Introduction
Methods
GERAS study design
Data collection
Cost estimation
Time to institutionalisation
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics | Overall | Mild AD | Moderate AD | MS/S AD | p valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient, n | 1495 | 566 | 472 | 457 | |
Gender, n (%) female | 819 (54.8) | 271 (47.9) | 269 (57.0) | 279 (61.1) | < 0.001 |
Age, mean (SD) | 77.6 (7.7) | 77.3 (6.9) | 77.8 (8.0) | 77.6 (8.1) | 0.934 |
Education, years, mean (SD) | 10.4 (3.2) | 11.1 (3.3) | 10.1 (2.9) | 10.0 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
Time since diagnosis of AD, years, mean (SD) | 2.2 (2.2) | 1.7 (2.0) | 2.1 (2.0) | 3.1 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
Patients with comorbidities, n (%) | 1101 (73.6) | 426 (75.3) | 345 (73.1) | 330 (72.2) | 0.340 |
Number of comorbidities per patient, mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.3) | 0.608 |
MMSE total scoreb, mean (SD) | 17.4 (6.3) | 23.3 (1.6) | 17.9 (1.7) | 9.5 (4.3) | N/A |
ADCS-ADL total scorec, mean (SD) | 46.5 (19.5) | 58.4 (14.2) | 48.3 (15.4) | 29.9 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
Basic ADCS-ADL scored, mean (SD) | 17.3 (5.2) | 19.8 (3.1) | 18.3 (3.8) | 13.2 (6.0) | < 0.001 |
Instrumental ADCS-ADL scoree, mean (SD) | 29.1 (15.2) | 38.5 (11.8) | 29.9 (12.5) | 16.6 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
NPI-12 total scoref, mean (SD) | 15.1 (15.3) | 10.2 (10.7) | 14.3 (12.6) | 22.0 (19.4) | < 0.001 |
Caregiver, n | 1493 | 565 | 472 | 456 | |
Gender, n (%) female | 958 (64.2) | 387 (68.5) | 305 (64.6) | 266 (58.3) | 0.004 |
Age, mean (SD) | 67.3 (12.0) | 68.1 (11.6) | 66.7 (11.7) | 67.0 (12.9) | 0.084 |
Relationship to patient, n (%) | 0.024 | ||||
Spouse | 984 (65.9) | 399 (70.6) | 298 (63.1) | 287 (62.9) | |
Child | 405 (27.1) | 133 (23.5) | 136 (28.8) | 136 (29.8) | |
Other | 104 (7.0) | 33 (5.8) | 38 (8.1) | 33 (7.2) | |
Lives with patient, n (%) | 1135 (76.0) | 429 (75.9) | 341 (72.2) | 365 (80.0) | 0.018 |
Working for pay, n (%) | 355 (23.8) | 133 (23.5) | 120 (25.4) | 102 (22.4) | 0.457 |
Variables | Regression coefficienta | Standard error | 95% confidence limits |
χ
2
| p value | Change in time to institutionalisation, days (months)b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 7.600 | 0.209 | 7.190; 8.010 | 1321.79 | < 0.0001 | – |
MMSE total scorec | 0.034 | 0.009 | 0.016; 0.052 | 13.75 | 0.0002 | − 67 (2.3) |
Instrumental ADCS-ADLc | 0.025 | 0.005 | 0.015; 0.036 | 23.44 | < 0.0001 | − 50 (1.7) |
Basic ADCS-ADLc | − 0.044 | 0.014 | − 0.071; − 0.017 | 10.13 | 0.0015 | + 89 (3.0)d |
NPI-12 total scorec | − 0.015 | 0.003 | − 0.021; − 0.010 | 27.35 | < 0.0001 | − 30 (1.0) |
Spousal caregiver, No (Ref = yes) | − 0.640 | 0.095 | − 0.826; − 0.453 | 45.18 | < 0.0001 | − 944 (31.5) |
Scale | 1.206 | 0.054 | 1.105; 1.317 | – | – | – |
Estimate | Standard error | tValue | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total societal costsa | ||||
Intercept | 3159.677 | 85.466 | 36.97 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation | − 334.025 | 38.541 | − 8.67 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation2 | 18.572 | 4.851 | 3.83 | 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation3 | − 0.434 | 0.174 | − 2.49 | 0.0128 |
Total patient costsa | ||||
Intercept | 1528.964 | 54.984 | 27.81 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation | − 208.529 | 24.522 | − 8.50 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation2 | 12.733 | 3.062 | 4.16 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation3 | − 0.284 | 0.109 | − 2.59 | 0.0095 |
Patient healthcare costsa | ||||
Intercept | 348.306 | 22.813 | 15.27 | < 0.0001 |
Time to institutionalisation | − 14.883 | 6.223 | − 2.39 | 0.0168 |
Time to institutionalisation2 | 0.347 | 0.346 | 1.00 | 0.3155 |