Background
Methods
Study setting
Data collection
Coding the cause of death
Variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline Characteristics | Entire cohort | AIDS-related mortality | Non-AIDS-related mortality | All-cause mortality |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1160 (100)* | 251 (21.6) | 140 (12.1) | 391 (33.7) |
Gender | ||||
Men | 857 (73.9) | 215 (25.1) | 136 (15.9) | 351 (41.0) |
Women | 303 (26.1) | 36 (11.9) | 4 (1.3) | 40 (13.2) |
Age | ||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 34 (29–40) | 36 (30–43) | 35 (30–41) | 35 (30–42) |
< 30 | 309 (26.6) | 55 (17.8) | 34 (11.0) | 89 (28.8) |
30–39 | 545 (47.0) | 108 (19.8) | 61 (11.2) | 169 (31.0) |
> =40 | 306 (26.4) | 88 (28.8) | 45 (14.7) | 133 (43.5) |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 526 (45.3) | 101 (19.2) | 48 (9.1) | 149 (28.3) |
Single | 303 (26.2) | 81(26.7) | 50 (16.5) | 131 (43.2) |
Widowed/divorced | 331 (28.5) | 69 (20.8) | 42 (12.7) | 111 (3.4) |
Education | ||||
Less than secondary | 403 (34.7) | 93 (23.0) | 50 (12.4) | 143 (35.5) |
Secondary or more | 757 (65.3) | 158 (20.8) | 90 (11.8) | 237 (31.3) |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 549 (47.3) | 112 (20.4) | 77 (14.0) | 189 (34.4) |
Unemployed | 611 (52.7) | 139 (22.7) | 63 (10.3) | 202 (33.1) |
Incarceration history | ||||
No | 392 (33.8) | 48 (12.2) | 10 (2.6) | 58 (14.8) |
Yes | 768 (66.2) | 203 (26.4) | 130 (16.9) | 333 (43.4) |
Mode of HIV transmission | ||||
Sexual | 344 (29.7) | 46 (13.4) | 9 (2.6) | 55 (16.0) |
Injection drug use | 733 (63.2) | 185(25.2) | 123 (16.8) | 308 (42.0) |
Othersa | 83 (7.1) | 20 (24.1) | 8 (9.6) | 28(33.7) |
CD4 count Median (Q1, Q3) | 215 (102,352) | 238 (127,254) | 133 (63,260) | 163 (78,300) |
Year HIV was diagnosed | ||||
Before 2011 | 712 (61.4) | 46 (6.4) | 35 (4.9) | 81 (11.3) |
2011–2014 | 306 (26.4) | 145 (47.3) | 69 (22.5) | 214 (69.8) |
2015–2017 | 142 (12.2) | 60 (42.2) | 36 (25.3) | 96(67.5) |
Covariates measured at follow-up | ||||
Drug use status | ||||
No drug use | 307 (26.5) | 36 (11.7) | 5 (1.6) | 41 (16.0) |
On methadone therapy | 568 (49.0) | 101 (17.8) | 65 (11.4) | 166 (42.0) |
Drug users | 258 (24.5) | 114 (44.2) | 70 (27.1) | 184 (33.7) |
Linkage to HIV care | ||||
No | 219 (18.9) | 124 (56.6) | 72 (32.9) | 196 (89.5) |
Yes | 941(81.1) | 127 (13.5) | 68 (7.2) | 195 (20.7) |
Responded HAART 6 month after initiationb | ||||
No | 392 (33.8) | 239 (61) | 97 (24.7) | 232 (59.2) |
Yes | 768 (66.2) | 12 (1.6) | 43 (5.6) | 159 (20.7) |
Late HIV diagnosis | ||||
No | 629 (54.2) | 136 (21.6) | 96 (15.3) | 232 (36.9) |
Yes | 531 (45.8) | 115 (21.7) | 44 (8.3) | 159 (29.9) |
TB status | ||||
Negative | 1048 (90.3) | 205 (19.6) | 123 (11.7) | 328 (31.3) |
Positive | 112 (9.7) | 46 (41.0) | 17 (15.2) | 63 (56.3) |
PCP prophylaxis | ||||
No | 480 (41.4) | 108 (22.5) | 77 (16.0) | 185 (38.5) |
Yes | 680 (58.6) | 143 (21) | 63 (9.3) | 206 (30.3) |
HCV positive co-infection | ||||
Negative | 500 (43.1) | 116 (23.2) | 33 (6.6) | 149 (29.8) |
Positive | 660 (56.9) | 135 (20.5) | 107 (16.2) | 242 (36.7) |
HBV positive co-infection | ||||
Negative | 1078 (92.9) | 231 (21.4) | 127 (11.8) | 358 (33.2) |
Positive | 82 (7.1) | 20 (24.4) | 13 (15.9) | 33 (40.2) |
Last clinical stage | ||||
1,2 | 832 (71.7) | 24 (2.9) | 91 (10.9) | 115 (13.8) |
3,4 | 328 (28.3) | 227 (69.2) | 49 (14.9) | 276 (84.1) |
Non-AIDS-Related Death (NARD) | AIDS-Related Death (ARD) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancerc | Other diseasesb | CVD | Hepatic/liver-related | External deatha | Other diseasesb | Cancerc | Opportunistic | |
Number of deaths | 6 (4%) | 10 (8%) | 12 (9%) | 34 (24%) | 78 (55%) | 2 (1%) | 8 (3%) | 241 (96%) |
Baseline Characteristics | AIDS-related mortality | None-AIDS | All-cause mortality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality rate (1000 person month) (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Mortality rate (1000 person month) (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Mortality rate (1000 person month) (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
Overall | 3.2(2.9,3.7) | – | 4.5(4.1,5) | – | ||
Gender | ||||||
Men | 3.8(3.3,4.3) | 1.09(0.57,2.08) | 2.1(1.7,2.4) | 3.82(1.29,11.36) | 5.3(4.8,5.9) | 1.38(0.81,2.33) |
Women | 1.8(1.3,2.5) | 2(1.5,2.7) | ||||
Age | ||||||
< 30 | 2.2(1.7,2.8) | 3.2(2.6,3.9) | ||||
30–39 | 3(2.5,3.6) | 1.29(0.94,1.77) | 1.5(1.2,2) | 1.25(0.83,1.9) | 4.3(3.7,5) | 1.35(1.04,1.75) |
> =40 | 5.4(4.4,6.7) | 2.08(1.48,2.93) | 2.4(1.8,3.2) | 1.82(1.15,2.87) | 7.1(6,8.4) | 2.36(1.79,3.12) |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 2.8(2.3,3.4) | 3.8(3.2,4.5) | ||||
Single | 4.3(3.4,5.3) | 1.33(0.98,1.81) | 2.3(1.7,3) | 1.43(0.96,2.15) | 6(5,7.1) | 1.46(1.15,1.87) |
Widowed/divorced | 3.1(2.5,4) | 0.99(0.72,1.37) | 1.7(1.2,2.3) | 1.45(0.95,2.2) | 4.4(3.7,5.3) | 1.13(0.88,1.46) |
Education | ||||||
< Secondary | 3.4(2.8,4.2) | 4.6(3.9,5.5) | ||||
> = Secondary | 3.2(2.7,3.7) | 0.99(0.76,1.28) | 1.6(1.3,2) | 1(0.71,1.4) | 4.5(3.9,5.1) | 1.01(0.82,1.24) |
Employment | ||||||
Employed | 2.9(2.4,3.5) | 4.4(3.8,5) | ||||
Unemployed | 3.6(3,4.2) | 1.29(1.05,1.59) | 1.5(1.1,1.9) | 1.06(0.76,1.48) | 4.7(4.1,5.4) | 1.29(1.05,1.59) |
Incarceration history | ||||||
No | 1.8(1.4,2.4) | 2.2(1.7,2.8) | ||||
Yes | 4(3.4,4.5) | 1.69(0.97,2.94) | 2.2(1.8,2.6) | 2.01(0.92,4.35) | 5.6(5,6.2) | 1.85(1.19,2.85) |
Mode of HIV transmission | ||||||
Sexual | 2(1.5,2.7) | 2.4(1.8,3.1) | ||||
Injection drug use | 3.7(3.2,4.3) | 0.89(0.52,1.53) | 2.1(1.8,2.5) | 1.64(0.79,3.41) | 5.3(4.8,6) | 1.12(0.74,1.69) |
Others | 4(2.6,6.2) | 1.3(0.68,2.48) | 1.5(0.7,3) | 1.76(0.67,4.58) | 5.2(3.6,7.5) | 1.56(0.94,2.58) |
CD4 count | ||||||
< 200 | 4.6(4,5.4) | 4.81(2.28,10.15) | 1.7(1.4,2.2) | 1.1(0.75,1.62) | 6.4(5.6,7.3) | 2.34(1.46,3.74) |
200–350 | 2.2(1.7,2.8) | 2.48(1.15,5.35) | 1.6(1.2,2.1) | 1.18(0.74,1.9) | 3.8(3.1,4.6) | 1.48(0.91,2.43) |
350–500 | 1.3(0.8,2) | 1.53(0.66,3.55) | 1.5(1,2.3) | 1.3(0.7,2.44) | 2.8(2.1,3.8) | 1.18(0.69,2.03) |
> 500 | 0.8(0.4,1.7) |
AIDS-related mortality | Non-AIDS-related mortality | All-cause mortality | |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at diagnosis | Adjusted SHR (95% CI) | Adjusted SHR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Gender (men vs. women) | 3.57 (1.16,11) | ||
Increased age | 1.02 (1.00,1.04) | 1.04 (1.02,1.05) | |
Incarceration history | 2.14 (1.04,4.41) | 1.69 (1.26,2.26) | |
Increased CD4 count | 0.998 (0.997,0.999) | 0.999 (0.998,0.999) | |
Covariates measured at follow-up | |||
Responded HAART 6 months after initiation | 0.09 (0.04,0.20) | 0.14 (0.09,0.23) | 0.05 (0.04,0.07) |
Late HIV diagnosis | 2.84 (2.12,3.80) | 4.05 (3.20,5.12) | |
Receiving PCP prophylaxis | 0.33 (0.22,0.51) | 0.64 (0.46,0.89) | 0.43 (0.35,0.54) |
HIV Clinical stage (3,4 vs. 1,2) | 7.40 (3.89,14.07) | 0.24 )0.15,0.38) |