Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and data source
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Outcomes
Predictor variables
Sample size
Missing value processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants
Differences in women with and without sPTB in the training set
Characteristics | Training set (n = 1313) | Validation set (n = 564) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), n (%) | 0.857 | ||
< 35 | 1081 (82.3) | 467 (82.8) | |
≥ 35 | 232 (17.7) | 97 (17.2) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | 0.575 | ||
Normal | 1035 (78.8) | 443 (78.5) | |
Underweight | 136 (10.4) | 63 (11.2) | |
Overweight | 120 (9.14) | 53 (9.40) | |
Obesity | 22 (1.68) | 5 (0.89) | |
Nulliparity, n (%) | 0.277 | ||
No | 258 (19.6) | 98 (17.4) | |
Yes | 1055 (80.4) | 466 (82.6) | |
Chorionicity, n (%) | 0.460 | ||
Dichorionic diamniotic | 1131 (86.1) | 496 (87.9) | |
Monochorionic diamniotic | 179 (13.6) | 68 (12.1) | |
Monochorionic monoamniotic | 3 (0.23) | 0 (0.00) | |
Conception modalities, n (%) | 0.106 | ||
Spontaneous conception | 386 (29.4) | 142 (25.2) | |
IVF | 909 (69.2) | 417 (73.9) | |
Ovulation induction | 18 (1.37) | 5 (0.89) | |
Pre-pregnancy diabetes, n (%) | 0.935 | ||
No | 1252 (95.4) | 539 (95.6) | |
Yes | 61 (4.65) | 25 (4.43) | |
Gestation diabetes, n (%) | 0.310 | ||
No | 963 (73.3) | 427 (75.7) | |
Yes | 350 (26.7) | 137 (24.3) | |
Pre-pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | 0.893 | ||
No | 1272 (96.9) | 545 (96.6) | |
Yes | 41 (3.12) | 19 (3.37) | |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, n (%) | 0.739 | ||
No | 1152 (87.7) | 491 (87.1) | |
Yes | 161 (12.3) | 73 (12.9) | |
Scarred uterus, n (%) | 0.554 | ||
No | 1220 (92.9) | 529 (93.8) | |
Yes | 93 (7.08) | 35 (6.21) | |
Infections, n (%) | 0.620 | ||
No | 1195 (91.0) | 518 (91.8) | |
Yes | 118 (8.99) | 46 (8.16) | |
Cervical incompetence, n (%) | 0.110 | ||
No | 1238 (94.3) | 520 (92.2) | |
Yes | 75 (5.71) | 44 (7.80) | |
Thyroid abnormalities, n (%) | 0.869 | ||
No | 1176 (89.6) | 503 (89.2) | |
Yes | 137 (10.4) | 61 (10.8) | |
Anemia, n (%) | 0.457 | ||
Normal | 1002 (76.3) | 447 (79.3) | |
Mild | 184 (14.0) | 64 (11.3) | |
Moderate | 100 (7.62) | 42 (7.45) | |
Severe | 27 (2.06) | 11 (1.95) | |
Hypoproteinemia, n (%) | 0.727 | ||
No | 1193 (90.9) | 516 (91.5) | |
Yes | 120 (9.14) | 48 (8.51) | |
Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 0.112 | ||
No | 1234 (94.0) | 541 (95.9) | |
Yes | 79 (6.02) | 23 (4.08) |
Characteristics | Control (n = 928) | sPTB (n = 385) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< 35 | 796 (85.8) | 285 (74.0) | |
≥ 35 | 132 (14.2) | 100 (26.0) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Normal | 769 (82.9) | 266 (69.1) | |
Underweight | 77 (8.30) | 59 (15.3) | |
Overweight | 76 (8.19) | 44 (11.4) | |
Obesity | 6 (0.65) | 16 (4.16) | |
Nulliparity, n (%) | 0.045 | ||
No | 196 (21.1) | 62 (16.1) | |
Yes | 732 (78.9) | 323 (83.9) | |
Chorionicity, n (%) | 0.114 | ||
Dichorionic diamniotic | 810 (87.3) | 321 (83.4) | |
Monochorionic diamniotic | 116 (12.5) | 63 (16.4) | |
Monochorionic monoamniotic | 2 (0.22) | 1 (0.26) | |
Conception modalities, n (%) | 0.308 | ||
Spontaneous conception | 264 (28.4) | 122 (31.7) | |
IVF | 653 (70.4) | 256 (66.5) | |
Ovulation induction | 11 (1.19) | 7 (1.82) | |
Pre-pregnancy diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 909 (98.0) | 343 (89.1) | |
Yes | 19 (2.05) | 42 (10.9) | |
Gestation diabetes, n (%) | 0.694 | ||
No | 684 (73.7) | 279 (72.5) | |
Yes | 244 (26.3) | 106 (27.5) | |
Pre-pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
No | 909 (98.0) | 363 (94.3) | |
Yes | 19 (2.05) | 22 (5.71) | |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, n (%) | 0.154 | ||
No | 806 (86.9) | 346 (89.9) | |
Yes | 122 (13.1) | 39 (10.1) | |
Scarred uterus, n (%) | 0.216 | ||
No | 868 (93.5) | 352 (91.4) | |
Yes | 60 (6.47) | 33 (8.57) | |
Infections, n (%) | 0.144 | ||
No | 852 (91.8) | 343 (89.1) | |
Yes | 76 (8.19) | 42 (10.9) | |
Cervical incompetence, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 900 (97.0) | 338 (87.8) | |
Yes | 28 (3.02) | 47 (12.2) | |
Thyroid abnormalities, n (%) | 0.894 | ||
No | 830 (89.4) | 346 (89.9) | |
Yes | 98 (10.6) | 39 (10.1) | |
Anemia, n (%) | 0.069 | ||
Normal | 726 (78.2) | 276 (71.7) | |
Mild | 119 (12.8) | 65 (16.9) | |
Moderate | 67 (7.22) | 33 (8.57) | |
Severe | 16 (1.72) | 11 (2.86) | |
Hypoproteinemia, n (%) | 0.364 | ||
No | 848 (91.4) | 345 (89.6) | |
Yes | 80 (8.62) | 40 (10.4) | |
Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 0.234 | ||
No | 867 (93.4) | 367 (95.3) | |
Yes | 61 (6.57) | 18 (4.68) |
Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of risk factors for sPTB in the training set
Characteristics | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
Age (years), n (%) | ||||
< 35 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
≥ 35 | 2.11 (1.57–2.83) | < 0.001 | 2.28 (1.67–3.13) | < 0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Underweight | 2.22 (1.54–3.20) | < 0.001 | 2.36 (1.60–3.47) | < 0.001 |
Overweight | 1.67 (1.13–2.49) | 0.010 | 1.67 (1.09–2.56) | 0.018 |
Obesity | 7.71 (2.99–19.91) | < 0.001 | 10.45 (3.91–27.87) | < 0.001 |
Nulliparity, n (%) | ||||
Yes | Ref. | Ref. | ||
No | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) | 0.038 | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) | 0.002 |
Chorionicity, n (%) | ||||
Dichorionic diamniotic | Ref. | – | – | |
Monochorionic diamniotic | 1.37 (0.98–1.91) | 0.064 | – | – |
Monochorionic monoamniotic | 1.26 (0.11–13.96) | 0.850 | – | – |
Conception modalities, n (%) | – | |||
IVF | Ref. | – | – | |
Spontaneous conception | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.213 | – | – |
Ovulation induction | 1.62 (0.62–4.23) | 0.322 | – | – |
Pre-pregnancy diabetes, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 5.85 (3.36–10.21) | < 0.001 | 5.81 (3.24–10.39) | < 0.001 |
Gestation diabetes, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 1.07 (0.81–1.39) | 0.644 | – | – |
Pre-pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 2.89 (1.55–5.42) | < 0.001 | 2.79 (1.44–5.41) | 0.002 |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 0.74 (0.51–1.09) | 0.130 | – | – |
Scarred uterus, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 1.36 (0.87–2.11) | 0.177 | – | – |
Infections, n (%) | – | |||
No | Ref. | – | ||
Yes | 1.37 (0.92–2.04) | 0.118 | – | |
Cervical incompetence, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 4.47 (2.75–7.25) | < 0.001 | 5.12 (3.08–8.48) | < 0.001 |
Thyroid abnormalities, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | 0.816 | – | – |
Anemia, n (%) | ||||
Normal | Ref. | – | – | |
Mild | 1.43 (1.03-2.00) | 0.693 | – | – |
Moderate | 1.29 (0.83–2.01) | 0.248 | – | – |
Severe | 1.80 (0.82–3.94) | 0.454 | – | – |
Hypoproteinemia, n (%) | ||||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 1.23 (0.82–1.83) | 0.311 | – | – |
Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | – | |||
No | Ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 0.69 (0.41–1.19) | 0.190 | – | – |
Model performance and validation
Parameters | Training set | Validation set |
---|---|---|
AUC (95%CI) | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.68 (0.64–0.73) |
Accuracy (95%CI) | 0.74 (0.72–0.77) | 0.75 (0.71–0.78) |
Specificity (95%CI) | 0.70 (0.67–0.80) | 0.86 (0.64–0.93) |
Sensitivity (95%CI) | 0.64 (0.54–0.68) | 0.42 (0.33–0.69) |
PPV (95%CI) | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | 0.66 (0.55–0.76) |
NPV (95%CI) | 0.76 (0.73–0.78) | 0.76 (0.72–0.80) |