-FDG PET imaging and neuronal autoantibodies. J Nucl Med 61(12):1726–1729CrossRef

32.

McAlpine LS, Barden M, Zubair AS, Sanamandra S (2021) Isolated encephalopathy without severe disease in a COVID-19 patient: case presentation and workup strategies. Cureus 13(2)

33.

Oosthuizen K, Steyn EC, Tucker L, Ncube IV, Hardie D, Marais S (2021) SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis presenting as a clinical cerebellar syndrome: a case report. Neurology 97(1):27–29CrossRef

34.

Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, Mattozzi S, Cárceles-Cordon M, Martinez-Heras E, Llufriu S, Muchart J, Erro ME, Abraira L, Moris G (2018) Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol 17(9):760–772CrossRef

35.

Siahaan YM, Puspitasari V, Pangestu AR. COVID-19-associated encephalitis: systematic review of case reports findings on cytokine-immune-mediated inflammation as an underlying mechanism.

36.

Zambreanu L, Lightbody S, Bhandari M, Hoskote C, Kandil H, Houlihan CF, Lunn MP (2020) A case of limbic encephalitis associated with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(11):1229–1230CrossRef

37.

Pilotto A, Masciocchi S, Volonghi I, del Zotto E, Magni E, De Giuli V, Caprioli F, Rifino N, Sessa M, Gennuso M, Cotelli MS (2020) The clinical spectrum of encephalitis in COVID-19 disease: the ENCOVID multicentre study. Medrxiv

38.

Hamill A (2021) Limbic encephalitis as a consequence of COVID-19 infection. Available at SSRN 3773159

39.

Chenna V, Jenjeti C, Devarapu K (2021) Use of intravenous immunoglobulin to successfully treat COVID-19 associated encephalitis. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflam 8

40.

Khoo A, McLoughlin B, Cheema S, Weil RS, Lambert C, Manji H, Zandi MS, Morrow JM (2020) Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(9):1013–1014CrossRef

41.

Dono F, Carrarini C, Russo M, De Angelis MV, Anzellotti F, Onofrj M, Bonanni L (2021) New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in post SARS-CoV-2 autoimmune encephalitis: a case report. Neurol Sci 42(1):35–38CrossRef

42.

Pizzanelli C, Milano C, Canovetti S, Tagliaferri E, Turco F, Verdenelli S, Nesti L, Franchi M, Bonanni E, Menichetti F, Volterrani D (2021) Autoimmune limbic encephalitis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection: case-report and review of the literature. Brain Behav Immun Health 100210

43.

Hosseini AA, Shetty AK, Sprigg N, Auer DP, Constantinescu CS (2020) Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? Brain Behav Immun 88:68CrossRef

44.

Zuhorn F, Omaimen H, Ruprecht B, Stellbrink C, Rauch M, Rogalewski A, Klingebiel R, Schäbitz WR (2020) Parainfectious encephalitis in COVID-19: “The Claustrum Sign”. J Neurol 1–4

45.

Bhagat R, Kwiecinska B, Smith N, Peters M, Shafer C, Palade A, Sagi V (2021) New-onset seizure with possible limbic encephalitis in a patient with COVID-19 infection: a case report and review. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 9:2324709620986302PubMedPubMedCentral

46.

McAlpine LS, Lifland B, Check JR, Angarita GA, Ngo TT, Pleasure SJ, Wilson MR, Spudich SS, Farhadian SF, Bartley CM (2021) Remission of subacute psychosis in a COVID-19 patient with an antineuronal autoantibody after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Biol Psychiatry

47.

Ayatollahi P, Tarazi A, Wennberg R (2021) Possible autoimmune encephalitis with claustrum sign in case of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Can J Neurol Sci 48(3):430–432CrossRef

48.

World Health Organization. Situation reports. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/

49.

Singhal T (2020) A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 1–6

50.

Boucher A, Desforges M, Duquette P, Talbot PJ (2007) Long-term human coronavirus-myelin cross-reactive T-cell clones derived from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 123(3):258–267CrossRef

Titel: Immune-mediated neurological syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review of literature on autoimmune encephalitis in COVID-19
verfasst von: Alvin Oliver Payus
Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
May Honey Ohn
Hui Jan Tan
Azliza Ibrahim
Yuen Kang Chia
Azman Ali Raymond
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2021
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Schlagwort: COVID-19
Erschienen in: Neurological Sciences / Ausgabe 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1590-1874
Elektronische ISSN: 1590-3478
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05785-z

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Introduction

Objective

Methodology

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2022

Freezing of gait: overview on etiology, treatment, and future directions

Addiction-induced plasticity in underlying neural circuits

Diminutive hand knob in corticobasal syndrome

Low serum uric acid levels are associated with the nonmotor symptoms and brain gray matter volume in Parkinson’s disease

The role of efferocytosis in neuro-degenerative diseases