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Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 3/2023

21.03.2022 | Morphin | Pain Clinical Updates

Klinisches Update zu Phantomschmerz

Deutsche Fassung

verfasst von: PD Dr. Joachim Erlenwein, Martin Diers, Jennifer Ernst, Friederike Schulz, Frank Petzke

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 3/2023

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung

Die meisten Patienten mit Amputation (bis zu 80 %) leiden postoperativ an Phantomschmerzen. Häufig handelt es sich um multimorbide Patienten, die aus schmerzmedizinischer Sicht viele Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von chronischem Schmerz aufweisen. Die operative Entfernung des Körperteils und die Durchtrennung peripherer Nerven führen zum Fehlen eines afferenten Feedbacks, was neuroplastische Veränderungen im sensomotorischen Kortex nach sich zieht. Das Empfinden von starkem Schmerz, periphere, spinale und kortikale Sensibilisierungsmechanismen sowie Veränderungen im Körperschema tragen zu chronischem Phantomschmerz bei. Auch psychosoziale Faktoren können Verlauf und Schweregrad des Schmerzes beeinflussen. Die moderne Amputationsmedizin liegt in interdisziplinärer Zuständigkeit.

Methoden

Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll einen interdisziplinären Überblick des aktuellen evidenzbasierten und klinischen Wissens geben.

Ergebnisse

Die wissenschaftliche Evidenz für das beste praktische Vorgehen ist schwach und steht im Kontrast zu verschiedenen klinischen Berichten, in denen die polypragmatische Anwendung von Medikamenten und interventionellen Verfahren beschrieben wird. Ansätze zur Wiederherstellung des Körperschemas und Integration von eingehenden sensomotorischen Signalen sind von Bedeutung. Moderne Techniken, wie Apps und virtuelle Realität, bieten eine spannende Ergänzung zu bereits etablierten Ansätzen, basierend auf der Spiegeltherapie. Die gezielte Prothesenversorgung erleichtert das Erreichen oder die Wiederherstellung der Extremitätenfunktion und spielt zugleich eine wichtige Rolle in der Reduktion der zentralen Reorganisation und Wiedererlangung des Körperschemas.

Diskussion

Zur Reduktion von starkem Phantomschmerz sind eine konsequente Prävention und Therapie von schweren postoperativen Schmerzen sowie eine frühe Integration medikamentöser und nichtmedikamentöser Interventionen erforderlich. Für das Erreichen oder den Erhalt der Körperfunktion sind eine vorausschauende Operationsplanung und -technik sowie ein angemessenes interdisziplinäres Management notwendig.
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Metadaten
Titel
Klinisches Update zu Phantomschmerz
Deutsche Fassung
verfasst von
PD Dr. Joachim Erlenwein
Martin Diers
Jennifer Ernst
Friederike Schulz
Frank Petzke
Publikationsdatum
21.03.2022
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwörter
Morphin
Ketamin
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 3/2023
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-022-00629-x

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