Background
Methods
Participants
Ethical approval and consent
Data collection
Demographics
Knowledge, beliefs and perceived risks related to COVID-19
Health-protective practices and hygienic behaviors
Worry and fear associated with COVID-19
Anxiety
Coping mechanisms
General health
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics | Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8) | Reported Children Emotional SDQ Score (SDQ ≥ 5) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Frequency (n) | % | %(n) | Chi- square χ2 | p-value | %(n) | Chi-square χ2 | p-value |
Sex | Female | 1216 | 82.8 | 51.7 (629) | 10.16 | 0.001* | 16.2 (154) | 2.83 | 0.093 |
Male | 253 | 17.2 | 40.7 (103) | 11.5 (24) | |||||
Relationship to child/ren | Parent | 893 | 60.8 | 48.2 (430) | 4.24 | 0.120 | 14.6 (130) | 25.6 | < 0.001* |
Teacher only | 106 | 7.2 | 44.3 (47) | 4.7 (5) | |||||
Parent & teacher | 161 | 11.0 | 55.9 (90) | 26.7 (43) | |||||
No children | 299 | 20.4 | 54.2 (162) | 0 | |||||
Age | 18–24 | 169 | 11.5 | 59.8 (101) | 22.27 | < 0.001* | 8.7 (2) | 3.44 | 0.329 |
25–44 | 907 | 61.7 | 51.0 (463) | 14.7 (115) | |||||
45–64 | 381 | 25.9 | 43.6 (166) | 17.4 (61) | |||||
65+ | 12 | 0.8 | 16.7 (2) | 0 | |||||
Education | Primary | 11 | 0.7 | 36.4 (4) | 3.14 | 0.534 | 11.1 (1) | 1.76 | 0.779 |
Lower secondary | 10 | 0.7 | 30.0 (3) | 25.0 (2) | |||||
Higher secondary | 137 | 9.3 | 53.3 (73) | 18.2 (18) | |||||
Bachelor degree | 746 | 50.8 | 50.1 (374) | 14.4 (79) | |||||
Post-graduate | 565 | 38.5 | 49.2 (278) | 15.8 (78) | |||||
Country of Residence | Outside the UAE | 400 | 27.2 | 49.0 (196) | 0.15 | 0.697 | 15.6 (51) | 0.02 | 0.882 |
Inside the UAE | 1069 | 72.8 | 50.1 (536) | 15.2 (127) | |||||
Employment | Employed | 927 | 63.1 | 48.8 (452) | 2.00 | 0.372 | 15.6 (122) | 1.08 | 0.583 |
Not employed | 319 | 21.7 | 53.3 (170) | 12.9 (22) | |||||
Home duties | 223 | 15.2 | 49.3 (110) | 16.6 (34) | |||||
Monthly Salary | Other | 192 | 13.1 | 46.4 (89) | 5.19 | 0.393 | 15.2 (25) | 9.90 | 0.079 |
less than 5000 | 161 | 11.0 | 55.9 (90) | 12.4 (13) | |||||
5000-9999 | 163 | 11.1 | 54.0 (88) | 20.2 (23) | |||||
10,000-19,999 | 282 | 19.2 | 48.9 (138) | 15.8 (35) | |||||
20,000-39,000 | 413 | 28.1 | 49.6 (205) | 18.1 (60) | |||||
40,000+ | 258 | 17.6 | 47.3 (122) | 9.9 (22) | |||||
Insurance | Other | 21 | 1.4 | 47.6 (10) | 0.634 | 0.729 | 15.4 (2) | 4.13 | 0.126 |
No | 226 | 15.4 | 52.2 (118) | 10.1 (17) | |||||
Yes | 1222 | 83.2 | 49.4 (604) | 16.2 (159) | |||||
Marital Status | Single | 287 | 19.5 | 55.7 (160) | 7.27 | 0.064 | 4.2 (3) | 11.9 | 0.008* |
Married | 1094 | 74.5 | 47.8 (523) | 15.5 (157) | |||||
Divorced/ Separated | 72 | 4.9 | 56.9 (41) | 25.4 (16) | |||||
Widowed | 16 | 1.1 | 50.0 (8) | 14.3 (2) | |||||
Do you have children? | Yes | 1111 | 75.6 | 49.1 (545) | 1.10 | 0.296 | |||
No | 358 | 24.4 | 52.2 (187) | ||||||
Number of children | 1–2 children | 517 | 35.2 | 49.7 (257) | 4.85 | 0.089 | 16.6(80) | 0.070 | 0.966 |
3–4 children | 473 | 32.2 | 50.5 (239) | 16.0(73) | |||||
4+ children | 119 | 8.1 | 39.5 (47) | 16.5(19) | |||||
Age category of children | Infants and Toddlers | 269 | 18.3 | 52.4 (141) | 0.88 | 0.348 | 16.2 (154) | 0.167 | 0.683 |
Preschoolers | 325 | 22.1 | 53.8 (175) | 2.69 | 0.101 | 11.5 (24) | 0.085 | 0.770 | |
School Age | 713 | 48.5 | 50.5 (360) | 0.24 | 0.623 | 14.6 (130) | 5.93 | 0.015* | |
Adolescents | 432 | 29.4 | 48.6 (210) | 0.36 | 0.547 | 17.5 (121) | 8.83 | 0.003* | |
Young Adults | 254 | 17.3 | 42.5 (108) | 6.56 | 0.010* | 19.6 (81) | 1.53 | 0.216 | |
Children attending school | Children don’t go to school | 183 | 12.5 | 55.7 (102) | 2.92 | 0.088 | 13.6(22) | 0.45 | 0.502 |
Childcare | 205 | 14.0 | 50.2 (103) | 0.01 | 0.898 | 16.4 (32) | 0.20 | 0.651 | |
Primary | 668 | 45.5 | 52.4 (350) | 3.23 | 0.073 | 16.8 (109) | 2.39 | 0.123 | |
Lower secondary | 400 | 27.2 | 49 (196) | 0.15 | 0.697 | 21.4 (82) | 16.2 | < 0.001* | |
Higher Secondary | 320 | 21.8 | 45.6 (146) | 2.89 | 0.089 | 20.5 (63) | 8.61 | 0.003* | |
University | 258 | 17.6 | 42.6 (110) | 6.48 | 0.011* | 17.4 (40) | 0.92 | 0.336 | |
Likely to vaccinate self | No | 383 | 26.1 | 41.3 (158) | 20.05 | < 0.001* | |||
Yes | 1050 | 71.5 | 53.2 (559) | ||||||
Likely to vaccinate children | No | 314 | 21.4 | 41.7 (131) | 20.71 | 0.001* | |||
Yes | 872 | 59.4 | 52.4 (457) | ||||||
Do you have any of the following medical Conditions (Yes) | Diabetes | 75 | 5.1 | 53.3 (40) | 0.39 | 0.533 | |||
Heart Problems | 36 | 2.5 | 58.3 (21) | 1.07 | 0.301 | ||||
High Blood Pressure | 133 | 9.1 | 51.9 (69) | 0.25 | 0.620 | ||||
Dyslipidemia | 45 | 3.1 | 48.9 (22) | 0.89 | 0.898 | ||||
Asthma | 127 | 8.6 | 62.2 (79) | 8.52 | 0.004* | ||||
Respiratory problems | 47 | 3.2 | 53.2 (25) | 0.64 | 0.639 | ||||
Cancer | 9 | 0.6 | 44.4 (4) | 0.75 | 0.746 | ||||
Other medical conditions | 128 | 8.7 | 50.8 (65) | 0.82 | 0.822 | ||||
Have you experienced any of the following symptoms (Yes) | Headaches | 381 | 25.9 | 56.7 (216) | 9.69 | 0.002* | |||
Fever | 105 | 7.1 | 56.2 (59) | 1.83 | 0.176 | ||||
Cough | 235 | 16.0 | 51.1 (120) | 0.17 | 0.680 | ||||
Difficulty breathing | 37 | 2.5 | 51.4 (19) | 0.03 | 0.851 | ||||
Sore throat | 256 | 17.4 | 59.8 (153) | 12.2 | < 0.001* | ||||
Myalgia | 49 | 3.3 | 59.2 (29) | 1.77 | 0.183 | ||||
Dizziness | 73 | 5.0 | 63 (46) | 5.34 | 0.021* | ||||
Runny nose | 225 | 15.3 | 53.8 (121) | 1.66 | 0.198 | ||||
Diarrhea | 100 | 6.8 | 50 (50) | 0.001 | 0.972 | ||||
Other Symptoms | 18 | 1.2 | 50 (9) | < 0.001 | 0.988 | ||||
What measures have you taken to treat your symptoms | Vitamin C | 720 | 49.0 | 53.5 (385) | 7.49 | 0.006* | |||
Flu medications | 92 | 6.3 | 53.3 (49) | 0.46 | 0.497 | ||||
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 139 | 9.5 | 62.6 (87) | 1.00 | 0.002* | ||||
Analgesics anti-pyretic | 345 | 23.5 | 58.6 (202) | 13.7 | < 0.001* | ||||
Oral Steroids | 17 | 1.2 | 58.8 (10) | 0.55 | 0.456 | ||||
Herbal remedies | 443 | 30.2 | 51.2 (227) | 0.51 | 0.477 | ||||
My child/ren are up to date with their vaccines | No | 81 | 5.5 | 45.7 (37) | 1.49 | 0.476 | |||
Yes | 1029 | 70.0 | 49.5 (509) | ||||||
I don’t have children | 334 | 22.7 | 52.4 (175) | ||||||
Smoking | No | 1196 | 81.4 | 47.3 (566) | 19.01 | < 0.001* | |||
Yes | 195 | 13.3 | 62.1 (121) | ||||||
I used to smoke but quit | 53 | 3.6 | 64.2 (34) | ||||||
Smoke type | Cigarettes | 111 | 7.6 | 58.6 (65) | 3.66 | 0.056 | |||
Shisha | 83 | 5.7 | 65.1 (54) | 8.16 | 0.004* | ||||
Midwakh | 8 | 0.5 | 50 (4) | 0.01 | 0.992 | ||||
Vaping | 22 | 1.5 | 59.1 (13) | 0.76 | 0.381 | ||||
Smoking changed During COVID-19 | Yes | 201 | 13.7 | 58.7 (118) | 7.73 | 0.005* | |||
No | 1228 | 83.6 | 48.1 (591) | ||||||
Changes made to smoking | Stopped/Decreased | 73 | 5 | 54.4 (49) | 2.80 | 0.422 | |||
Started/Increased | 18 | 1.2 | 14.7 (13) | ||||||
Anxiety (GAD-7) levels | Minimal | 447 | 30.4 | – | 3.9 (14) | 122.19 | < 0.001* | ||
Mild | 465 | 32.7 | – | 9.6 (35) | |||||
Moderate | 296 | 20.2 | – | 24.5 (58) | |||||
Severe | 261 | 17.8 | – | 35.3 (71) | |||||
Difficulty getting things done | Not difficult at all | 450 | 30.6 | 16.2(73) | 392.41 | < 0.001* | 4.5 (16) | 738.01 | < 0.001* |
Somewhat | 747 | 50.9 | 55.3(413) | 14.6 (87) | |||||
Very | 186 | 12.7 | 88.7(165) | 36.2 (55) | |||||
Extremely | 86 | 5.9 | 94.2(81) | 35.7 (20) | |||||
Anxiety GAD class(≥8) | Mild-Minimal | 737 | 50.2 | – | 25.4(144) | 86.20 | < 0.001* | ||
High | 732 | 49.8 | – | 5.7 (34) | |||||
SDQ class (≥5) | Normal | 982 | 84.7 | 43.1(423) | 86.3 | < 0.001* | |||
Abnormal | 178 | 15.3 | 80.9(144) |
Anxiety levels (GAD-7 score and SDQ score)
Knowledge, beliefs, hygienic behavior and anxiety
Characteristics | Category | Frequency (n) | % | Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8) % (n) | Chi Square χ2 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Treatment Available for COVID-19 | Don’t know | 187 | 12.7 | 54.5 (102) | 2.68 | 0.262 |
False | 180 | 12.3 | 46.1 (83) | |||
True | 1102 | 75.0 | 49.6 (547) | |||
I feel a Sense of Social Responsibility | Don’t know | 19 | 1.3 | 36.8 (7) | 1.36 | 0.505 |
False | 15 | 1.0 | 46.7 (7) | |||
True | 1435 | 97.7 | 50 (718) | |||
There is likelihood of catching COVID-19 | Don’t know | 100 | 6.8 | 40.0 (40) | 7.26 | 0.026* |
Not likely | 155 | 10.6 | 43.9 (68) | |||
Likely | 1214 | 82.6 | 51.4 (624) | |||
There is likelihood of surviving COVID-19 | Don’t know | 113 | 7.7 | 54.0 (61) | 3.14 | 0.208 |
Not likely | 50 | 3.4 | 60.0 (30) | |||
Likely | 1306 | 88.9 | 49.1 (64) | |||
There is likelihood I will develop severe illness | Don’t know | 199 | 13.5 | 48.2 (96) | 13.56 | 0.001* |
Not likely | 433 | 29.5 | 43.0 (186) | |||
Likely | 837 | 57.0 | 49.8 (732) |
Characteristics | Category | Frequency (n) | % | Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8)% (n) | Chi-Square χ2 | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cover mouth | Never | 13 | 0.9 | 46.2 (6) | 3.03 | 0.219 |
Occasionally | 43 | 2.9 | 62.8 (27) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1413 | 96.2 | 49.4 (699) | |||
Use hand sanitizer | Never | 26 | 1.8 | 26.9 (7) | 10.90 | 0.004* |
Occasionally | 163 | 11.1 | 41.7 (68) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1280 | 87.1 | 51.3 (657) | |||
Washing hands | Never | 2 | 0.1 | 50.0 (1) | 1.13 | 0.569 |
Occasionally | 14 | 1.0 | 35.7 (5) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1453 | 98.9 | 50.0 (726) | |||
Face mask | Never | 374 | 25.5 | 48.9 (183) | 8.84 | 0.012* |
Occasionally | 408 | 27.8 | 44.4 (181) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 687 | 46.8 | 53.6 (368) | |||
Avoid crowds | Never | 6 | 0.4 | 50.0 (3) | 0.25 | 0.882 |
Occasionally | 60 | 4.1 | 46.7 (28) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1403 | 95.5 | 50 (701) | |||
Avoid public transport | Never | 14 | 1.0 | 50.0 (7) | 0.17 | 0.918 |
Occasionally | 22 | 1.5 | 45.5 (10) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1433 | 97.5 | 49.9 (715) | |||
Avoid handshaking | Never | 12 | 0.8 | 66.7 (8) | 1.59 | 0.451 |
Occasionally | 62 | 4.2 | 46.8 (29) | |||
Most of the time /Always | 1395 | 94.9 | 49.8 (695) | |||
Behavioral changes total Category | Occasionally exhibiting behavior changes | 604 | 41.1 | 45.4(274) | 8.18 | < 0.004* |
Always exhibiting behavior changes | 865 | 58.9 | 53.0(458) |
Precautionary measures and anxiety
Characteristics | Category | Frequency (n) | % | Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8) % (n) | Chi Square χ2 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I feel that my levels of anxiety have reduced with the introduction of the following precautionary measures | ||||||
Online learning at educational institutions | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 220 | 15.0 | 65.0 (143) | 36.55 | < 0.001* |
Neutral | 238 | 16.2 | 57.6 (137) | |||
Strongly agree/Agree | 1011 | 68.8 | 44.7 (452) | |||
Airport screening | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 67 | 4.6 | 61.2 (41) | 14.14 | 0.001* |
Neutral | 136 | 9.3 | 62.5 (85) | |||
Strongly agree/ Agree | 1266 | 86.2 | 47.9 (606) | |||
Travel bans | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 65 | 4.4 | 55.4 (36) | 11.11 | 0.004* |
Neutral | 79 | 5.4 | 67.1 (53) | |||
Strongly agree/Agree | 1325 | 90.2 | 48.5 (643) | |||
Hand sanitizers in public spaces | Strongly disagree/ Disagree | 33 | 2.2 | 51.5 (17) | 2.31 | 0.315 |
Neutral | 98 | 6.7 | 57.1 (56) | |||
Strongly agree/ Agree | 1338 | 91.1 | 49.3 (659) | |||
Cancellation of social events | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 34 | 2.3 | 61.8 (21) | 7.59 | 0.022* |
Neutral | 50 | 3.4 | 66.0 (33) | |||
Strongly agree /Agree | 1385 | 94.3 | 49.0 (678) | |||
Temporary closure of public places | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 47 | 3.2 | 51.1 (24) | 1.76 | 0.415 |
Neutral | 51 | 3.5 | 58.8 (30) | |||
Strongly agree/Agree | 1371 | 93.3 | 49.5 (678) | |||
Social isolation | Strongly disagree /Disagree | 49 | 3.3 | 61.2 (30) | 7.26 | 0.026* |
Neutral | 82 | 5.6 | 61.0 (50) | |||
Strongly agree/Agree | 1338 | 91.1 | 48.7 (652) | |||
Precautionary measures category | Disagree with precautionary measures | 605 | 41.2 | 54.9 (332) | 10.48 | 0.001* |
Agree with precautionary measures | 864 | 58.8 | 46.3(400) |
Worry, fear and anxiety
Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8) | Reported Children Emotional SDQ Score (SDQ ≥ 5) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Category | Frequency (n) | % | %(n) | Chi-Square χ2 | p-value | %(n) | Chi-square χ2 | p-value |
I believe the public fear is justifiable | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 85 | 5.8 | 31.8 (27) | 29.08 | < 0.001* | 29.7 (11) | 0.89 | 0.640 |
Neutral | 156 | 10.6 | 35.3 (55) | 9.5(71) | |||||
Strongly agree /Agree | 1228 | 83.6 | 52.9 (650) | 29.2 (186) | |||||
I believe the public fear is dysfunctional | Strongly disagree/Disagree | 759 | 51.7 | 51.5 (391) | 10.86 | 0.004* | 28.5 (107) | 0.357 | 0.836 |
Neutral | 261 | 17.8 | 40.6 (106) | 13.9(29) | |||||
Strongly agree/ Agree | 448 | 30.6 | 52.3 (235) | 30 (74) | |||||
I am worried about catching COVID-19 | Not worried at all | 138 | 9.5 | 21.7 (30) | 176.98 | < 0.001* | 6.6 (7) | 55.25 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 801 | 55.2 | 40.6 (325) | 10.3 (67) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 511 | 35.2 | 72.6 (371) | 26.3 (104) | |||||
I am worried about my parents catch COVID-19 | Not worried at all | 49 | 3.6 | 14.3 (7) | 98.86 | ≤0.001* | 5.1 (2) | 18.24 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 294 | 21.4 | 29.6 (87) | 8.2(20) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 1028 | 75.0 | 57.8(594) | 18.4 (146) | |||||
I am worried my children catch COVID-19 | Not worried at all | 62 | 5.3 | 19.4 (12) | 110.44 | ≤0.001* | 4 (2) | 23.14 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 342 | 29.2 | 29.8(102) | 10 (32) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 766 | 65.5 | 60.2(461) | 20.4 (141) | |||||
I am worried about what COVID-19 can do to me health wise | Not worried at all | 121 | 8.4 | 17.4 (21) | 178.81 | ≤0.001* | 3.1 (3) | 44.22 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 667 | 46.4 | 38.4 (256) | 10.5 (56) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 647 | 45.1 | 68.8 (445) | 23.1 (117) | |||||
I am worried about social isolation | Not worried at all | 375 | 26.1 | 34.4(129) | 81.71 | ≤0.001* | 9.2 (27) | 58.29 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 608 | 42.3 | 48.2(293) | 10.6 (52) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 454 | 31.6 | 65.6(298) | 27.7 (99) | |||||
I am worried about loss of income if infected with COVID-19 | Not worried at all | 265 | 18.8 | 32.1 (85) | 73.63 | ≤0.001* | 7.9 (16) | 22.91 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 441 | 32.9 | 44.4 (196) | 12.1 (44) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 633 | 47.3 | 61.6 (390) | 20.7(107) | |||||
I am worried I transmit COVID-19 to others | Not worried at all | 104 | 8.5 | 31.7 (33) | 79.81 | ≤0.001* | 8.5 (8) | 32.48 | ≤0.001* |
Little/Somewhat worried | 328 | 27.0 | 34.5 (113) | 7.4 (20) | |||||
Very/Extremely worried | 785 | 64.5 | 60.5 (475) | 21.6 (131) | |||||
Overall worry about COVID-19 | Low levels of worry | 394 | 26.8 | 27.4 (108) | 148.7 | ≤0.001* | 6.4 (18) | 44.9 | ≤0.001* |
High levels of worry | 1075 | 73.2 | 58 (624) | 18.2 (160) |
Anxiety GAD-7 Score (≥8) | SDQ Score (SDQ ≥ 5) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Category | Frequency (n) | % | %(n) | Chi-square χ2 | p-value | %(n) | Chi-square χ2 | p-value |
I have openly discussed COVID-19 with my family | No children | 178 | 12.1 | 53.9 (96) | 10.79 | 0.013* | 2.7 (2) | 13.42 | 0.004* |
Never | 27 | 1.8 | 33.3 (9) | 4.2 (1) | |||||
Occasionally | 259 | 17.6 | 42.5 (110) | 14.1 (30) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 1005 | 68.4 | 51.4 (517) | 17.1 (145) | |||||
I have educated my children about PPE | No children | 316 | 21.5 | 52.2 (165) | 10.19 | 0.017* | 2.4 (3) | 21.27 | ≤0.001* |
Never | 13 | 0.9 | 23.1 (3) | 0 (0) | |||||
Occasionally | 56 | 3.8 | 33.9 (19) | 10.9 (5) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 1084 | 73.8 | 50.3 (545) | 17.3 (170) | |||||
I reassure my children they are safe | No children | 331 | 22.5 | 52.6 (174) | 1.89 | 0.595 | 2.3 (3) | 23.80 | ≤0.001* |
Never | 20 | 1.4 | 45 (9) | 0 (0) | |||||
Occasionally | 92 | 6.3 | 45.7 (42) | 20.3 (16) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 1026 | 69.8 | 49.4 (507) | 17 (159) | |||||
I have limited news exposure | No children | 407 | 27.7 | 50.9 (207) | 11.20 | 0.011* | 3 (6) | 37.10 | ≤0.001* |
Never | 205 | 14.0 | 41 (84) | 11.2 (21) | |||||
Occasionally | 216 | 14.7 | 45.8 (99) | 22.1 (43) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 641 | 43.6 | 53.4 (342) | 18.6 (108) | |||||
I have created a schedule for learning | No children | 335 | 22.8 | 48.4 (162) | 0.51 | 0.916 | 6.6 (10) | 10.40 | 0.015* |
Never | 104 | 7.1 | 51 (53) | 17.4 (16) | |||||
Occasionally | 288 | 19.6 | 51 (147) | 16.4 (42) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 742 | 50.5 | 49.9 (370) | 16.7 (111) | |||||
I have maintained a regular routine | No children | 225 | 15.3 | 50.7 (114) | 2.26 | 0.521 | 4.4 (4) | 8.99 | 0.029* |
Never | 47 | 3.2 | 46.8 (22) | 14.7 (5) | |||||
Occasionally | 185 | 12.6 | 54.6 (101) | 16.2 (25) | |||||
Most of the time/Always | 1012 | 68.9 | 48.9 (495) | 16.3 (144) | |||||
Overall Coping strategies Total Category | Low use of coping strategies | 705 | 48.0 | 49.7(366) | 1.65 | 0.199 | 5.6 (10) | 9.01 | < 0.001* |
High use of coping strategies | 765 | 52.0 | 50.3(371) | 17.1 (168) |
Variable | b | SE(b) | P-value | aOR [95% CI] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) score (n = 1469)# | |||||
Sex | Female | 0.649 | 0.178 | < 0.001 | 1.91 [1.35–2.71] |
Malea | – | – | – | 1 | |
Precautionary Measures | Agree | −0.740 | 0.146 | < 0.001 | 0.48 [0.36–0.63] |
Disagreea | – | – | – | 1 | |
Public fear Justifiable | Agree | 1.811 | 1.082 | 0.094 | 6.11 [0.73–51.0] |
Disagreea | – | – | – | 1 | |
Levels of Worry associated with COVID-19 | High | 1.336 | 0.139 | < 0.001 | 3.80 [2.90–5.00] |
Lowa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Will take COVID-19 Vaccine | Yes | 0.446 | 0.1478 | 0.003 | 1.57 [1.17–2.09] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Symptoms- Sore throat | Yes | 0.447 | 0.173 | 0.010 | 1.56 [1.17–2.09] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Taking Vitamin C | Yes | 0.344 | 0.134 | 0.010 | 1.41 [1.09–1.83] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Smoker | Yes | 0.435 | 0.194 | 0.025 | 1.55 [1.06–2.26] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Model fit: Hosmer and Lemeshow test χ2(8, N = 1469) = 7.16, p = 0.519–2 log likelihood 1081.692 | |||||
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) score (n = 1160)* | |||||
Adult relationship to child/ren | Parent only | 0.854 | 0.493 | 0.884 | 2.35 [0.89–6.17] |
Parent & Teacher | 1.626 | 0.519 | < 0.001 | 5.08 [1.84–14.0] | |
Teacher onlya | – | – | – | 1 | |
Child/ren in lower secondary education | Yes | 0.522 | 0.189 | 0.006 | 1.69 [1.16–2.44] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Child/ren in higher secondary education | Yes | 0.460 | 0.199 | 0.021 | 1.59 [1.07–2.34] |
Noa | – | – | – | 1 | |
Anxiety level (GAD-7) | Severe | 1.94 | 0.355 | < 0.001 | 7.00 [3.45–14.0] |
Moderate | 1.505 | 0.340 | 0.013 | 4.51 [2.31–8.80] | |
Mild | 0.582 | 0.344 | 0.011 | 1.79 [0.91–3.50] | |
Minimala | – | – | – | 1 | |
Difficulty of parent/teacher to get things done | Extremely | 1.299 | 0.439 | 0.003 | 3.70 [1.55–8.66] |
Very | 1.403 | 0.348 | < 0.001 | 4.07 [2.10–8.05] | |
Somewhat | 0.805 | 0.306 | 0.009 | 2.24 [1.23–4.08] | |
Not difficult at alla | – | – | – | 1 | |
Model fit: Hosmer and Lemeshow test χ2 (7, N = 1160) =11.99, p = 0.101); −2 log likelihood 764.550 |