Background
Methods
Study participants
Blood, vascular and CT measurements
Statistical analyses
Results
All subjects (n=153) | GOLD II (n=101) | GOLD III/IV (n=52) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.2 (8.2) | 63.4 (8.7) | 63.1 (7.2) | 0.86 |
Male, n (%) | 83 (55%) | 56 (56%) | 27 (52%) | 0.63 |
Race, Caucasian, n (%) | 140 (92%) | 92 (91%) | 49 (94%) | 0.67 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (4.8) | 27.6 (4.7) | 25.5 (4.7) | 0.01 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 77 (49%) | 50 (50%) | 25 (48%) | 0.82 |
Total pack-years | 56.5 (29.4) | 56.2 (27) | 57.1 (33.8) | 0.87 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 55.4 (15.2) | 64.8 (7.5) | 37.4 (8.4) | <0.001 |
FEV1 (L) | 1.62 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.52) | 1.08 (0.29) | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.55 (0.11) | 0.59 (0.08) | 0.53 (0.09) | <0.001 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 46 (30%) | 32 (32%) | 14 (27%) | 0.52 |
Diabetes mellitus,n (%) | 45 (30%) | 30 (30%) | 15 (29%) | 0.88 |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 6 (4%) | 5 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 0.67 |
Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 13 (9%) | 11 (11%) | 2 (4%) | 0.22 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 53 (35%) | 39 (39%) | 14 (27%) | 0.16 |
Systolic BP | 127.6 (17.1) | 128.8 (17) | 125.3 (17.3) | 0.24 |
Temperature (°C) | 36.5 (0.3) | 36.5 (0.3) | 36.5 (0.4) | 0.50 |
TAC | 3556.8 (6156.9) | 3923.2 (7919.4) | 2852.0 (3616.1) | 0.31 |
CAC | 741.2 (1061.4) | 789.6 (1094.9) | 648.1 (997.3) | 0.44 |
aPWV (m/s) | 9.98 (2.85) | 10.14 (2.88) | 9.69 (2.79) | 0.37 |
% CT emphysema | 8.93 (11.39) | 5.63 (7.32) | 15.28 (14.76) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.81 (1.1) | 4.73 (1.12) | 4.94 (1.04) | 0.24 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.59 (0.97) | 2.53 (0.92) | 2.71 (1.07) | 0.28 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.45 (0.53) | 1.38 (0.49) | 1.59 (0.58) | 0.03 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 4.59 (7.0) | 5.05 (8.16) | 3.70 (3.73) | 0.27 |
Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.85 (1.4) | 6.05 (1.53) | 5.44 (0.95) | 0.01 |
Regression co-efficient beta (95% confidence interval) | p value | |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.1 (0.04 – 0.17) | 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.04 (0.02 – 0.07) | 0.001 |
Temperature (°C) | 1.17 (0. 534 – 3.02) | 0.006 |
Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 0.47 (0.15 – 0.78) | 0.004 |
Pack-years | 0.012 (−0.002 – 0.027) | 0.09 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.90 (−0.029 – 1.829) | 0.06 |
logTAC | 0.18 (−0.12 – 0.47) | 0.24 |
logCAC | −0.23 (−0.50 – 0.03) | 0.08 |
Quartile 1 (4.1 – 8.04 m/s) n = 38 | Quartile 2 (8.05 – 9.69 m/s) n = 36 | Quartile 3 (9.7 – 11.74 m/s) n = 41 | Quartile 4 (>11.75 m/s) n = 38 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) ¥ | 59.4 (7.2) | 61.7 (6.9) | 63.6 (7.7)* | 68.1 (8.4)** |
Male, n (%) | 20 (53) | 17 (47) | 22 (54) | 24 (63) |
Race, Caucasian, n (%) | 34 (89) | 33 (92) | 39 (95) | 36 (95) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 (4.8) | 27.2 (4.9) | 26.1 (4.6) | 28.0 (4.7) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 13 (34) | 18 (50) | 20 (49) | 26 (68)* |
Total pack-years | 55.32 (29.81) | 48.75 (23.67) | 55.56 (20.59) | 66.92 (38.69) |
FEV1 (%predicted) | 52.99 (15.17) | 59.56 (13.43) | 55.18 (15.36) | 54.26 (15.97) |
FEV1 (L) | 1.61 (0.62) | 1.76 (0.62) | 1.60 (0.58) | 1.54 (0.57) |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 10 (26) | 8 (22) | 14 (34) | 21 (55)* |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 8 (21) | 11 (31) | 10 (24) | 17 (45) |
Heart Rate (per minute) | 69.6 (10.3) | 69.1 (11.1) | 68.5 (13.4) | 71.2 (8.8) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ¥ | 120.5 (17.3) | 125.9 (14.1) | 128.8 (17.2)* | 134.7 (16.8)** |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.9 (10.1) | 78.1 (11.1) | 75.7 (8.3) | 78.6 (9.3) |
Log TAC | 6.28 (2.16) | 6.17 (2.17) | 7.20 (1.97)* | 7.64 (1.31)** |
Log CAC | 5.43 (1.80) | 5.10 (2.44) | 5.71 (1.97) | 5.66 (2.05) |
aPWV (m/s) | 6.7 (1.1) | 8.8 (0.4) | 10.6 (0.5) | 13.7 (2.1) |
%emphysema on CT | 7.2 (9.1) | 6.6 (9.3) | 11.1 (14.1) | 10.3 (11.7) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.56 (1.04) | 2.66 (0.98) | 2.61 (0.93) | 2.60 (1.03) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.42 (0.53) | 1.51 (0.68) | 1.52 (0.47) | 1.35 (0.41) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.75 (0.97) | 4.86 (1.10) | 4.93 (1.18) | 4.70 (1.16) |
Log hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.95 (0.88) | 0.76 (0.95) | 1.08 (1.02) | 1.28 (1.12) |
Log fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 1.10 (0.21) | 0.98 (0.28)* | 1.07 (0.29) | 1.08 (0.20) |
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
---|---|---|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.11 (1.03 – 1.19)** | 1.12 (1.01 – 1.21)* |
High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.32 (0.14 – 0.72)** | - |
Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.53 (0.36 – 0.78)** | - |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.53 (0.37 – 0.75)** | - |
logCAC | 1.43 (1.16 – 1.76)** | 1.40 (1.11 – 1.76)** |
Cholesterol lowering medications | 0.30 (0.15 – 0.61)** | 0.30 (0.12 – 0.71)** |
aPWV (m/s) | 3.46 (1.32 – 9.07)* | 3.02 (0.94 – 9.77) |