Background
Methods
Subjects
Instruments
Statistical methods
Results
Total (n = 276) | Non-clozapine group (n = 161) | Clozapine group (n = 115) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean or n (%) | S.D. | Mean or n (%) | S.D. | Mean or n (%) | S.D. | ||
Male sex n (%) | 152 (55.1%) | 85 (52.8%) | 67 (58.3%) | 0.368 | |||
Schizophrenia | 190 (68.8%) | 89 (55.3%) | 101 (87.8%) | < 0.001 | |||
Schizoaffective disorder | 49 (17.8%) | 36 (22.4%) | 13 (11.3%) | 0.018 | |||
Other schizophrenia spectrum disorder | 37 (13.4%) | 36 (22.4%) | 1 (0.9%) | < 0.001 | |||
Age | 44.9 | 12.6 | 47.2 | 12.5 | 41.8 | 12.1 | 0.001 |
Chlorpromazine equivalents, mg | 582.5 | 423.2 | 415.3 | 344.1 | 816.7 | 413.6 | < 0.001 |
ANT-attitude (0–100) | 72.0 | 16.5 | 71.1 | 17.0 | 73.3 | 15.8 | 0.334 |
ANT-adherence (over 75%) | 228 (82.6%) | 124 (77.0%) | 104 (90.4%) | 0.004 | |||
ANT-insight (0–100) | 49.5 | 24.9 | 46.5 | 24.7 | 53.7 | 24.7 | 0.024 |
ANT-side effects (0–100) | 62.4 | 24.0 | 64.0 | 25.5 | 60.2 | 21.6 | 0.175 |
BPRS (24–168) | 34.6 | 7.8 | 34.4 | 8.1 | 34.9 | 7.4 | 0.363 |
BPRS positive symptoms (7–49) | 10.2 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 4.1 | 0.58 |
HoNOS total (0–48) | 7.2 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 0.712 |
HoNOS behaviour (0–12) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.02 |
HoNOS impairment (0–8) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.853 |
HoNOS symptoms (0–12) | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 0.139 |
HoNOS social (0–16) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.591 |
SANS (0–15) | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.712 |
GAF (0–100) | 56.1 | 12.6 | 57.6 | 12.5 | 54.0 | 12.5 | 0.022 |
ADL (5–20) | 5.7 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 0.9 | 0.061 |
IADL (5–20) | 7.6 | 2.8 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 0.422 |
Social functioning (4–16) | 5.5 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 0.897 |
Model a | Model b | Model c | Model d | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta |
Age | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Sex (male) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 0.16* | 0.18* | 0.15* | 0.17* |
ANT-insight | 0.14* | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.15* |
ANT-side effects | 0.30*** | 0.28*** | 0.28*** | 0.27*** |
ANT-adherence | 0.17** | 0.17** | 0.17* | 0.15* |
BPRS_total | −0.27*** | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | − 0.25*** | |||
HoNOS_total | −0.20** | |||
HoNOS_behaviour | −0.06 | |||
HoNOS_impairment | 0.02 | |||
HoNOS_symptoms | −0.19* | |||
HoNOS_social | −0.10 | |||
ADL | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
IADL | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.05 | − 0.07 |
social functioning | −0.04 | − 0.03 | −0.07 | − 0.06 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
p for the model | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Non-clozapine group | ||||
Age | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.07 | − 0.07 |
Sex (male) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 0.19* | 0.21** | 0.18* | 0.21* |
ANT-insight | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.19* | 0.24* |
ANT-side effects | 0.27** | 0.27** | 0.24** | 0.22* |
ANT-adherence | 0.24** | 0.23** | 0.22* | 0.21 |
BPRS_total | −0.19* | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | −0.24** | |||
HoNOS_total | −0.20* | |||
HoNOS_behaviour | −0.09 | |||
HoNOS_impairment | −0.03 | |||
HoNOS_symptoms | −0.23* | |||
HoNOS_social | −0.06 | |||
ADL | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.22* | 0.19* |
IADL | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.08 | − 0.09 |
Social functioning | −0.11 | − 0.12 | −0.15 | − 0.12 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
p for the model | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Clozapine group | ||||
Age | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
Sex (male) | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.07 | − 0.10 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
ANT-insight | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
ANT-side effects | 0.35** | 0.30** | 0.37** | 0.35** |
ANT-adherence | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
BPRS_total | −0.41*** | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | −0.26* | |||
HoNOS_total | −0.26* | |||
HoNOS_behaviour | −0.05 | |||
HoNOS_impairment | 0.11 | |||
HoNOS_symptoms | −0.09 | |||
HoNOS_social | −0.29* | |||
ADL | −0.08 | −0.02 | − 0.07 | −0.05 |
IADL | −0.04 | −0.12 | − 0.06 | −0.09 |
Social functioning | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
p for the model | < 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.022 |
Model e | Model f | Model h | Model g | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | OR | OR | OR | OR |
Age | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 |
Sex | 2.17 | 1.99 | 1.63 | 2.14 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00* |
ANT-attitude | 1.04** | 1.04** | 1.03* | 1.03* |
ANT-insight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
ANT-adverse effects | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
BPRS_total | 0.97 | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | 0.95 | |||
HONOS_total | 0.96 | |||
HONOS_behaviour | 1.24 | |||
HONOS_impairment | 0.94 | |||
HONOS_symptoms | 0.75 | |||
HONOS_social | 1.20 | |||
ADL | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.74 |
IADL | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.2 | 1.25 |
social functioning | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
Nagelkerke R square | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.25 |
p for the model | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Non-clozapine group | ||||
Age | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 |
Sex | 1.67 | 1.46 | 1.15 | 1.64 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
ANT-attitude | 1.05** | 1.05** | 1.04* | 1.04* |
ANT-insight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
ANT-adverse effects | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
BPRS_total | 0.98 | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | 0.98 | |||
HONOS_total | 1.03 | |||
HONOS_behaviour | 1.45 | |||
HONOS_impairment | 1.06 | |||
HONOS_symptoms | 0.79 | |||
HONOS_social | 1.34 | |||
ADL | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.74 |
IADL | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.11 |
social functioning | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.84 |
Nagelkerke R square | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.33 |
p for the model | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Clozapine group | ||||
Age | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
Sex | 3.82 | 4.23 | 4.23 | 19.31 |
Chlorpromazine equivalent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
ANT-attitude | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.02 |
ANT-insight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
ANT-adverse effects | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.07 |
BPRS_total | 0.99 | |||
BPRS_positive symptoms | 0.96 | |||
HONOS_total | 0.93 | |||
HONOS_behaviour | 14.71 | |||
HONOS_impairment | 0.39 | |||
HONOS_symptoms | 0.78 | |||
HONOS_social | 1.11 | |||
ADL | 2.50 | 2.66 | 1.92 | 2.82 |
IADL | 1.58 | 1.50 | 1.55 | 2.37* |
social functioning | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.71 |
Nagelkerke R square | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.38 |
p for the model | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.15 |