Background
Methods
Sampling and procedures
Ethics
Instruments
The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KIDS)
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
Data analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Mean (SD) | Item-total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDI items | Total | Boys | Girls | p | Total | Boys | Girls |
1. Sadness | 0.72 (0.89) | 0.48 (0.81) | 0.94 (0.90) | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.56 |
2. Pessimism | 0.68 (0.91) | 0.60 (0.85) | 0.75 (0.96) | 0.061 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.47 |
3. Past failure | 0.74 (0.82) | 0.59 (0.77) | 0.87 (0.84) | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
4. Loss of pleasure | 0.79 (0.76) | 0.68 (0.75) | 0.89 (0.76) | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.49 |
5. Guilty | 0.85 (0.74) | 0.72 (0.69) | 0.96 (0.77) | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.55 |
6. Punishment | 0.91 (1.09) | 0.79 (0.97) | 1.02 (1.18) | 0.068 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.39 |
7. Self-dislike | 0.97 (0.95) | 0.77 (0.88) | 1.14 (0.98) | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
8. Self-criticalness | 1.04 (0.94) | 0.76 (0.84) | 1.29 (0.95) | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.56 |
9. Suicidal ideas | 0.68 (0.86) | 0.46 (0.72) | 0.87 (0.92) | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.46 |
10. Crying | 1.10 (1.18) | 0.56 (1.00) | 1.56 (1.12) | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.37 |
11. Agitation | 0.93 (0.91) | 0.89 (0.86) | 0.96 (0.94) | 0.529 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.38 |
12. Loss of interest | 0.88 (0.97) | 0.69 (0.85) | 1.03 (1.04) | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.56 |
13. Indecisiveness | 0.88 (0.94) | 0.70 (0.85) | 1.03 (0.99) | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.42 |
14. Worthlessness | 0.81 (0.90) | 0.62 (0.81) | 0.97 (0.95) | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.61 |
15. Loss of energy | 0.97 (0.87) | 0.68 (0.73) | 1.21 (0.90) | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.55 |
16. Insomnia | 1.40 (0.95) | 1.28 (0.93) | 1.51 (0.96) | 0.004 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.38 |
17. Irritability | 0.92 (0.92) | 0.71 (0.82) | 1.11 (0.96) | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.52 |
18. Loss of appetite | 1.32 (0.99) | 1.14 (0.96) | 1.48 (1.00) | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.45 |
19. Concentration difficulties | 1.32 (0.87) | 1.13 (0.84) | 1.49 (0.85) | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.45 |
20. Tiredness or fatigue | 0.94 (0.88) | 0.74 (0.80) | 1.11 (0.90) | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.60 |
21. Loss of libido | 0.48 (0.88) | 0.36 (0.74) | 0.43 (0.98) | 0.008 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
Total
| 19.32 (10.45) | 15.33 (8.50) | 22.78 (10.76) | <0.001 |
Factorial validity
Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Real data | Mean random | P95random | Real data | Mean random | P95random | Real data | Mean random | P95random |
1*
| 39.2 | 13.0 | 14.7 | 37.9 | 16.7 | 18.3 | 38.2 | 10.7 | 12.0 |
2
| 6.1 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 6.7 | 8.9 | 9.9 |
3
| 5.4 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 |
4
| 5.2 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 8.4 |
5
| 4.6 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 5.0 | 7.3 | 7.9 |
6
| 4.2 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 7.3 |
7
| 4.0 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 6.4 | 6.8 |
8
| 4.0 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 6.4 |
9
| 3.6 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 6.0 |
10
| 3.4 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 |
11
| 3.2 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 5.1 |
12
| 3.0 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 |
13
| 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 3.8 | 4.3 |
14
| 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 3.9 |
15
| 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.5 |
16
| 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
17
| 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
18
| 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.2 |
19
| 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.6 |
20
| 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
21
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | Boys | Girls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDI items | w | c2
| w | SE | w | SE |
1. Sadness | 0.70 | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.66 | 0.04 |
2. Pessimism | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.05 |
3. Past failure | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.73 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.04 |
4. Loss of pleasure | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.03 |
5. Guilty | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.03 |
6. Punishment | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.07 |
7. Self-dislike | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.05 |
8. Self-criticalness | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.05 |
9. Suicidal ideas | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.04 |
10. Crying | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.08 |
11. Agitation | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 0.06 |
12. Loss of interest | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.05 |
13. Indecisiveness | 0.51 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.05 |
14. Worthlessness | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.04 |
15. Loss of energy | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.04 |
16. Insomnia | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.06 |
17. Irritability | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.05 |
18. Loss of appetite | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.06 |
19. Concentration difficulties | 0.45 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.04 |
20. Tiredness or fatigue | 0.63 | 0.40 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.64 | 0.04 |
21. Loss of libido | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.06 |
Invariance analysis
Sample | χ2
| df | χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA | (90% CI) | SRMR | Hoelter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 280.15* | 189 | 1.48 | 0.976 | 0.971 | 0.042 | 0.031 - 0.052 | 0.053 | 218 |
Girls | 320.20* | 189 | 1.69 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.047 | 0.038 - 0.056 | 0.051 | 220 |
Invariance
| |||||||||
Unconstrained | 526.61* | 378 | 1.39 | 0.975 | 0.970 | 0.026 | 0.020 - 0.031 | 0.056 | 477 |
Weights | 548.35* | 398 | 1.38 | 0.970 | 0.965 | 0.025 | 0.020 - 0.030 | 0.067 | 481 |
Variances | 526.77* | 379 | 1.39 | 0.975 | 0.970 | 0.026 | 0.020 - 0.031 | 0.056 | 478 |
Residuals | 619.73* | 399 | 1.55 | 0.972 | 0.967 | 0.031 | 0.026 - 0.035 | 0.060 | 427 |
All restrictions | 651.03* | 420 | 1.55 | 0.931 | 0.924 | 0.031 | 0.026 - 0.035 | 0.071 | 426 |
Reliability
Sample / model | R | χ2(df) | χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA | (90% CI) | SRMR | Hoelter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
| |||||||||
Congeneric | 0.90 | 358.28* (189) | 1.90 | 0.942 | 0.929 | 0.039 | 0.033 - 0.045 | 0.049 | 367 |
Tau-equivalent | 0.81 | 449.87* (209) | 2.15 | 0.928 | 0.920 | 0.044 | 0.039 - 0.050 | 0.072 | 321 |
Parallel | 0.86 | 794.79* (229) | 3.47 | 0.872 | 0.871 | 0.065 | 0.060 - 0.070 | 0.076 | 198 |
Boys
| |||||||||
Congeneric | 0.86 | 261.81* 189) | 1.39 | 0.909 | 0.889 | 0.037 | 0.026 - 0.048 | 0.069 | 233 |
Tau-equivalent | 0.81 | 307.26* (209) | 1.47 | 0.893 | 0.882 | 0.041 | 0.031 - 0.051 | 0.074 | 218 |
Parallel | 0.85 | 465.46* (229) | 2.03 | 0.838 | 0.837 | 0.061 | 0.053 - 0.069 | 0.083 | 157 |
Girls
| |||||||||
Congeneric | 0.90 | 264.79* 189) | 1.40 | 0.920 | 0.902 | 0.036 | 0.025 - 0.045 | 0.062 | 266 |
Tau-equivalent | 0.86 | 315.18* (209) | 1.51 | 0.905 | 0.895 | 0.040 | 0.031 - 0.049 | 0.071 | 245 |
Parallel | 0.88 | 516.22* (229) | 2.25 | 0.844 | 0.843 | 0.063 | 0.056 - 0.070 | 0.079 | 163 |
Convergent-discriminant validity
DEPRESSED | NON-DEPRESSED | Differences | |
---|---|---|---|
BDI-II |
Mean (SD)
|
Mean (SD)
| Mean (99% CI) |
n
|
n
| p values | |
Boys
| 19.09 (8.15) | 12.61 (7.47) | 6.48 (3.92 – 9.04) |
97 | 167 | <0.001 | |
Girls
| 26.67 (10.15) | 14.93 (7.57) | 11.74 (9.07 – 14.41) |
204 | 103 | <0.001 | |
Differences | Mean (99% CI) | Mean (99% CI) | |
p values | p values | ||
7.58 (4.76 – 10.41)
|
2.32 (−0.12 – 4.75)
| ||
<0.001
|
0.014
| ||
RCADS |
Mean (SD)
|
Mean (SD)
|
Mean (99% CI)
|
n
|
n
|
p values
| |
Boys
| 22.15 (7.54) | 17.64 (7.52) | 4.51 (2.00 – 7.02) |
96 | 163 | <0.001 | |
Girls
| 26.81 (8.06) | 18.92 (6.75) | 7.89 (5.62 – 10.16) |
204 | 102 | <0.001 | |
Differences | Mean (99% CI) | Mean (99% CI) | |
p values | p values | ||
4.66 (2.13 – 7.19)
|
1.28 (−1.09 – 3.65)
| ||
<0.001
|
0.162
|
Criterion validity
Cut-off point 13/14* | Cut-off point 16/17 | Cut-off point 19/20 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||||||
Index | Total | Boys | Girls | Total | Boys | Girls | Total | Boys | Girls |
SEN
a
| 87.4 | 72.2 | 94.6 | 78.7 | 55.7 | 89.7 | 64.8 | 44.3 | 74.5 |
(83.5-91.3) | (62.7-81.6) | (91.3-97.9) | (73.9-83.5) | (45.3-66.1) | (85.3-94.1) | (59.2-70.3) | (33.9-54.7) | (68.3-80.7) | |
SPE
b
| 56.3 | 64.1 | 43.7 | 69.6 | 77.8 | 56.3 | 79.6 | 83.2 | 73.8 |
(50.2-62.4) | (56.5-71.6) | (33.6-53.7) | (64.0-75.3) | (71.2-84.4) | (46.2-66.4) | (74.6.6-84.6) | (77.3-89.2) | (64.8-82.8) | |
PPV
c
| 69.0 | 53.8 | 76.9 | 74.3 | 59.3 | 80.3 | 78.0 | 60.6 | 84.9 |
(64.2-73.8) | (44.9-62.8) | (71.5-82.3) | (69.3-79.2) | (48.7-70.0) | (74.9-85.6) | (72.7-83.3) | (48.5-72.6) | (79.4-90.4) | |
NPV
d
| 80.0 | 79.8 | 80.4 | 74.6 | 75.1 | 73.4 | 67.9 | 72.0 | 59.4 |
(74.0-85.9) | (72.7-87.0) | (69.1-91.7) | (69.0-80.2) | (68.4-81.9) | (63.0-83.8) | (61.7-72.3) | (65.4-78.6) | (50.5-68.3) | |
YI
e
| 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.48 |
(0.37-0.51) | (0.25-0.48) | (0.28-0.48) | (0.41-0.56) | (0.22-0.45) | (0.36-0.56) | (0.38-0.52) | (0.16-0.39) | (0.38-0.59) |