Background
Epidemiology
Taxonomic status and structure of SARS-CoV-2
Genomic organization of SARS-CoV2
Replication of SARS-CoV-2
S. no | Proteins | Functions | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
1. | nsp1 | Interferes with the mRNA binding and suppresses hosts’ immune functions Anchors the replication complex to cellular membranes Degrades host’s mRNA by interacting with the human 40S ribosomal subunit | |
2. | nsp2 | Harbours mutations that make it more contagious Might play a role in modulation of host cell survival; also known as p65 homolog | |
3. | nsp3 | Papain-like protease 2 (PL2pro) involved in proteolytic cleavage | [135] |
4. | nsp4 | Responsible for the formation of the double membrane vesicle during replication Anchors the viral replication-transcription complex to the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum | |
5. | nsp5 | Proteases (3CLpro, Mpro) involved in polypeptide cleaving | [138] |
6. | nsp6 | Prevents the expansion of autophagosome, Help in formation of double membrane vesicle; suppresses IFN-I signaling | |
7. | nsp7 | Forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 and acts as a primase in viral replication | [141] |
8. | nsp8 | Acts as a primase with nsp7 | |
9. | nsp9 | Acts as ssRNA binding protein | |
10. | nsp10 | Plays role in the methylation of viral mRNA cap. Stimulates the nsp14 3′-5′ exoribonuclease and 2′-O-methyltransferase (NSP16) activities | [144] |
11 | nsp11 | Unknown | |
12 | nsp12 | Catalytic subunit of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; Catalyses the synthesis of viral RNA, using nsp7 and nsp8 as cofactors | |
13. | nsp13 | Helicase and NTPase activity: hydrolyze the NTPs and unwind the duplex RNA and DNA with a 5′ single-stranded tail in a 5′ to 3′ direction A potent interferon antagonist | |
14. | nsp14 | Guanine-N7 methyltransferase, a multienzyme complex Acts on both sides ssRNA and dsRNA in a 3′-> 5′ direction A potent interferon antagonist It plays role in genome replication, sub-genomic RNA synthesis and recombination | |
15. | nsp15 | It is a nidoviral RNA uridylate‐specific endoribonuclease (NendoU); plays role in viral replication and transcription A potent interferon antagonist | |
16. | nsp16 | Acts as 2′-O-methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap 2′-O-ribose methylation to the 5′-cap structure of viral mRNAs |
Host viral interactions during COVID-19 infection
SARS-CoV-2 receptors
Immune response during SARS-COV-2 infection
Clinical presentation, pathophysiology and diagnosis of COVID-19 patients
S. No | Name | Company name | Regulatory/Authorization | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Molecular assays for COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
1. | ANDiS® SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Detection Kit | 3D Medicine Science & Technology Co., Ltd | US FDA-EUA—CE-IVD | [154] |
2. | Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 EUA test | Abbott Molecular Inc | US FDA-EUA—CE-IVD | [155] |
3. | Truenat™ Beta CoV (lab-based or near-POC) | Molbio Diagnostics Pvt Ltd | India DCGI | [156] |
4. | QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel 2019-nCoV | QIAGEN GmbH | US FDA-EUA—CE-IVD | [157] |
5. | cobas® SARS-CoV-2 (for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems) | Roche Molecular Diagnostics | US FDA-EUA—WHO EUL | [158] |
6. | Senteligo Covid-19 qRT PCR Detection Kit | Sente Biolab | CE-IVD | [159] |
7. | VereCoV™ Detection Kit | Veredus Laboratories Pte Ltd | Singapore HSA—CE-IVD | [160] |
8. | VISION COVID19 Easyprep Test Kit | Vision Biotechnology Research & Development | IFA ISO 9001: 2015 | [161] |
9. | ePlex® SARS-CoV-2 Test | GenMark Diagnostics | US-FDA EUA | [162] |
Immunoassays for COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
10. | Accu-Tell COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette Specimen: Whole blood/Serum/Plasma | AccuBioTech Co. Ltd | CE-IVD | [163] |
11. | SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test kit (Colloidal Gold Method) | BIOHIT HealthCare (Hefei) Co., Ltd | CE-IVD | [164] |
12. | COVID-19 IgM-IgG Dual Antibody Rapid Test | BioMedomics, Inc | CE-IVD | [165] |
13. | Cellex qSARS-COV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Specimen: Whole blood/Serum/Plasma | Cellex Inc | US FDA-EUA—CE-IVD | [166] |
14. | Human Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) IgG/IgM Rapid Test | KRISHGEN BioSystems | CE-IVD | [167] |
15. | SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG Ab Rapid Test Specimen: WB/S/P | Sure Bio-Tech (USA) Co., Ltd | CE-IVD | [168] |
Vaccines and therapeutics
S. no | Vaccine developer | Platform | Type of candidate vaccine | Current status |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Sinovac | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-3 |
2. | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-3 |
3. | Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-3 |
4. | Bharat Biotech | Inactivated | Whole virion inactivated | Phase-3 |
5. | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | Non-replicating viral vector | ChAdOx1-S | Phase-3 |
6. | CanSino Biological Incorporation/Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Non-replicating viral vector | Adenovirus Type 5 Vector | Phase-3 |
7. | Gamaleya Research Institute | Non-replicating viral vector | Adeno-based (rAd26-S + Ad5-S) | Phase-3 |
8. | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Non-replicating viral vector | Ad26COVS1 | Phase-3 |
9. | Novavax | Protein subunit | Full length recombinant SARS COV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle Vaccine adjuvanted wih Matrix M | Phase-3 |
10. | Moderna/NIAID | RNA | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Phase-3 |
11. | BioNTech/Fosum Pharma/Pfizer | RNA | 3 LNPs mRNA | Phase-3 |
12. | Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University | Replicating viral vector | Intranasal flu based RBD | Phase-2 |
13. | Anhui ZhifeiLongcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Protein subunit | Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-dimer) | Phase-2 |
14. | Curevac | RNA | mRNA | Phase-2 |
15. | Institute of Medical Biology/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-1/2 |
16. | Research Institute for Biological Safety Program, Rep of Kazakhstan | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-1/2 |
17. | Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd | Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase-1/2 |
18. | Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation | Phase-1/2 |
19. | Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine with adjuvant | Phase-1/2 |
20. | Cadila Healthcare Limited | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine | Phase-1/2 |
21. | Genexine Consortium | DNA | DNA Vaccine (GX-19) | Phase-1/2 |
22. | Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc | Protein subunt | RBD-based | Phase-1/2 |
23. | Sanofi Pasteur/ GSK | Protein subunit | S-protein Baculovirus production | Phase-1/2 |
24. | Biological E Ltd | Protein subunit | Adjuvanted Protein subunit (RBD) | Phase-1/2 |
25. | Israel Institute for Biological Research | Replicating viral vector | VSV-S | Phase-1/2 |
26. | Arcturus/ Duke-NUS | RNA | mRNA | Phase-1/2 |
27. | Spy Biotech/Serum Institute of India | VLP | RBD-HBSAg VLPs | Phase-1/2 |
28. | Symvivo | DNA | bacTRL-spike | Phase-1 |
29. | Immunity Bio, Inc. &Nanktwest Inc | Non replicating viral vector | hAd5 S + N 2nd Generation Human Adenovirus Type 5 Vector (hAd5) Spike (S) + Nucleocapsid (N) | Phase-1 |
30. | Reithera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells | Non replicating viral vector | Replication defective Simian Adenovirus encoding S protein | Phase-1 |
31. | Cansino Biological Inc | Non replicating viral vector | Ad5-nCoV | Phase-1 |
32. | Vaxart | Non replicating viral vector | Ad5 Adujvant oral vaccine platform | Phase-1 |
33. | Ludwig-Maximillians-University of Munich | Non replicating viral vector | MVA SARS-2-S | Phase-1 |
34. | Clover Biopharamaceuticals Inc./GSK/ Dynavax | Protein subunit | Native like trimeric subunit spike protein vaccine | Phase-1 |
35. | Vaxine Pty Ltd/ Medytox | Protein subunit | Recombinant spike protein with Advax adjuvant | Phase-1 |
36. | University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus | Protein subunit | Molecular clamp stabilized spike protein with MF59 adjuvant | Phase-1 |
37. | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | Protein subunit | S-2p protein and CpG 1018 | Phase-1 |
38. | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Protein subunit | rRBD produced in CHO cell chemically conjugate to tetanus toxoid | Phase-1 |
39. | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Protein subunit | RBD + Adjuvant | Phase-1 |
40. | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Protein subunit | Peptide | Phase-1 |
41. | West China Hospital, Sichuan University | Protein subunit | RBD Baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells | Phase-1 |
42. | University Tuebingen | Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides | Phase-1 |
43. | COVAXX/United Biomedical Inc. Asia | Protein subunit | Multitope peptide based S1 RBD protein vaccine | Phase-1 |
44. | Merck Sharp & Dohme/IAVI | Replicating viral vector | Replication competent VSV delivering SARS-CoV-2 spike | Phase-1 |
45. | Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dhome | Replicating viral vector | Measles vector based | Phase-1 |
46. | Imperial College London | RNA | LNP nCoVsaRNA | Phase-1 |
47. | People’s Liberation Army, Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech | RNA | mRNA | Phase-1 |
48. | Medicago Inc | VLP | Plant derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs | Phase-1 |
S. no | Drug name | Clinical trial | Trial | Treatment | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Pacritinib | Phase 3 | NCT04404361 | Kinase inhibitor | [170] |
2. | Enoxaparin | Phase 3 | NCT04401293 | Antithrombotic | [171] |
3. | Remdesivir + Baricitinib | Phase 3 | NCT04401579 | Antiviral | [172] |
4. | Remdesivir | Phase 3 | NCT04401579 | Antiviral | [172] |
5. | Hydroxychloroquine | Phase 3 | NCT04410562 | Antimalarial | [173] |
6. | Favipiravir + Hydroxychloroquine | Phase 3 | NCT04411433 | Antiviral | |
7. | ASC09 + Oseltamivir | Phase 3 | NCT04261270 | Antiviral | [176] |
8. | ASC09 + Ritonavir | NA | NCT04261907 | Antiviral | [176] |
9. | Tocilizumab (IL-6) | Phase 3 | NCT04412772 | Monoclonal antibodies | [177] |
10. | Anakinra | Phase 3 | NCT04412291 | Anti-inflammatory | [178] |
11. | Ivermectin | Completed | NCT04422561 | Antiparasitic | [179] |
12. | Budesonide dry powder inhaler | Phase 2 | NCT04416399 | Corticosteroid | [180] |
13. | LY3819253 | Phase 3 | NCT04427501 | Corticosteroid | [181] |
14. | Atazanavir and dexamethasone | Phase 3 | NCT04452565 | Corticosteroid and antiviral | [182] |
15. | Colchicine | Phase 2 | NCT04326790 | Anti-inflammatory | [183] |
16. | Corticosteroid | Phase 3 | NCT04381936 | Corticosteroid | [184] |
17. | Azithromycin | Phase 3 | NCT04381936 | Antibacterial | [184] |
18. | Convalescent plasma | Phase 3 | NCT04425915 | Convalescent plasma | [130] |
19. | NA-831 and dexamethasone | Phase 3 | NCT04452565 | Corticosteroid | [182] |
20. | Camostat Mesilate | Phase 2 | NCT04470544 | Protease inhibitor | [81] |