Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 1/2013

01.01.2013 | Educational Review

Cystic kidney diseases: many ways to form a cyst

verfasst von: Hannah Loftus, Albert C. M. Ong

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Renal cysts are a common radiological finding in both adults and children. They occur in a variety of conditions, and the clinical presentation, management, and prognosis varies widely. In this article, we discuss the major causes of renal cysts in children and adults with a particular focus on the most common genetic forms. Many cystoproteins have been localized to the cilia centrosome complex (CCC). We consider the evidence for a universal ‘cilia hypothesis’ for cyst formation and the evidence for non-ciliary proteins in cyst formation.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C, Senderek J, Kupper F, Schneider F, Dornia C, Windelen E, Eggermann T, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Kirfel J, Furu L, Onuchic LF, Rossetti S, Harris PC, Somlo S, Guay-Woodford L, Germino GG, Moser M, Buttner R, Zerres K (2004) PKHD1 mutations in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Hum Mutat 23:453–463PubMedCrossRef Bergmann C, Senderek J, Kupper F, Schneider F, Dornia C, Windelen E, Eggermann T, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Kirfel J, Furu L, Onuchic LF, Rossetti S, Harris PC, Somlo S, Guay-Woodford L, Germino GG, Moser M, Buttner R, Zerres K (2004) PKHD1 mutations in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Hum Mutat 23:453–463PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward CJ, Hogan MC, Rossetti S, Walker D, Sneddon T, Wang X, Kubly V, Cunningham JM, Bacallao R, Ishibashi M, Milliner DS, Torres VE, Harris PC (2002) The gene mutated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease encodes a large, receptor-like protein. Nat Genet 30:259–269PubMedCrossRef Ward CJ, Hogan MC, Rossetti S, Walker D, Sneddon T, Wang X, Kubly V, Cunningham JM, Bacallao R, Ishibashi M, Milliner DS, Torres VE, Harris PC (2002) The gene mutated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease encodes a large, receptor-like protein. Nat Genet 30:259–269PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Onuchic LF, Furu L, Nagasawa Y, Hou X, Eggermann T, Ren Z, Bergmann C, Senderek J, Esquivel E, Zeltner R, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Mrug M, Sweeney W, Avner ED, Zerres K, Guay-Woodford LM, Somlo S, Germino GG (2002) PKHD1, the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, encodes a novel large protein containing multiple immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription-factor domains and parallel beta-helix 1 repeats. Am J Hum Genet 70:1305–1317PubMedCrossRef Onuchic LF, Furu L, Nagasawa Y, Hou X, Eggermann T, Ren Z, Bergmann C, Senderek J, Esquivel E, Zeltner R, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Mrug M, Sweeney W, Avner ED, Zerres K, Guay-Woodford LM, Somlo S, Germino GG (2002) PKHD1, the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, encodes a novel large protein containing multiple immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription-factor domains and parallel beta-helix 1 repeats. Am J Hum Genet 70:1305–1317PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward CJ, Yuan D, Masyuk TV, Wang X, Punyashthiti R, Whelan S, Bacallao R, Torra R, LaRusso NF, Torres VE, Harris PC (2003) Cellular and subcellular localization of the ARPKD protein; fibrocystin is expressed on primary cilia. Hum Mol Genet 12:2703–2710PubMedCrossRef Ward CJ, Yuan D, Masyuk TV, Wang X, Punyashthiti R, Whelan S, Bacallao R, Torra R, LaRusso NF, Torres VE, Harris PC (2003) Cellular and subcellular localization of the ARPKD protein; fibrocystin is expressed on primary cilia. Hum Mol Genet 12:2703–2710PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Follit JA, Li L, Vucica Y, Pazour GJ (2010) The cytoplasmic tail of fibrocystin contains a ciliary targeting sequence. J Cell Biol 188:21–28PubMedCrossRef Follit JA, Li L, Vucica Y, Pazour GJ (2010) The cytoplasmic tail of fibrocystin contains a ciliary targeting sequence. J Cell Biol 188:21–28PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hildebrandt F, Benzing T, Katsanis N (2011) Ciliopathies. N Engl J Med 364:1533–1543 Hildebrandt F, Benzing T, Katsanis N (2011) Ciliopathies. N Engl J Med 364:1533–1543
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun L, Wang S, Hu C, Zhang X (2011) Down-regulation of PKHD1 induces cell apoptosis through PI3K and NF-kappaB pathways. Ex Cell Res 317:932–940CrossRef Sun L, Wang S, Hu C, Zhang X (2011) Down-regulation of PKHD1 induces cell apoptosis through PI3K and NF-kappaB pathways. Ex Cell Res 317:932–940CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim I, Fu Y, Hui K, Moeckel G, Mai W, Li C, Liang D, Zhao P, Ma J, Chen XZ, George AL Jr, Coffey RJ, Feng ZP, Wu G (2008) Fibrocystin/polyductin modulates renal tubular formation by regulating polycystin-2 expression and function. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:455–468PubMedCrossRef Kim I, Fu Y, Hui K, Moeckel G, Mai W, Li C, Liang D, Zhao P, Ma J, Chen XZ, George AL Jr, Coffey RJ, Feng ZP, Wu G (2008) Fibrocystin/polyductin modulates renal tubular formation by regulating polycystin-2 expression and function. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:455–468PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang S, Zhang J, Nauli SM, Li X, Starremans PG, Luo Y, Roberts KA, Zhou J (2007) Fibrocystin/polyductin, found in the same protein complex with polycystin-2, regulates calcium responses in kidney epithelia. Mol Cell Biol 27:3241–3252PubMedCrossRef Wang S, Zhang J, Nauli SM, Li X, Starremans PG, Luo Y, Roberts KA, Zhou J (2007) Fibrocystin/polyductin, found in the same protein complex with polycystin-2, regulates calcium responses in kidney epithelia. Mol Cell Biol 27:3241–3252PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Menezes LF, Piontek KB, Kaimori J, Huso DL, Watnick T, Onuchic LF, Guay-Woodford LM, Germino GG (2007) Genetic interaction studies link autosomal dominant and recessive polycystic kidney disease in a common pathway. Hum Mol Genet 16:1940–1950PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Menezes LF, Piontek KB, Kaimori J, Huso DL, Watnick T, Onuchic LF, Guay-Woodford LM, Germino GG (2007) Genetic interaction studies link autosomal dominant and recessive polycystic kidney disease in a common pathway. Hum Mol Genet 16:1940–1950PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Denamur E, Delezoide AL, Alberti C, Bourillon A, Gubler MC, Bouvier R, Pascaud O, Elion J, Grandchamp B, Michel-Calemard L, Missy P, Zaccaria I, Le Nagard H, Gerard B, Loirat C, Barbet J, Beaufrere AM, Berchel C, Bessieres B, Boudjemaa S, Buenerd A, Carles D, Clemenson A, Dechelotte P, Devisme L, Dijoud F, Esperandieu O, Fallet C, Gonzales M, Hillion Y, Jacob B, Joubert M, Kermanach P, Lallemand A, Laquerriere A, Laurent N, Liprandi A, Loeuillet L, Loget P, Martinovic J, Menez F, Narcy F, Roux JJ, Rouleau-Dubois C, Sinico M, Tantau J, Wann AR (2010) Genotype-phenotype correlations in fetuses and neonates with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 77:350–358PubMedCrossRef Denamur E, Delezoide AL, Alberti C, Bourillon A, Gubler MC, Bouvier R, Pascaud O, Elion J, Grandchamp B, Michel-Calemard L, Missy P, Zaccaria I, Le Nagard H, Gerard B, Loirat C, Barbet J, Beaufrere AM, Berchel C, Bessieres B, Boudjemaa S, Buenerd A, Carles D, Clemenson A, Dechelotte P, Devisme L, Dijoud F, Esperandieu O, Fallet C, Gonzales M, Hillion Y, Jacob B, Joubert M, Kermanach P, Lallemand A, Laquerriere A, Laurent N, Liprandi A, Loeuillet L, Loget P, Martinovic J, Menez F, Narcy F, Roux JJ, Rouleau-Dubois C, Sinico M, Tantau J, Wann AR (2010) Genotype-phenotype correlations in fetuses and neonates with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 77:350–358PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunay-Aygun M (2009) Liver and kidney disease in ciliopathies. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 151C:296–306PubMedCrossRef Gunay-Aygun M (2009) Liver and kidney disease in ciliopathies. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 151C:296–306PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC (2006) Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Medicine 85:1–21PubMedCrossRef Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC (2006) Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Medicine 85:1–21PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Roy S, Dillon MJ, Trompeter RS, Barratt TM (1997) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: long-term outcome of neonatal survivors. Pediatr Nephrol 11:302–306PubMedCrossRef Roy S, Dillon MJ, Trompeter RS, Barratt TM (1997) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: long-term outcome of neonatal survivors. Pediatr Nephrol 11:302–306PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C, Senderek J, Windelen E, Kupper F, Middeldorf I, Schneider F, Dornia C, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Konrad M, Schmitt CP, Seeman T, Neuhaus TJ, Vester U, Kirfel J, Buttner R, Zerres K (2005) Clinical consequences of PKHD1 mutations in 164 patients with autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Kidney Int 67:829–848PubMedCrossRef Bergmann C, Senderek J, Windelen E, Kupper F, Middeldorf I, Schneider F, Dornia C, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Konrad M, Schmitt CP, Seeman T, Neuhaus TJ, Vester U, Kirfel J, Buttner R, Zerres K (2005) Clinical consequences of PKHD1 mutations in 164 patients with autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Kidney Int 67:829–848PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Blickman JG, Bramson RT, Herrin JT (1995) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: long-term sonographic findings in patients surviving the neonatal period. Am J Roentgenol 164:1247–1250 Blickman JG, Bramson RT, Herrin JT (1995) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: long-term sonographic findings in patients surviving the neonatal period. Am J Roentgenol 164:1247–1250
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C, Senderek J, Sedlacek B, Pegiazoglou I, Puglia P, Eggermann T, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Furu L, Onuchic LF, De Baca M, Germino GG, Guay-Woodford L, Somlo S, Moser M, Buttner R, Zerres K (2003) Spectrum of mutations in the gene for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD/PKHD1). J Am Soc Nephrol 14:76–89PubMedCrossRef Bergmann C, Senderek J, Sedlacek B, Pegiazoglou I, Puglia P, Eggermann T, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Furu L, Onuchic LF, De Baca M, Germino GG, Guay-Woodford L, Somlo S, Moser M, Buttner R, Zerres K (2003) Spectrum of mutations in the gene for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD/PKHD1). J Am Soc Nephrol 14:76–89PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker JU, Saez AO, Zerres K, Witzke O, Hoyer PF, Schmid KW, Kribben A, Bergmann C, Nurnberger J (2010) The mTOR pathway is activated in human autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 33:129–138PubMedCrossRef Becker JU, Saez AO, Zerres K, Witzke O, Hoyer PF, Schmid KW, Kribben A, Bergmann C, Nurnberger J (2010) The mTOR pathway is activated in human autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 33:129–138PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Wuthrich RP, Kistler AD, Serra AL (2010) Impact of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transplant Proc 42:S44–S46PubMedCrossRef Wuthrich RP, Kistler AD, Serra AL (2010) Impact of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transplant Proc 42:S44–S46PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei ADPY (1998) Is there a third gene for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? Kidney Intl 54:1759–1761CrossRef Pei ADPY (1998) Is there a third gene for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? Kidney Intl 54:1759–1761CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Turco AE, Clementi M, Rossetti S, Tenconi R, Pignatti PF (1996) An Italian family with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease unlinked to either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene. Am J Kidney Dis 28:759–761PubMedCrossRef Turco AE, Clementi M, Rossetti S, Tenconi R, Pignatti PF (1996) An Italian family with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease unlinked to either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene. Am J Kidney Dis 28:759–761PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hateboer N, van Dijk MA, Bogdanova N, Coto E, Saggar-Malik AK, San Millan JL, Torra R, Breuning M, Ravine D (1999) Comparison of phenotypes of polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2. European PKD1-PKD2 Study Group. Lancet 353:103–107PubMedCrossRef Hateboer N, van Dijk MA, Bogdanova N, Coto E, Saggar-Malik AK, San Millan JL, Torra R, Breuning M, Ravine D (1999) Comparison of phenotypes of polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2. European PKD1-PKD2 Study Group. Lancet 353:103–107PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei Y, Paterson AD, Wang KR, He N, Hefferton D, Watnick T, Germino GG, Parfrey P, Somlo S, St George-Hyslop P (2001) Bilineal disease and trans-heterozygotes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Hum Genet 68:355–363PubMedCrossRef Pei Y, Paterson AD, Wang KR, He N, Hefferton D, Watnick T, Germino GG, Parfrey P, Somlo S, St George-Hyslop P (2001) Bilineal disease and trans-heterozygotes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Hum Genet 68:355–363PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Giamarchi A, Feng S, Rodat-Despoix L, Xu Y, Bubenshchikova E, Newby LJ, Hao J, Gaudioso C, Crest M, Lupas AN, Honore E, Williamson MP, Obara T, Ong AC, Delmas P (2010) A polycystin-2 (TRPP2) dimerization domain essential for the function of heteromeric polycystin complexes. EMBO J 29:1176–1191PubMedCrossRef Giamarchi A, Feng S, Rodat-Despoix L, Xu Y, Bubenshchikova E, Newby LJ, Hao J, Gaudioso C, Crest M, Lupas AN, Honore E, Williamson MP, Obara T, Ong AC, Delmas P (2010) A polycystin-2 (TRPP2) dimerization domain essential for the function of heteromeric polycystin complexes. EMBO J 29:1176–1191PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Newby LJ, Streets AJ, Zhao Y, Harris PC, Ward CJ, Ong AC (2002) Identification, characterization, and localization of a novel kidney polycystin-1-polycystin-2 complex. J Biol Chem 277:20763–20773PubMedCrossRef Newby LJ, Streets AJ, Zhao Y, Harris PC, Ward CJ, Ong AC (2002) Identification, characterization, and localization of a novel kidney polycystin-1-polycystin-2 complex. J Biol Chem 277:20763–20773PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Pazour GJ (2004) Intraflagellar transport and cilia-dependent renal disease: the ciliary hypothesis of polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2528–2536PubMedCrossRef Pazour GJ (2004) Intraflagellar transport and cilia-dependent renal disease: the ciliary hypothesis of polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2528–2536PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong AC, Wheatley DN (2003) Polycystic kidney disease–the ciliary connection. Lancet 361:774–776PubMedCrossRef Ong AC, Wheatley DN (2003) Polycystic kidney disease–the ciliary connection. Lancet 361:774–776PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei Y, Obaji J, Dupuis A, Paterson AD, Magistroni R, Dicks E, Parfrey P, Cramer B, Coto E, Torra R, San Millan JL, Gibson R, Breuning M, Peters D, Ravine D (2009) Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:205–212PubMedCrossRef Pei Y, Obaji J, Dupuis A, Paterson AD, Magistroni R, Dicks E, Parfrey P, Cramer B, Coto E, Torra R, San Millan JL, Gibson R, Breuning M, Peters D, Ravine D (2009) Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:205–212PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Zand MS, Strang J, Dumlao M, Rubens D, Erturk E, Bronsther O (2001) Screening a living kidney donor for polycystic kidney disease using heavily T2-weighted MRI. Am J Kidney Dis 37:612–619PubMedCrossRef Zand MS, Strang J, Dumlao M, Rubens D, Erturk E, Bronsther O (2001) Screening a living kidney donor for polycystic kidney disease using heavily T2-weighted MRI. Am J Kidney Dis 37:612–619PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao X, Paterson AD, Zahirieh A, He N, Wang K, Pei Y (2008) Molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: utility and limitations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 3:146–152PubMedCrossRef Zhao X, Paterson AD, Zahirieh A, He N, Wang K, Pei Y (2008) Molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: utility and limitations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 3:146–152PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei Y (2011) Practical genetics for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 118:c19–c30PubMedCrossRef Pei Y (2011) Practical genetics for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 118:c19–c30PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossetti S, Consugar MB, Chapman AB, Torres VE, Guay-Woodford LM, Grantham JJ, Bennett WM, Meyers CM, Walker DL, Bae K, Zhang QJ, Thompson PA, Miller JP, Harris PC (2007) Comprehensive molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2143–2160PubMedCrossRef Rossetti S, Consugar MB, Chapman AB, Torres VE, Guay-Woodford LM, Grantham JJ, Bennett WM, Meyers CM, Walker DL, Bae K, Zhang QJ, Thompson PA, Miller JP, Harris PC (2007) Comprehensive molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2143–2160PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang E, Samaniego-Picota M, McCune T, Melancon JK, Montgomery RA, Ugarte R, Kraus E, Womer K, Rabb H, Watnick T (2009) DNA testing for live kidney donors at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transplantation 87:133–137PubMedCrossRef Huang E, Samaniego-Picota M, McCune T, Melancon JK, Montgomery RA, Ugarte R, Kraus E, Womer K, Rabb H, Watnick T (2009) DNA testing for live kidney donors at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transplantation 87:133–137PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Zerres K, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Deget F (1993) Childhood onset autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in sibs: clinical picture and recurrence risk. German working group on paediatric nephrology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur padiatrische Nephrologie). J Med Genet 30:583–588PubMedCrossRef Zerres K, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Deget F (1993) Childhood onset autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in sibs: clinical picture and recurrence risk. German working group on paediatric nephrology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur padiatrische Nephrologie). J Med Genet 30:583–588PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossetti S, Kubly VJ, Consugar MB, Hopp K, Roy S, Horsley SW, Chauveau D, Rees L, Barratt TM, van’t Hoff WG, Niaudet WP, Torres VE, Harris PC (2009) Incompletely penetrant PKD1 alleles suggest a role for gene dosage in cyst initiation in polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 75:848–855PubMedCrossRef Rossetti S, Kubly VJ, Consugar MB, Hopp K, Roy S, Horsley SW, Chauveau D, Rees L, Barratt TM, van’t Hoff WG, Niaudet WP, Torres VE, Harris PC (2009) Incompletely penetrant PKD1 alleles suggest a role for gene dosage in cyst initiation in polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 75:848–855PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Peral B, Ong AC, San Millan JL, Gamble V, Rees L, Harris PC (1996) A stable, nonsense mutation associated with a case of infantile onset polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1). Hum Mol Genet 5:539–542PubMedCrossRef Peral B, Ong AC, San Millan JL, Gamble V, Rees L, Harris PC (1996) A stable, nonsense mutation associated with a case of infantile onset polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1). Hum Mol Genet 5:539–542PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C, von Bothmer J, Ortiz Bruchle N, Venghaus A, Frank V, Fehrenbach H, Hampel T, Pape L, Buske A, Jonsson J, Sarioglu N, Santos A, Ferreira JC, Becker JU, Cremer R, Hoefele J, Benz MR, Weber LT, Buettner R, Zerres K (2011) Mutations in multiple PKD genes may explain early and severe polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 22:2047–2056PubMedCrossRef Bergmann C, von Bothmer J, Ortiz Bruchle N, Venghaus A, Frank V, Fehrenbach H, Hampel T, Pape L, Buske A, Jonsson J, Sarioglu N, Santos A, Ferreira JC, Becker JU, Cremer R, Hoefele J, Benz MR, Weber LT, Buettner R, Zerres K (2011) Mutations in multiple PKD genes may explain early and severe polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 22:2047–2056PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Connor A, Lunt PW, Dolling C, Patel Y, Meredith AL, Gardner A, Hamilton NK, Dudley CR (2008) Mosaicism in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease revealed by genetic testing to enable living related renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 8:232–237PubMed Connor A, Lunt PW, Dolling C, Patel Y, Meredith AL, Gardner A, Hamilton NK, Dudley CR (2008) Mosaicism in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease revealed by genetic testing to enable living related renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 8:232–237PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Mekahli D, Woolf AS, Bockenhauer D (2010) Similar renal outcomes in children with ADPKD diagnosed by screening or presenting with symptoms. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2275–2282PubMedCrossRef Mekahli D, Woolf AS, Bockenhauer D (2010) Similar renal outcomes in children with ADPKD diagnosed by screening or presenting with symptoms. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2275–2282PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Cadnapaphornchai MA, McFann K, Strain JD, Masoumi A, Schrier RW (2008) Increased left ventricular mass in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and borderline hypertension. Kidney Int 74:1192–1196PubMedCrossRef Cadnapaphornchai MA, McFann K, Strain JD, Masoumi A, Schrier RW (2008) Increased left ventricular mass in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and borderline hypertension. Kidney Int 74:1192–1196PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Walz G, Budde K, Mannaa M, Nurnberger J, Wanner C, Sommerer C, Kunzendorf U, Banas B, Horl WH, Obermuller N, Arns W, Pavenstadt H, Gaedeke J, Buchert M, May C, Gschaidmeier H, Kramer S, Eckardt KU (2010) Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 363:830–840PubMedCrossRef Walz G, Budde K, Mannaa M, Nurnberger J, Wanner C, Sommerer C, Kunzendorf U, Banas B, Horl WH, Obermuller N, Arns W, Pavenstadt H, Gaedeke J, Buchert M, May C, Gschaidmeier H, Kramer S, Eckardt KU (2010) Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 363:830–840PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Serra AL, Poster D, Kistler AD, Krauer F, Raina S, Young J, Rentsch KM, Spanaus KS, Senn O, Kristanto P, Scheffel H, Weishaupt D, Wuthrich RP (2010) Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 363:820–829PubMedCrossRef Serra AL, Poster D, Kistler AD, Krauer F, Raina S, Young J, Rentsch KM, Spanaus KS, Senn O, Kristanto P, Scheffel H, Weishaupt D, Wuthrich RP (2010) Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 363:820–829PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang MY, Ong AC (2011) Mechanism-based therapeutics for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: recent progress and future prospects. Nephron Clin Pract 120:c25–c35PubMedCrossRef Chang MY, Ong AC (2011) Mechanism-based therapeutics for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: recent progress and future prospects. Nephron Clin Pract 120:c25–c35PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Belibi FA, Edelstein CL (2010) Novel targets for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 19:315–328CrossRef Belibi FA, Edelstein CL (2010) Novel targets for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 19:315–328CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrone RD, Ruthazer R, Terrin NC (2001) Survival after end-stage renal disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: contribution of extrarenal complications to mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 38:777–784PubMedCrossRef Perrone RD, Ruthazer R, Terrin NC (2001) Survival after end-stage renal disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: contribution of extrarenal complications to mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 38:777–784PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Fick GM, Johnson AM, Hammond WS, Gabow PA (1995) Causes of death in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2048–2056PubMed Fick GM, Johnson AM, Hammond WS, Gabow PA (1995) Causes of death in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2048–2056PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres VE, Harris PC (2009) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int 76:149–168PubMedCrossRef Torres VE, Harris PC (2009) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int 76:149–168PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaki M, Hoefele J, Allen SJ, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Bergmann C, Heckenlively JR, Otto EA, Hildebrandt F (2011) Genotype-phenotype correlation in 440 patients with NPHP-related ciliopathies. Kidney Int 80:1239–1245PubMedCrossRef Chaki M, Hoefele J, Allen SJ, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Bergmann C, Heckenlively JR, Otto EA, Hildebrandt F (2011) Genotype-phenotype correlation in 440 patients with NPHP-related ciliopathies. Kidney Int 80:1239–1245PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hildebrandt F, Zhou W (2007) Nephronophthisis-associated ciliopathies. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1855–1871PubMedCrossRef Hildebrandt F, Zhou W (2007) Nephronophthisis-associated ciliopathies. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1855–1871PubMedCrossRef
52.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Zollinger HU, Mihatsch MJ, Edefonti A, Gaboardi F, Imbasciati E, Lennert T (1980) Nephronophthisis (medullary cystic disease of the kidney). A study using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and a review of the morphological findings. Helv Paediatr Acta 35:509–530PubMed Zollinger HU, Mihatsch MJ, Edefonti A, Gaboardi F, Imbasciati E, Lennert T (1980) Nephronophthisis (medullary cystic disease of the kidney). A study using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and a review of the morphological findings. Helv Paediatr Acta 35:509–530PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Gagnadoux MF, Bacri JL, Broyer M, Habib R (1989) Infantile chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis with cortical microcysts: variant of nephronophthisis or new disease entity? Pediatr Nephrol 3:50–55PubMedCrossRef Gagnadoux MF, Bacri JL, Broyer M, Habib R (1989) Infantile chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis with cortical microcysts: variant of nephronophthisis or new disease entity? Pediatr Nephrol 3:50–55PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Otto EA, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Chaki M, Allen SJ, Zhou W, Airik R, Hurd TW, Ghosh AK, Wolf MT, Hoppe B, Neuhaus TJ, Bockenhauer D, Milford DV, Soliman NA, Antignac C, Saunier S, Johnson CA, Hildebrandt F (2011) Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J Med Genet 48:105–116PubMedCrossRef Otto EA, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Chaki M, Allen SJ, Zhou W, Airik R, Hurd TW, Ghosh AK, Wolf MT, Hoppe B, Neuhaus TJ, Bockenhauer D, Milford DV, Soliman NA, Antignac C, Saunier S, Johnson CA, Hildebrandt F (2011) Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J Med Genet 48:105–116PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Delous M, Hellman NE, Gaude HM, Silbermann F, Le Bivic A, Salomon R, Antignac C, Saunier S (2009) Nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4 are required for epithelial morphogenesis and associate with PALS1/PATJ and Par6. Hum Mol Genet 18:4711–4723PubMedCrossRef Delous M, Hellman NE, Gaude HM, Silbermann F, Le Bivic A, Salomon R, Antignac C, Saunier S (2009) Nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4 are required for epithelial morphogenesis and associate with PALS1/PATJ and Par6. Hum Mol Genet 18:4711–4723PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Mollet G, Silbermann F, Delous M, Salomon R, Antignac C, Saunier S (2005) Characterization of the nephrocystin/nephrocystin-4 complex and subcellular localization of nephrocystin-4 to primary cilia and centrosomes. Hum Mol Genet 14:645–656PubMedCrossRef Mollet G, Silbermann F, Delous M, Salomon R, Antignac C, Saunier S (2005) Characterization of the nephrocystin/nephrocystin-4 complex and subcellular localization of nephrocystin-4 to primary cilia and centrosomes. Hum Mol Genet 14:645–656PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Otto EA, Hurd TW, Airik R, Chaki M, Zhou W, Stoetzel C, Patil SB, Levy S, Ghosh AK, Murga-Zamalloa CA, van Reeuwijk J, Letteboer SJ, Sang L, Giles RH, Liu Q, Coene KL, Estrada-Cuzcano A, Collin RW, McLaughlin HM, Held S, Kasanuki JM, Ramaswami G, Conte J, Lopez I, Washburn J, Macdonald J, Hu J, Yamashita Y, Maher ER, Guay-Woodford LM, Neumann HP, Obermuller N, Koenekoop RK, Bergmann C, Bei X, Lewis RA, Katsanis N, Lopes V, Williams DS, Lyons RH, Dang CV, Brito DA, Dias MB, Zhang X, Cavalcoli JD, Nurnberg G, Nurnberg P, Pierce EA, Jackson PK, Antignac C, Saunier S, Roepman R, Dollfus H, Khanna H, Hildebrandt F (2010) Candidate exome capture identifies mutation of SDCCAG8 as the cause of a retinal-renal ciliopathy. Nature Genet 42:840–850PubMedCrossRef Otto EA, Hurd TW, Airik R, Chaki M, Zhou W, Stoetzel C, Patil SB, Levy S, Ghosh AK, Murga-Zamalloa CA, van Reeuwijk J, Letteboer SJ, Sang L, Giles RH, Liu Q, Coene KL, Estrada-Cuzcano A, Collin RW, McLaughlin HM, Held S, Kasanuki JM, Ramaswami G, Conte J, Lopez I, Washburn J, Macdonald J, Hu J, Yamashita Y, Maher ER, Guay-Woodford LM, Neumann HP, Obermuller N, Koenekoop RK, Bergmann C, Bei X, Lewis RA, Katsanis N, Lopes V, Williams DS, Lyons RH, Dang CV, Brito DA, Dias MB, Zhang X, Cavalcoli JD, Nurnberg G, Nurnberg P, Pierce EA, Jackson PK, Antignac C, Saunier S, Roepman R, Dollfus H, Khanna H, Hildebrandt F (2010) Candidate exome capture identifies mutation of SDCCAG8 as the cause of a retinal-renal ciliopathy. Nature Genet 42:840–850PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiba D, Manning DK, Koga H, Beier DR, Yokoyama T (2010) Inv acts as a molecular anchor for Nphp3 and Nek8 in the proximal segment of primary cilia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 67:112–119 Shiba D, Manning DK, Koga H, Beier DR, Yokoyama T (2010) Inv acts as a molecular anchor for Nphp3 and Nek8 in the proximal segment of primary cilia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 67:112–119
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Wodarczyk C, Distefano G, Rowe I, Gaetani M, Bricoli B, Muorah M, Spitaleri A, Mannella V, Ricchiuto P, Pema M, Castelli M, Casanova AE, Mollica L, Banzi M, Boca M, Antignac C, Saunier S, Musco G, Boletta A (2010) Nephrocystin-1 forms a complex with polycystin-1 via a polyproline motif/SH3 domain interaction and regulates the apoptotic response in mammals. PLoS One 5:e12719PubMedCrossRef Wodarczyk C, Distefano G, Rowe I, Gaetani M, Bricoli B, Muorah M, Spitaleri A, Mannella V, Ricchiuto P, Pema M, Castelli M, Casanova AE, Mollica L, Banzi M, Boca M, Antignac C, Saunier S, Musco G, Boletta A (2010) Nephrocystin-1 forms a complex with polycystin-1 via a polyproline motif/SH3 domain interaction and regulates the apoptotic response in mammals. PLoS One 5:e12719PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Sang L, Miller JJ, Corbit KC, Giles RH, Brauer MJ, Otto EA, Baye LM, Wen X, Scales SJ, Kwong M, Huntzicker EG, Sfakianos MK, Sandoval W, Bazan JF, Kulkarni P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Seol AD, O'Toole JF, Held S, Reutter HM, Lane WS, Rafiq MA, Noor A, Ansar M, Devi AR, Sheffield VC, Slusarski DC, Vincent JB, Doherty DA, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF, Jackson PK (2011) Mapping the NPHP-JBTS-MKS protein network reveals ciliopathy disease genes and pathways. Cell 145:513–528PubMedCrossRef Sang L, Miller JJ, Corbit KC, Giles RH, Brauer MJ, Otto EA, Baye LM, Wen X, Scales SJ, Kwong M, Huntzicker EG, Sfakianos MK, Sandoval W, Bazan JF, Kulkarni P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Seol AD, O'Toole JF, Held S, Reutter HM, Lane WS, Rafiq MA, Noor A, Ansar M, Devi AR, Sheffield VC, Slusarski DC, Vincent JB, Doherty DA, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF, Jackson PK (2011) Mapping the NPHP-JBTS-MKS protein network reveals ciliopathy disease genes and pathways. Cell 145:513–528PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Corbit KC, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Ramaswami G, Otto EA, Noriega TR, Seol AD, Robinson JF, Bennett CL, Josifova DJ, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Katsanis N, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF (2011) A transition zone complex regulates mammalian ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane composition. Nature Genet 43:776–784PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Corbit KC, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Ramaswami G, Otto EA, Noriega TR, Seol AD, Robinson JF, Bennett CL, Josifova DJ, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Katsanis N, Hildebrandt F, Reiter JF (2011) A transition zone complex regulates mammalian ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane composition. Nature Genet 43:776–784PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams CL, Li C, Kida K, Inglis PN, Mohan S, Semenec L, Bialas NJ, Stupay RM, Chen N, Blacque OE, Yoder BK, Leroux MR (2011) MKS and NPHP modules cooperate to establish basal body/transition zone membrane associations and ciliary gate function during ciliogenesis. J Cell Biol 192:1023–1041PubMedCrossRef Williams CL, Li C, Kida K, Inglis PN, Mohan S, Semenec L, Bialas NJ, Stupay RM, Chen N, Blacque OE, Yoder BK, Leroux MR (2011) MKS and NPHP modules cooperate to establish basal body/transition zone membrane associations and ciliary gate function during ciliogenesis. J Cell Biol 192:1023–1041PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang L, Szymanska K, Jensen VL, Janecke AR, Innes AM, Davis EE, Frosk P, Li C, Willer JR, Chodirker BN, Greenberg CR, McLeod DR, Bernier FP, Chudley AE, Muller T, Shboul M, Logan CV, Loucks CM, Beaulieu CL, Bowie RV, Bell SM, Adkins J, Zuniga FI, Ross KD, Wang J, Ban MR, Becker C, Nurnberg P, Douglas S, Craft CM, Akimenko MA, Hegele RA, Ober C, Utermann G, Bolz HJ, Bulman DE, Katsanis N, Blacque OE, Doherty D, Parboosingh JS, Leroux MR, Johnson CA, Boycott KM (2011) TMEM237 is mutated in individuals with a Joubert syndrome related disorder and expands the role of the TMEM family at the ciliary transition zone. Am J Hum Genet 89:713–730PubMedCrossRef Huang L, Szymanska K, Jensen VL, Janecke AR, Innes AM, Davis EE, Frosk P, Li C, Willer JR, Chodirker BN, Greenberg CR, McLeod DR, Bernier FP, Chudley AE, Muller T, Shboul M, Logan CV, Loucks CM, Beaulieu CL, Bowie RV, Bell SM, Adkins J, Zuniga FI, Ross KD, Wang J, Ban MR, Becker C, Nurnberg P, Douglas S, Craft CM, Akimenko MA, Hegele RA, Ober C, Utermann G, Bolz HJ, Bulman DE, Katsanis N, Blacque OE, Doherty D, Parboosingh JS, Leroux MR, Johnson CA, Boycott KM (2011) TMEM237 is mutated in individuals with a Joubert syndrome related disorder and expands the role of the TMEM family at the ciliary transition zone. Am J Hum Genet 89:713–730PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Ala-Mello S, Kivivuori SM, Ronnholm KA, Koskimies O, Siimes MA (1996) Mechanism underlying early anaemia in children with familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Pediatr Nephrol 10:578–581PubMedCrossRef Ala-Mello S, Kivivuori SM, Ronnholm KA, Koskimies O, Siimes MA (1996) Mechanism underlying early anaemia in children with familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Pediatr Nephrol 10:578–581PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Hildebrandt F, Strahm B, Nothwang HG, Gretz N, Schnieders B, Singh-Sawhney I, Kutt R, Vollmer M, Brandis M (1997) Molecular genetic identification of families with juvenile nephronophthisis type 1: rate of progression to renal failure. APN Study Group. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur padiatrische Nephrologie. Kidney Int 51:261–269PubMedCrossRef Hildebrandt F, Strahm B, Nothwang HG, Gretz N, Schnieders B, Singh-Sawhney I, Kutt R, Vollmer M, Brandis M (1997) Molecular genetic identification of families with juvenile nephronophthisis type 1: rate of progression to renal failure. APN Study Group. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur padiatrische Nephrologie. Kidney Int 51:261–269PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Olbrich H, Fliegauf M, Hoefele J, Kispert A, Otto E, Volz A, Wolf MT, Sasmaz G, Trauer U, Reinhardt R, Sudbrak R, Antignac C, Gretz N, Walz G, Schermer B, Benzing T, Hildebrandt F, Omran H (2003) Mutations in a novel gene, NPHP3, cause adolescent nephronophthisis, tapeto-retinal degeneration and hepatic fibrosis. Nat Genet 34:455–459PubMedCrossRef Olbrich H, Fliegauf M, Hoefele J, Kispert A, Otto E, Volz A, Wolf MT, Sasmaz G, Trauer U, Reinhardt R, Sudbrak R, Antignac C, Gretz N, Walz G, Schermer B, Benzing T, Hildebrandt F, Omran H (2003) Mutations in a novel gene, NPHP3, cause adolescent nephronophthisis, tapeto-retinal degeneration and hepatic fibrosis. Nat Genet 34:455–459PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Tory K, Rousset-Rouviere C, Gubler MC, Moriniere V, Pawtowski A, Becker C, Guyot C, Gie S, Frishberg Y, Nivet H, Deschenes G, Cochat P, Gagnadoux MF, Saunier S, Antignac C, Salomon R (2009) Mutations of NPHP2 and NPHP3 in infantile nephronophthisis. Kidney Int 75:839–847PubMedCrossRef Tory K, Rousset-Rouviere C, Gubler MC, Moriniere V, Pawtowski A, Becker C, Guyot C, Gie S, Frishberg Y, Nivet H, Deschenes G, Cochat P, Gagnadoux MF, Saunier S, Antignac C, Salomon R (2009) Mutations of NPHP2 and NPHP3 in infantile nephronophthisis. Kidney Int 75:839–847PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf MT, Beck BB, Zaucke F, Kunze A, Misselwitz J, Ruley J, Ronda T, Fischer A, Eifinger F, Licht C, Otto E, Hoppe B, Hildebrandt F (2007) The Uromodulin C744G mutation causes MCKD2 and FJHN in children and adults and may be due to a possible founder effect. Kidney Int 71:574–581PubMedCrossRef Wolf MT, Beck BB, Zaucke F, Kunze A, Misselwitz J, Ruley J, Ronda T, Fischer A, Eifinger F, Licht C, Otto E, Hoppe B, Hildebrandt F (2007) The Uromodulin C744G mutation causes MCKD2 and FJHN in children and adults and may be due to a possible founder effect. Kidney Int 71:574–581PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlin BC, Hagge WW, Stickler GB (1977) Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease. Mayo Clin Proc 52:485–491PubMed Chamberlin BC, Hagge WW, Stickler GB (1977) Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease. Mayo Clin Proc 52:485–491PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf MT, van Vlem B, Hennies HC, Zalewski I, Karle SM, Puetz M, Panther F, Otto E, Fuchshuber A, Lameire N, Loeys B, Hildebrandt F (2004) Telomeric refinement of the MCKD1 locus on chromosome 1q21. Kidney Int 66:580–585PubMedCrossRef Wolf MT, van Vlem B, Hennies HC, Zalewski I, Karle SM, Puetz M, Panther F, Otto E, Fuchshuber A, Lameire N, Loeys B, Hildebrandt F (2004) Telomeric refinement of the MCKD1 locus on chromosome 1q21. Kidney Int 66:580–585PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Hart TC, Gorry MC, Hart PS, Woodard AS, Shihabi Z, Sandhu J, Shirts B, Xu L, Zhu H, Barmada MM, Bleyer AJ (2002) Mutations of the UMOD gene are responsible for medullary cystic kidney disease 2 and familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy. J Med Genet 39:882–892PubMedCrossRef Hart TC, Gorry MC, Hart PS, Woodard AS, Shihabi Z, Sandhu J, Shirts B, Xu L, Zhu H, Barmada MM, Bleyer AJ (2002) Mutations of the UMOD gene are responsible for medullary cystic kidney disease 2 and familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy. J Med Genet 39:882–892PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Zivna M, Hulkova H, Matignon M, Hodanova K, Vylet'al P, Kalbacova M, Baresova V, Sikora J, Blazkova H, Zivny J, Ivanek R, Stranecky V, Sovova J, Claes K, Lerut E, Fryns JP, Hart PS, Hart TC, Adams JN, Pawtowski A, Clemessy M, Gasc JM, Gubler MC, Antignac C, Elleder M, Kapp K, Grimbert P, Bleyer AJ, Kmoch S (2009) Dominant renin gene mutations associated with early-onset hyperuricemia, anemia, and chronic kidney failure. Am J Hum Genet 85:204–213PubMedCrossRef Zivna M, Hulkova H, Matignon M, Hodanova K, Vylet'al P, Kalbacova M, Baresova V, Sikora J, Blazkova H, Zivny J, Ivanek R, Stranecky V, Sovova J, Claes K, Lerut E, Fryns JP, Hart PS, Hart TC, Adams JN, Pawtowski A, Clemessy M, Gasc JM, Gubler MC, Antignac C, Elleder M, Kapp K, Grimbert P, Bleyer AJ, Kmoch S (2009) Dominant renin gene mutations associated with early-onset hyperuricemia, anemia, and chronic kidney failure. Am J Hum Genet 85:204–213PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroiss SHK, Berthold S, Rüschendorf F, Scolari F, Caridi G, Ghiggeri GM, Hildebrandt F, Fuchshuber A (2000) Evidence of further genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease. Nephro Dial Transplant 15:818–821CrossRef Kroiss SHK, Berthold S, Rüschendorf F, Scolari F, Caridi G, Ghiggeri GM, Hildebrandt F, Fuchshuber A (2000) Evidence of further genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease. Nephro Dial Transplant 15:818–821CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Stavrou C, Koptides M, Tombazos C, Psara E, Patsias C, Zouvani I, Kyriacou K, Hildebrandt F, Christofides T, Pierides A, Deltas CC (2002) Autosomal-dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 1: clinical and molecular findings in six large Cypriot families. Kidney Int 62:1385–1394PubMedCrossRef Stavrou C, Koptides M, Tombazos C, Psara E, Patsias C, Zouvani I, Kyriacou K, Hildebrandt F, Christofides T, Pierides A, Deltas CC (2002) Autosomal-dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 1: clinical and molecular findings in six large Cypriot families. Kidney Int 62:1385–1394PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoyer JRSS, Vernier RL (1979) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization in rat kidney. Lab Invest 41:168–173PubMed Hoyer JRSS, Vernier RL (1979) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization in rat kidney. Lab Invest 41:168–173PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D (2003) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 42:658–676PubMedCrossRef Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D (2003) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 42:658–676PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Bleyer AJHT, Willingham MC, Iskandar SS, Gorry MC, Trachtman H (2005) Clinico-pathologic findings in medullary cystic kidney disease type 2. Pediatr Nephrol 20:824–827PubMedCrossRef Bleyer AJHT, Willingham MC, Iskandar SS, Gorry MC, Trachtman H (2005) Clinico-pathologic findings in medullary cystic kidney disease type 2. Pediatr Nephrol 20:824–827PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaucke F, Boehnlein JM, Steffens S, Polishchuk RS, Rampoldi L, Fischer A, Pasch A, Boehm CW, Baasner A, Attanasio M, Hoppe B, Hopfer H, Beck BB, Sayer JA, Hildebrandt F, Wolf MT (2010) Uromodulin is expressed in renal primary cilia and UMOD mutations result in decreased ciliary uromodulin expression. Hum Mol Genet 19:1985–1997PubMedCrossRef Zaucke F, Boehnlein JM, Steffens S, Polishchuk RS, Rampoldi L, Fischer A, Pasch A, Boehm CW, Baasner A, Attanasio M, Hoppe B, Hopfer H, Beck BB, Sayer JA, Hildebrandt F, Wolf MT (2010) Uromodulin is expressed in renal primary cilia and UMOD mutations result in decreased ciliary uromodulin expression. Hum Mol Genet 19:1985–1997PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Puig JG, Miranda ME, Mateos FA, Picazo ML, Jimenez ML, Calvin TS, Gil AA (1993) Hereditary nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Arch Intern Med 153:357–365PubMedCrossRef Puig JG, Miranda ME, Mateos FA, Picazo ML, Jimenez ML, Calvin TS, Gil AA (1993) Hereditary nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Arch Intern Med 153:357–365PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Auranen MA-MS, Turunen JA, JärveläI (2001) Further evidence for linkage of autosomal-dominant medullary cystic kidney disease on chromosome 1q21. Kidney Int 60:1225–1232PubMedCrossRef Auranen MA-MS, Turunen JA, JärveläI (2001) Further evidence for linkage of autosomal-dominant medullary cystic kidney disease on chromosome 1q21. Kidney Int 60:1225–1232PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Bleyer AJ, Woodard AS, Shihabi Z, Sandhu J, Zhu H, Satko SG, Weller N, Deterding E, McBride D, Gorry MC, Xu L, Ganier D, Hart TC (2003) Clinical characterization of a family with a mutation in the uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) gene. Kidney Intl 64:36–42CrossRef Bleyer AJ, Woodard AS, Shihabi Z, Sandhu J, Zhu H, Satko SG, Weller N, Deterding E, McBride D, Gorry MC, Xu L, Ganier D, Hart TC (2003) Clinical characterization of a family with a mutation in the uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) gene. Kidney Intl 64:36–42CrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Scolari F, Caridi G, Rampoldi L, Tardanico R, Izzi C, Pirulli D, Amoroso A, Casari G, Ghiggeri GM (2004) Uromodulin storage diseases: clinical aspects and mechanisms. Am J Kidney Dis 44:987–999PubMedCrossRef Scolari F, Caridi G, Rampoldi L, Tardanico R, Izzi C, Pirulli D, Amoroso A, Casari G, Ghiggeri GM (2004) Uromodulin storage diseases: clinical aspects and mechanisms. Am J Kidney Dis 44:987–999PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Kiser RL, Wolf MT, Martin JL, Zalewski I, Attanasio M, Hildebrandt F, Klemmer P (2004) Medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 in a large Native-American kindred. Am J Kidney Dis 44:611–617PubMed Kiser RL, Wolf MT, Martin JL, Zalewski I, Attanasio M, Hildebrandt F, Klemmer P (2004) Medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 in a large Native-American kindred. Am J Kidney Dis 44:611–617PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Fairbanks LD, Cameron JS, Venkat-Raman G, Rigden SP, Rees L, Van THW, Mansell M, Pattison J, Goldsmith DJ, Simmonds HA (2002) Early treatment with allopurinol in familial juvenile hyerpuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN) ameliorates the long-term progression of renal disease. QJM 95:597–607PubMedCrossRef Fairbanks LD, Cameron JS, Venkat-Raman G, Rigden SP, Rees L, Van THW, Mansell M, Pattison J, Goldsmith DJ, Simmonds HA (2002) Early treatment with allopurinol in familial juvenile hyerpuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN) ameliorates the long-term progression of renal disease. QJM 95:597–607PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Furuta H, Hinokio Y, Cockburn BN, Lindner T, Yamagata K, Ogata M, Tomonaga O, Kuroki H, Kasahara T, Iwamoto Y, Bell GI (1997) Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta gene (TCF2) associated with MODY. Nat Genet 17:384–385PubMedCrossRef Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Furuta H, Hinokio Y, Cockburn BN, Lindner T, Yamagata K, Ogata M, Tomonaga O, Kuroki H, Kasahara T, Iwamoto Y, Bell GI (1997) Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta gene (TCF2) associated with MODY. Nat Genet 17:384–385PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Heidet L, Decramer S, Pawtowski A, Moriniere V, Bandin F, Knebelmann B, Lebre AS, Faguer S, Guigonis V, Antignac C, Salomon R (2010) Spectrum of HNF1B mutations in a large cohort of patients who harbor renal diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 5:1079–1090PubMedCrossRef Heidet L, Decramer S, Pawtowski A, Moriniere V, Bandin F, Knebelmann B, Lebre AS, Faguer S, Guigonis V, Antignac C, Salomon R (2010) Spectrum of HNF1B mutations in a large cohort of patients who harbor renal diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 5:1079–1090PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Gresh L, Fischer E, Reimann A, Tanguy M, Garbay S, Shao X, Hiesberger T, Fiette L, Igarashi P, Yaniv M, Pontoglio M (2004) A transcriptional network in polycystic kidney disease. EMBO J 23:1657–1668PubMedCrossRef Gresh L, Fischer E, Reimann A, Tanguy M, Garbay S, Shao X, Hiesberger T, Fiette L, Igarashi P, Yaniv M, Pontoglio M (2004) A transcriptional network in polycystic kidney disease. EMBO J 23:1657–1668PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Coffinier C, Barra J, Babinet C, Yaniv M (1999) Expression of the vHNF1/HNF1beta homeoprotein gene during mouse organogenesis. Mech Dev 89:211–213PubMedCrossRef Coffinier C, Barra J, Babinet C, Yaniv M (1999) Expression of the vHNF1/HNF1beta homeoprotein gene during mouse organogenesis. Mech Dev 89:211–213PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Reber M, Cereghini S (2001) Variant hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 expression in the mouse genital tract. Mech Dev 100:75–78PubMedCrossRef Reber M, Cereghini S (2001) Variant hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 expression in the mouse genital tract. Mech Dev 100:75–78PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Bingham C, Hattersley AT (2004) Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome resulting from mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2703–2708PubMedCrossRef Bingham C, Hattersley AT (2004) Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome resulting from mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2703–2708PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Edghill EL, Bingham C, Ellard S, Hattersley AT (2006) Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta and their related phenotypes. J Med Genet 43:84–90PubMedCrossRef Edghill EL, Bingham C, Ellard S, Hattersley AT (2006) Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta and their related phenotypes. J Med Genet 43:84–90PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Bingham C, Ellard S, van’t Hoff WG, Simmonds HA, Marinaki AM, Badman MK, Winocour PH, Stride A, Lockwood CR, Nicholls AJ, Owen KR, Spyer G, Pearson ER, Hattersley AT (2003) Atypical familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy associated with a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta gene mutation. Kidney Int 63:1645–1651PubMedCrossRef Bingham C, Ellard S, van’t Hoff WG, Simmonds HA, Marinaki AM, Badman MK, Winocour PH, Stride A, Lockwood CR, Nicholls AJ, Owen KR, Spyer G, Pearson ER, Hattersley AT (2003) Atypical familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy associated with a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta gene mutation. Kidney Int 63:1645–1651PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Adalat S, Woolf AS, Johnstone KA, Wirsing A, Harries LW, Long DA, Hennekam RC, Ledermann SE, Rees L, van’t Hoff W, Marks SD, Trompeter RS, Tullus K, Winyard PJ, Cansick J, Mushtaq I, Dhillon HK, Bingham C, Edghill EL, Shroff R, Stanescu H, Ryffel GU, Ellard S, Bockenhauer D (2009) HNF1B mutations associate with hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 20:1123–1131PubMedCrossRef Adalat S, Woolf AS, Johnstone KA, Wirsing A, Harries LW, Long DA, Hennekam RC, Ledermann SE, Rees L, van’t Hoff W, Marks SD, Trompeter RS, Tullus K, Winyard PJ, Cansick J, Mushtaq I, Dhillon HK, Bingham C, Edghill EL, Shroff R, Stanescu H, Ryffel GU, Ellard S, Bockenhauer D (2009) HNF1B mutations associate with hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 20:1123–1131PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Meij IC, Koenderink JB, van Bokhoven H, Assink KF, Groenestege WT, de Pont JJ, Bindels RJ, Monnens LA, van den Heuvel LP, Knoers NV (2000) Dominant isolated renal magnesium loss is caused by misrouting of the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase gamma-subunit. Nature Genet 26:265–266PubMedCrossRef Meij IC, Koenderink JB, van Bokhoven H, Assink KF, Groenestege WT, de Pont JJ, Bindels RJ, Monnens LA, van den Heuvel LP, Knoers NV (2000) Dominant isolated renal magnesium loss is caused by misrouting of the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase gamma-subunit. Nature Genet 26:265–266PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein J, Landing BH (1989) Glomerulocystic kidney diseases. Prog Clin Biol Res 305:27–43PubMed Bernstein J, Landing BH (1989) Glomerulocystic kidney diseases. Prog Clin Biol Res 305:27–43PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Lennerz JK, Spence DC, Iskandar SS, Dehner LP, Liapis H (2010) Glomerulocystic kidney: one hundred-year perspective. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134:583–605PubMed Lennerz JK, Spence DC, Iskandar SS, Dehner LP, Liapis H (2010) Glomerulocystic kidney: one hundred-year perspective. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134:583–605PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Bissler JJ, Siroky BJ, Yin H (2010) Glomerulocystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2049–2056PubMedCrossRef Bissler JJ, Siroky BJ, Yin H (2010) Glomerulocystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2049–2056PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitch SJ, Stapleton FB (1986) Ultrasonographic features of glomerulocystic disease in infancy: similarity to infantile polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Radiol 16:400–402PubMedCrossRef Fitch SJ, Stapleton FB (1986) Ultrasonographic features of glomerulocystic disease in infancy: similarity to infantile polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Radiol 16:400–402PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Borges Oliva MR, Hsing J, Rybicki FJ, Fennessy F, Mortele KJ, Ros PR (2003) Glomerulocystic kidney disease: MRI findings. Abdom Imaging 28:889–892PubMed Borges Oliva MR, Hsing J, Rybicki FJ, Fennessy F, Mortele KJ, Ros PR (2003) Glomerulocystic kidney disease: MRI findings. Abdom Imaging 28:889–892PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman KW (1898) Beitrage zur kenntnis einiger Drusen und Epithelien. Arch Mikrosk Anat 52:552–706CrossRef Zimmerman KW (1898) Beitrage zur kenntnis einiger Drusen und Epithelien. Arch Mikrosk Anat 52:552–706CrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Praetorius HA, Spring KR (2001) Bending the MDCK cell primary cilium increases intracellular calcium. J Membr Biol 184:71–79PubMedCrossRef Praetorius HA, Spring KR (2001) Bending the MDCK cell primary cilium increases intracellular calcium. J Membr Biol 184:71–79PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Pennekamp P, Karcher C, Fischer A, Schweickert A, Skryabin B, Horst J, Blum M, Dworniczak B (2002) The ion channel polycystin-2 is required for left-right axis determination in mice. Curr Biol 12:938–943PubMedCrossRef Pennekamp P, Karcher C, Fischer A, Schweickert A, Skryabin B, Horst J, Blum M, Dworniczak B (2002) The ion channel polycystin-2 is required for left-right axis determination in mice. Curr Biol 12:938–943PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Huangfu D, Liu A, Rakeman AS, Murcia NS, Niswander L, Anderson KV (2003) Hedgehog signalling in the mouse requires intraflagellar transport proteins. Nature 426:83–87PubMedCrossRef Huangfu D, Liu A, Rakeman AS, Murcia NS, Niswander L, Anderson KV (2003) Hedgehog signalling in the mouse requires intraflagellar transport proteins. Nature 426:83–87PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer-Zucker AG, Olale F, Haycraft CJ, Yoder BK, Schier AF, Drummond IA (2005) Cilia-driven fluid flow in the zebrafish pronephros, brain and Kupffer's vesicle is required for normal organogenesis. Development 132:1907–1921PubMedCrossRef Kramer-Zucker AG, Olale F, Haycraft CJ, Yoder BK, Schier AF, Drummond IA (2005) Cilia-driven fluid flow in the zebrafish pronephros, brain and Kupffer's vesicle is required for normal organogenesis. Development 132:1907–1921PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong AC, Wagner B (2005) Detection of proximal tubular motile cilia in a patient with renal sarcoidosis associated with hypercalcemia. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1096–1099PubMedCrossRef Ong AC, Wagner B (2005) Detection of proximal tubular motile cilia in a patient with renal sarcoidosis associated with hypercalcemia. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1096–1099PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel V, Li L, Cobo-Stark P, Shao X, Somlo S, Lin F, Igarashi P (2008) Acute kidney injury and aberrant planar cell polarity induce cyst formation in mice lacking renal cilia. Hum Mol Genet 17:1578–1590PubMedCrossRef Patel V, Li L, Cobo-Stark P, Shao X, Somlo S, Lin F, Igarashi P (2008) Acute kidney injury and aberrant planar cell polarity induce cyst formation in mice lacking renal cilia. Hum Mol Genet 17:1578–1590PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer E, Legue E, Doyen A, Nato F, Nicolas JF, Torres V, Yaniv M, Pontoglio M (2006) Defective planar cell polarity in polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 38:21–23PubMedCrossRef Fischer E, Legue E, Doyen A, Nato F, Nicolas JF, Torres V, Yaniv M, Pontoglio M (2006) Defective planar cell polarity in polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 38:21–23PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Karner CM, Chirumamilla R, Aoki S, Igarashi P, Wallingford JB, Carroll TJ (2009) Wnt9b signaling regulates planar cell polarity and kidney tubule morphogenesis. Nat Genet 41:793–799PubMedCrossRef Karner CM, Chirumamilla R, Aoki S, Igarashi P, Wallingford JB, Carroll TJ (2009) Wnt9b signaling regulates planar cell polarity and kidney tubule morphogenesis. Nat Genet 41:793–799PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons M, Gloy J, Ganner A, Bullerkotte A, Bashkurov M, Kronig C, Schermer B, Benzing T, Cabello OA, Jenny A, Mlodzik M, Polok B, Driever W, Obara T, Walz G (2005) Inversin, the gene product mutated in nephronophthisis type II, functions as a molecular switch between Wnt signaling pathways. Nat Genet 37:537–543PubMedCrossRef Simons M, Gloy J, Ganner A, Bullerkotte A, Bashkurov M, Kronig C, Schermer B, Benzing T, Cabello OA, Jenny A, Mlodzik M, Polok B, Driever W, Obara T, Walz G (2005) Inversin, the gene product mutated in nephronophthisis type II, functions as a molecular switch between Wnt signaling pathways. Nat Genet 37:537–543PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Nauli SM, Alenghat FJ, Luo Y, Williams E, Vassilev P, Li X, Elia AE, Lu W, Brown EM, Quinn SJ, Ingber DE, Zhou J (2003) Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nat Genet 33:129–137PubMedCrossRef Nauli SM, Alenghat FJ, Luo Y, Williams E, Vassilev P, Li X, Elia AE, Lu W, Brown EM, Quinn SJ, Ingber DE, Zhou J (2003) Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nat Genet 33:129–137PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishio S, Tian X, Gallagher AR, Yu Z, Patel V, Igarashi P, Somlo S (2010) Loss of oriented cell division does not initiate cyst formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:295–302PubMedCrossRef Nishio S, Tian X, Gallagher AR, Yu Z, Patel V, Igarashi P, Somlo S (2010) Loss of oriented cell division does not initiate cyst formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:295–302PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Luyten A, Su X, Gondela S, Chen Y, Rompani S, Takakura A, Zhou J (2010) Aberrant regulation of planar cell polarity in polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1521–1532PubMedCrossRef Luyten A, Su X, Gondela S, Chen Y, Rompani S, Takakura A, Zhou J (2010) Aberrant regulation of planar cell polarity in polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1521–1532PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Amir G, Rosenmann E, Drukker A (1995) Acquired glomerulocystic kidney disease following haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 9:614–616PubMedCrossRef Amir G, Rosenmann E, Drukker A (1995) Acquired glomerulocystic kidney disease following haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 9:614–616PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Mans DA, Voest EE, Giles RH (2008) All along the watchtower: is the cilium a tumor suppressor organelle? Biochim Biophys Acta 1786:114–125PubMed Mans DA, Voest EE, Giles RH (2008) All along the watchtower: is the cilium a tumor suppressor organelle? Biochim Biophys Acta 1786:114–125PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Tee AR, Fingar DC, Manning BD, Kwiatkowski DJ, Cantley LC, Blenis J (2002) Tuberous sclerosis complex-1 and -2 gene products function together to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated downstream signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13571–13576PubMedCrossRef Tee AR, Fingar DC, Manning BD, Kwiatkowski DJ, Cantley LC, Blenis J (2002) Tuberous sclerosis complex-1 and -2 gene products function together to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated downstream signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13571–13576PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartman TR, Liu D, Zilfou JT, Robb V, Morrison T, Watnick T, Henske EP (2009) The tuberous sclerosis proteins regulate formation of the primary cilium via a rapamycin-insensitive and polycystin 1-independent pathway. Hum Mol Genet 18:151–163PubMedCrossRef Hartman TR, Liu D, Zilfou JT, Robb V, Morrison T, Watnick T, Henske EP (2009) The tuberous sclerosis proteins regulate formation of the primary cilium via a rapamycin-insensitive and polycystin 1-independent pathway. Hum Mol Genet 18:151–163PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Cystic kidney diseases: many ways to form a cyst
verfasst von
Hannah Loftus
Albert C. M. Ong
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2221-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Pediatric Nephrology 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

08.05.2024 Gesellschaft Nachrichten

In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

07.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.

Häufigste Gründe für Brustschmerzen bei Kindern

06.05.2024 Pädiatrische Diagnostik Nachrichten

Akute Brustschmerzen sind ein Alarmsymptom par exellence, schließlich sind manche Auslöser lebensbedrohlich. Auch Kinder klagen oft über Schmerzen in der Brust. Ein Studienteam ist den Ursachen nachgegangen.

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

IT für Ärzte Nachrichten

Darauf haben viele Praxen gewartet: Das Zi hat eine Liste von Praxisverwaltungssystemen veröffentlicht, die von Nutzern positiv bewertet werden. Eine gute Grundlage für wechselwillige Ärztinnen und Psychotherapeuten.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.