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Abkürzungen
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ICU
Intensive care unit
WHO
World Health Organization
ECMO
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
V-V ECMO
Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
NLR
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
PLR
Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio
PCT
Procalcitonin
CRP
C-reactive protein
ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
Dear editors:
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly around the world and overwhelmed the supply of intensive care beds and ventilators; judicious ICU resource allocation is still one of the major challenges for clinicians and management [1]. The higher incidence of ARDS is the main reason for the burden of ventilator equipment. Early prediction of the occurrence and aggravation of ARDS in the ICU helps clinicians prepare for respiratory support equipment given the absence of effective treatment strategies. Moreover, early selected patients with severe ARDS who do not benefit from conventional treatment might be successfully supported with V-V ECMO [2], which is a relatively scarce critical care resource. Therefore, early prediction of moderate-severe ARDS can help clinicians better allocate scarce ICU resources for COVID-19 crisis.
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Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple biomarker of inflammation that can be measured during routine hematology. Previous studies have exhibited that higher NLR was associated with clinical deterioration and mortality for COVID-19 patients [3]. However, it remains unclear to what extent the significance of NLR would predict the occurrence of ARDS and ICU ventilator requirements for the COVID-19 crisis.
Patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 from 21 hospitals in Sichuan Province between January 16 and March 15 were included in the analysis (ChiCTR2000029758). The maximum value of NLR, PLR, PCT, and CRP during the first 3 days after being diagnosed as severe COVID-19 was included in the analysis. Severe COVID-19 and ARDS were defined according to previous study [4] and Berlin definition [5], respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to analyze the ability of NLR in predicting ARDS.
Of totally 81 patients defined as severe COVID-19, 44 were diagnosed as ARDS. The baseline characteristics of the non-ARDS group and ARDS group are listed in Table 1. The area under the ROC curve for ARDS was 0.71, 0.591, 0.494, and 0.625 for NLR, PLR, PCT, and CRP, respectively. We used the median as the cutoff value to divide the patients into two groups. The high NLR group (NLR > 9.8) showed a higher incidence of ARDS (P = 0.005) and higher rate of noninvasive (P = 0.002) and invasive (P = 0.048) mechanical ventilation. Further, we defined moderate-severe ARDS as ARDS patients with oxygenation index less than 150. The area under the ROC curve for moderate-severe ARDS was 0.749, 0.660, 0.531, and 0.635 for NLR, PLR, PCT, and CRP, respectively (Fig. 1); the cutoff value of NLR for moderate-severe ARDS is 11.
Fig. 1
Moderate-severe ARDS prediction biomarkers in severe COVID-19 patients: NLR (0.749, 95% CI 0.624–0.850), PLR (0.660, 95% CI 0.530–0.775), PCT (0.531, 95% CI 0.401–0.658), and CRP (0.635, 95% CI 0.504–0.752)
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes stratified by median NLR value
Baseline characteristics
Non-ARDSN= 37
ARDSN= 44
Pvalues
Age
49 (36.5–62.5)
53.5(43–70.5)
0.110
Gender/case (%)
0.891
Male
23 (62.3%)
28 (63.6%)
Female
14 (37.8%)
16 (36.4%)
BMI (kg/m2)
23.05 (22.00–27.25)
24.78(21.29–27.41)
0.816
Smoking/case (%)
1 (2.7%)
2 (4.5%)
1.000
Comorbidities/case (%)
Diabetes
3 (8.1%)
15 (34.15)
0.007
Hypertension
7 (18.9%)
8 (18.2%)
0.932
Chronic pulmonary disease
2 (5.4%)
9 (20.5%)
0.049
Cardiovascular disease
2 (5.4%)
2 (4.5%)
1.000
Cerebrovascular disease
0 (0%)
3 (6.8%)
0.246
Renal disease
1 (2.7%)
2 (4.5%)
1.000
Liver disease
2 (5.4%)
2 (4.5%)
1.000
Vital signs
MAP/mmHg
94.67 (89.17–100.50)
97.83(91.75,108.84)
0.162
Heart rate (beats/min)
88 (77.5–99)
92.5 (85.25–104)
0.175
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
20 (20–22.5)
21 (20–23)
0.107
Pulse oxygen saturation/%
96 (93.75–97.25)
95 (90.25–97)
0.486
Laboratory findings
WBC/109/L
5.43 (4.05–6.59)
6.47 (3.94–9.62)
0.122
Hemoglobin/g/L
141 (127–153.5)
132 (117.25–146.5)
0.107
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)
9 (5.93–15.6)
9.3 (6.65–14.3)
0.927
AST (IU/L)
30.5 (19–39.75)
29.15 (15.75–57.68)
0.764
ALT (IU/L)
30 (25–39.8)
35 (25.75–51.6)
0.221
Creatinine (μmol/L)
71.75 (54.35–79.75)
69.2 (54.63–80.53)
0.980
PT/s
12.7 (12.5–13.98)
13.1 (12.6–13.8)
0.787
APTT/s
32.75 (29.1–40.13)
31.3 (28.8–35.5)
0.246
NLR/%
6.4 (3.75–13.1)
13.55 (6.05–24.13)
0.002
Clinical outcomes
Low NLRN= 41
High NLRN= 40
Pvalue
Respiratory support
High-flow nasal cannula
15 (36.6%)
16 (40%)
0.752
Noninvasive ventilation
5 (12.2%)
17 (42.5%)
0.002
Invasive ventilation
2 (4.9%)
8 (20%)
0.048
ARDS
Mild-moderate ARDS
11 (26.8%)
11 (27.5%)
0.946
Moderate-severe ARDS
5 (12.2%)
11 (42.5%)
0.002
Data are presented as interquartile range or number (percentage)
BMI body mass index, MAP mean arterial pressure, WBC white blood cell, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
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Our data revealed that NLR could be a valuable biomarker to recognize severe COVID-19 patients with moderate-severe ARDS, which facilitated clinicians to give effective respiratory supporting strategies and quickly find out moderate-severe ARDS patients who are at high indication for V-V ECMO.
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Because of the mismatch of the oxygenation and lung function [6], a comprehensive consideration of immune indicators would improve early prediction for COVID-19 patients with “atypical” ARDS [6]. NLR is an extremely common laboratory test wherein the initial NLR value can be used to identify high-risk patients with moderate-severe ARDS, with the optimal threshold value of 11. This biomarker may be helpful in assessing the allocation of respiratory equipment in ICU patients and early assessment of ECMO. However, further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the benefits of NLR in ARDS.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the medical workers involved in the rescue and the staff for collection of the data in Sichuan. We would like to thank all the investigators of the study of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia-infected critically ill patients in Sichuan province (SUNRISE).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the West China Hospital of Sichuan University.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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