Background
Methods
Subjects
Parameter | Female | Male |
---|---|---|
(n = 281) | (n = 257) | |
Age (y) | 38.9 ± 5.0 | 38.2 ± 5.1 |
Height (cm) | 166 ± 5.4 | 180 ± 6.4 |
Weight (kg) | 70.5 ± 13.6 | 86.9 ± 14.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 5.1 | 26.9 ± 4.2 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.076 |
SBP (mmHg) | 123 ± 14 | 133 ± 14 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79 ± 9 | 84 ± 11 |
MAP (mmHg) | 99 ± 10 | 101 ± 10 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.69 | 5.5 ± 0.68 |
Fasting Insulin (mmol/L) | 8.6 ± 7.0 | 9.3 ± 10.9 |
PAI | 8.8 ± 1.8 | 8.7 ± 2.0 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 80.7 ± 5.5 | 78.8 ± 5.9 |
Antihypertensive treatment (%) | 5.0 | 4.3 |
Smoking (%) | 11.0 | 15.2 |
Clinical characteristics and risk factors
Cycle ergometry, spirometry and gas measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Determinants of peak aerobic capacity, SBP, DBP, MAP, CP and ECP
Parameter | Female (n = 281) | Male (n = 257) |
---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
VO2 (mL/min) | 1840 ± 458 | 3000 ± 632 |
VO2/kg (mL/kg/min) | 26.5 ± 6.9 | 35.0 ± 7.8 |
SBP (mmHg) | 189 ± 23 | 215 ± 24 |
DBP (mmHg) | 91 ± 13 | 93 ± 13 |
MAP (mmHg) | 124 ± 14 | 134 ± 15 |
CPSBP (mL/min/kg×mmHg) | 4990 ± 1330 | 7490 ± 1780 |
CPMAP (mL/min/kg×mmHg) | 3260 ± 855 | 4630 ± 988 |
ECPWasserman (%mmHg) | 19100 ± 5080 | 20500 ± 4920 |
ECPKoch (%mmHg) | 18800 ± 4900 | 21400 ± 4930 |
ECPJones (%mmHg) | 18750 ± 5470 | 20500 ± 4820 |
VO2/SBP (mL/min/mmHg) | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 14.1 ± 3.3 |
VO2 (% predicted)Wasserman
| 101 ± 24.6 | 96.0 ± 21.1 |
VO2 (% predicted)Koch
| 99.6 ± 24.0 | 100 ± 20.9 |
WR (W) | 163 ± 28.9 | 261 ± 47.4 |
WR (% predicted) | 119 ± 22.7 | 113 ± 18.9 |
Parameter | VO2, | SBP | DBP | MAP | CPSBP
| CPMAP
| ECPWasserman
| ECPKoch
| ECPJones
| VO2/SBP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | |
Sex | 675 ± 77.5‡ | 18.4 ± 3.6‡ | 4.3 ± 2.1* | 9.1 ± 2.2‡ | 2300 ± 235‡ | 1370 ± 140‡ | 237 ± 764 | 1770 ± 764* | 2080 ± 753† | 2.4 ± 0.4‡ |
Age | −5.5 ± 4.5 | 0.8 ± 0.2‡ | 0.5 ± 0.1‡ | 0.6 ± 0.1‡ | 10.2 ± 13.6 | 10.2 ± 8.1 | 238 ± 44.3‡ | 153 ± 44.3‡ | 193 ± 43.7‡ | −0.07 ± 0.03† |
Height | 23.6 ± 3.9‡ | −0.12 ± 0.18 | −0.26 ± 0.11* | −0.23 ± 0.1* | 53.7 ± 11.9‡ | 24.2 ± 7.2‡ | 168 ± 38.6‡ | 117 ± 38.6† | −189 ± 38.0‡ | 0.12 ± 0.02‡ |
Weight | 10.9 ± 2.2‡ | 0.42 ± 0.1‡ | 0.13 ± 0.06* | 0.21 ± 0.06† | −29.4 ± 6.6‡ | −21.0 ± 4.0‡ | −59.7 ± 21.3‡ | −46.5 ± 21.3* | 136 ± 21.0‡ | 0.03 ± 0.01* |
WHR | 32.3 ± 460 | 28.9 ± 21.4 | 9.3 ± 12.6 | 17.2 ± 13.4 | −92 ± 1390 | 531 ± 836 | 1730 ± 4530 | 3100 ± 4530 | 4120 ± 4480 | −0.80 ± 2.6 |
PAI | 78.5 ± 11.6‡ | 0.86 ± 0.54 | −0.25 ± 0.32 | 0.07 ± 0.34 | 224 ± 35.1‡ | 118 ± 21.0‡ | 720 ± 114‡ | 746 ± 114‡ | 708 ± 112‡ | 0.34 ± 0.07‡ |
Smoking | −228 ± 63.2‡ | 0.41 ± 2.9 | 0.52 ± 1.7 | 0.48 ± 1.8 | −619 ± 192† | −389 ± 114‡ | −1790 ± 623† | −1870 ± 623‡ | −1710 ± 614* | −1.1 ± 0.36† |
Fasting insulin | −9.3 ± 3.1‡ | 0.26 ± 0.15 | 0.19 ± 0.1 | 0.25 ± 0.10* | −17.9 ± 9.5 | −11.4 ± 6.5 | −49.0 ± 30.8 | −53.1 ± 30.8 | −53.0 ± 30.3 | −0.05 ± 0.02† |
Fasting glucose | 26.8 ± 39.6 | −1.1 ± 1.8 | −2.0 ± 1.1 | −1.9 ± 1.2 | 158 ± 120 | 48.9 ± 72.9 | 381 ± 390 | 266 ± 390 | 243 ± 385 | 0.12 ± 0.23 |
AHT | −53.6 ± 96.8 | 2.4 ± 4.5 | 5.2 ± 2.6* | 4.4 ± 2.8 | −54.2 ± 294 | 9.6 ± 175 | −327 ± 954 | −114 ± 954 | −486 ± 940 | −0.39 ± 0.56 |
Whole Model R2
| 67% | 36% | 13% | 26% | 52% | 49% | 21% | 21% | 28% | 49% |
Parameter | Female (n = 281) | Male (n = 257) |
---|---|---|
Mean −2 SD level | Mean −2 SD level | |
SBP (mmHg) | 143 | 168 |
DBP (mmHg) | 65 | 67 |
MAP (mmHg) | 95 | 104 |
CPSBP (mL/min/kg×mmHg) | 2330 | 3930 |
CPMAP (mL/min/kg×mmHg) | 1550 | 2660 |
ECPWasserman (%mmHg) | 8960 | 10700 |
ECPKoch (%mmHg) | 9000 | 11600 |
ECPJones (%mmHg) | 7820 | 10900 |
VO2/SBP (mL/mmHg) | 4.57 | 7.52 |