Background
Methods
Design
Cognitive function
Dietary intake
Diet quality
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Total n = 617 | Men n = 302 | Women n = 315 | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age T1 (years) | 60.2 (3.14) | 60.2 (3.11) | 60.2 (3.17) |
BMI T1 (kg/m2) | 26.6 (4.71) | 27.2 (4.31) | 26.1 (5.00) |
BMI T3 (kg/m2) | 26.5 (4.76) | 27.1 (4.31) | 26.0 (5.09) |
Total physical activity T1 (MET hours/week) | 93.1 (78.9) | 97.2 (82.8) | 89.1 (74.8) |
Total physical activity T3 (MET hours/week) | 93.8 (82.4) | 97.2 (84.5) | 90.6 (80.4) |
Dietary Guideline Index T1 | 87.5 (13.9) | 84.4 (13.9) | 90.5 (13.2) |
Dietary Guideline Index T3 | 88.2 (13.3) | 85.2 (13.5) | 91.1 (12.4) |
Change in Dietary Guideline Index T3-T1 | 0.66 (11.0) | 0.77 (10.3) | 0.55 (11.6) |
Geriatric depression scale T3 | 1.72 (2.30) | 1.71 (2.25) | 1.73 (2.34) |
TICS-M T3 | 37.0 (4.06) Min – 24 Max - 48 | 36.3 (3.86) Min – 24 Max - 48 | 37.6 (4.15) Min – 24 Max - 48 |
Region T1 | N (%) | ||
Urban | 598 (96.9) | 293 (97.0) | 305 (96.8) |
Rural | 19 (3) | 9 (2.98) | 10 (3.17) |
Country of birth | |||
Australia | 472 (76.5) | 221 (73.2) | 251 (79.7) |
UK | 49 (7.94) | 31 (10.26) | 18 (5.71) |
Other | 96 (15.5) | 50 (16.6) | 46 (14.6) |
Relationship status T1 | |||
Married/defacto | 477 (77.4) | 258 (85.4) | 219 (69.6) |
Separated/divorced | 82 (13.3) | 25 (8.28) | 57 (18.2) |
Widowed | 28 (4.55) | 3 (0.99) | 25 (7.96) |
Never married | 29 (4.71) | 16 (5.30) | 13 (4.14) |
Retired T1 | |||
Yes | 215 (35.3) | 87 (29.1) | 128 (41.2) |
No | 395 (64.8) | 212 (70.9) | 183 (58.8) |
Education | |||
Up to 10 years | 136 (22.0) | 51 (16.9) | 85 (27.0) |
12 years/trade/certificate | 204 (33.1) | 116 (38.4) | 88 (27.9) |
University degree | 277 (44.9) | 135 (44.7) | 142 (45.1) |
Smoking status T1 | |||
Never smoked | 346 (56.1) | 154 (51.0) | 192 (60.9) |
Former smoker | 207 (33.6) | 120 (39.7) | 87 (27.6) |
Daily smoker | 64 (10.4) | 28 (9.27) | 36 (11.4) |
History of stroke, n (%) | 18 (2.9) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (2.2) |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 52 (8.4) | 37 (12.3) | 15 (4.8) |
History of heart disease, n (%) | 112 (18.2) | 73 (24.2) | 39 (12.4) |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 276 (44.7) | 139 (46.0) | 137 (43.5) |
Associations between past (2010) diet intake and cognitive function
Total (n = 617) | Men (n = 302) | Women (n = 315) | |
---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
DGI-2013 | |||
Crude | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05)* | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.04) |
Adjusted | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) |
Dietary variety | |||
Crude | 0.41 (0.14, 0.67)** | 0.37 (− 0.04, 0.77) | 0.30 (− 0.04, 0.65) |
Adjusted | 0.28 (0.03, 0.52)* | 0.31 (− 0.04, 0.65) | 0.26 (− 0.06, 0.59) |
Vegetable serves | |||
Crude | 0.27 (−0.01, 0.56) | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.38) | 0.20 (− 0.27, 0.68) |
Adjusted | 0.20 (−0.08, 0.47) | 0.20 (− 0.08, 0.48) | 0.27 (− 0.20, 0.74) |
Fruit serves | |||
Crude | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.25) | 0.05 (−0.29, 0.39) | − 0.16 (− 0.52, 0.20) |
Adjusted | −0.06 (− 0.28, 0.17) | 0.07 (− 0.24, 0.38) | − 0.16 (− 0.53, 0.21) |
Grain foods serves | |||
Crude | −0.07 (− 0.40, 0.26) | 0.07 (− 0.22, 0.36) | −0.08 (− 0.55, 0.40) |
Adjusted | − 0.05 (− 0.34, 0.25) | 0.03 (− 0.26, 0.32) | − 0.17 (− 0.59, 0.25) |
Wholegrain bread | |||
Crude | |||
“I don’t eat bread/white bread” | ref | ref | ref |
“high fibre white/multigrain/other” | 1.31 (0.37, 2.26)** | 0.60 (− 0.44, 1.64) | 1.92 (0.35, 3.49)* |
“Wholemeal/rye” | 0.28 (−0.77, 1.33) | − 0.76 (−2.06, 0.54) | 1.52 (0.09, 2.95)* |
Adjusted | n = 311 | ||
“I don’t eat bread/white bread” | ref | ref | refa |
“high fibre white/multigrain/other” | 0.87 (−0.05, 1.79) | 0.46 (− 0.54, 1.47) | 1.29 (− 0.08, 2.66) |
“Wholemeal/rye” | − 0.03 (− 1.06, 1.00) | − 0.79 (− 2.11, 0.53) | 0.95 (− 0.44, 2.34) |
Meat and alternatives serves | |||
Crude | 0.17 (− 0.15, 0.49) | 0.23 (− 0.14, 0.60) | 0.05 (− 0.29, 0.39) |
Adjusted | 0.03 (− 0.27, 0.34) | 0.17 (− 0.17, 0.52) | − 0.03 (− 0.38, 0.31) |
Dairy serves | |||
Crude | 0.18 (− 0.06, 0.43) | 0.13 (− 0.26, 0.52) | 0.18 (− 0.23, 0.59) |
Adjusted | 0.18 (− 0.06, 0.43) | 0.11 (− 0.26, 0.47) | 0.18 (− 0.21, 0.57) |
Fluid serves | |||
Crude | 0.08 (− 0.00, 0.16) | 0.11 (− 0.02, 0.24) | − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.12) |
Adjusted | 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.09) | 0.06 (− 0.09, 0.20) | − 0.03 (− 0.15, 0.09) |
Discretionary foods serves | |||
Crude | −0.04 (− 0.14, 0.07) | 0.08 (− 0.04, 0.20) | − 0.03 (− 0.19, 0.14) |
Adjusted | 0.04 (− 0.06, 0.13) | 0.07 (− 0.05, 0.19) | −0.01 (− 0.17, 0.14) |
Trimming fat from meat | |||
Crude | |||
“Never/rarely” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.43 (− 1.29, 2.15) | 0.37 (− 1.71, 2.44) | 0.18 (−3.31, 3.67) |
“Usually/always/I don’t eat meat” | 1.11 (−0.50, 2.72) | 0.64 (− 1.26, 2.55) | 0.97 (− 1.93, 3.86) |
Adjusted | |||
“Never/rarely” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | −0.08 (−1.59, 1.42) | − 0.02 (−2.08, 2.04) | − 0.34 (−3.76, 3.07) |
“Usually/always/I don’t eat meat” | 0.37 (− 1.06, 1.81) | 0.36 (− 1.53, 2.24) | 0.34 (− 2.34, 3.02) |
Type of milk drunk | |||
Crude | |||
“Whole” | ref | ref | ref |
“Don’t know/soy” | 0.20 (−1.34, 1.74) | −0.85 (−3.04, 1.34) | 0.16 (−2.08, 2.41) |
“I don’t drink milk/low fat/skim” | 0.27 (−0.50, 1.04) | −0.16 (−1.06, 0.75) | 0.33 (− 1.13, 1.80) |
Adjusted | |||
“Whole” | ref | ref | ref |
“Don’t know/soy” | −0.67 (−1.89, 0.54) | −1.00 (−3.34, 1.33) | −0.52 (−2.39, 1.35) |
“I don’t drink milk/low fat/skim” | −0.20 (− 0.99, 0.59) | −0.14 (− 1.01, 0.72) | −0.27 (− 1.80, 1.26) |
Unsaturated fat oils and spreads serves | |||
Crude | 0.31 (−0.03, 0.65) | 0.34 (−0.01, 0.70) | 0.26 (− 0.14, 0.65) |
Adjusted | 0.19 (−0.15, 0.53) | 0.26 (− 0.09, 0.60) | 0.14 (− 0.28, 0.55) |
Salt added after cooking | |||
Crude | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.50 (−0.19, 1.18) | − 0.22 (−1.18, 0.73) | 1.14 (0.26, 2.02)* |
“Usually” | −0.05 (−1.02, 0.92) | − 0.64 (−2.00, 0.73) | 0.75 (− 0.29, 1.79) |
Adjusted | n = 606 | n = 310 | |
“Never” | refa | ref | refa |
“Sometimes” | 0.34 (−0.23, 0.91) | 0.05 (− 0.99, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.25, 1.71)* |
“Usually” | 0.23 (−0.72, 1.19) | −0.18 (−1.58, 1.23) | 0.63 (− 0.23, 1.49) |
Salt added during cooking | |||
Crude | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.08 (− 0.61, 0.76) | 0.44 (−0.60, 1.48) | − 0.11 (−1.22, 0.99) |
“Usually” | −1.06 (−2.21, 0.09) | − 1.35 (− 2.82, 0.12) | −0.64 (− 2.23, 0.94) |
“Don’t know” | −2.23 (−4.78, 0.32) | −1.52 (−4.04, 0.99) | n/a |
Adjusted | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.12 (−0.54, 0.78) | 0.26 (− 0.76, 1.28) | 0.01 (−1.11, 1.14) |
“Usually” | −0.91 (−1.96, 0.14) | −1.26 (−2.72, 0.21) | −0.49 (− 1.96, 0.97) |
“Don’t know” | −1.60 (−4.31, 1.12) | −1.51 (− 4.45, 1.44) | n/a |
High sugar food serves | |||
Crude | −0.29 (− 0.52, − 0.06) | −0.17 (− 0.41, 0.06) | −0.25 (− 0.91, 0.40) |
Adjusted | − 0.16 (− 0.35, 0.04) | −0.15 (− 0.36, 0.05) | −0.17 (− 0.73, 0.39) |
Alcohol serves | |||
Crude | 0.10 (−0.13, 0.34) | 0.22 (0.01, 0.44)* | 0.36 (−0.23, 0.94) |
Adjusted | 0.23 (− 0.01, 0.46) | 0.22 (−0.04, 0.47) | 0.27 (− 0.24, 0.78) |
Associations between recent (2014) dietary intake and cognitive function
Total (n = 617) | Men (n = 302) | Women (n = 315) | |
---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
DGI-2013 | |||
Crude | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05)* | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08)** | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) |
Adjusted | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07)* | − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03) |
Dietary variety | |||
Crude | 0.06 (− 0.20, 0.33) | 0.09 (− 0.24, 0.42) | − 0.09 (− 0.44, 0.27) |
Adjusted | 0.02 (− 0.21, 0.24) | 0.09 (− 0.17, 0.35) | − 0.05 (− 0.36, 0.26) |
Vegetable serves | |||
Crude | 0.33 (0.09, 0.57)* | 0.23 (− 0.06, 0.52) | 0.22 (− 0.15, 0.58) |
Adjusted | 0.21 (− 0.01, 0.43) | 0.23 (− 0.04, 0.51) | 0.21 (− 0.13, 0.55) |
Fruit serves | |||
Crude | 0.07 (− 0.15, 0.30) | 0.09 (− 0.20, 0.39) | − 0.16 (− 0.75, 0.42) |
Adjusted | − 0.03 (− 0.28, 0.21) | 0.11 (− 0.17, 0.40) | − 0.20 (− 0.75, 0.35) |
Grain foods serves | |||
Crude | −0.24 (− 0.52, 0.04) | 0.21 (− 0.02, 0.44) | − 0.58 (− 1.00, − 0.16)** |
Adjusted | −0.18 (− 0.46, 0.09) | 0.12 (− 0.11, 0.34) | n = 305a − 0.29 (− 0.74, 0.15) |
Wholegrain bread | |||
Crude | |||
“I don’t eat bread/white bread” | ref | ref | ref |
“high fibre white/multigrain/other” | 1.52 (0.53, 2.51)** | 1.28 (0.35, 2.22)** | 1.69 (− 0.05, 3.43) |
“Wholemeal/rye” | 1.26 (0.26, 2.27)* | 0.47 (− 0.90, 1.83) | 2.15 (0.63, 3.66)** |
Adjusted | |||
“I don’t eat bread/white bread” | n = 605 refa | n = 294 refa | ref |
“high fibre white/multigrain/other” | 1.32 (0.42, 2.23)* | 1.06 (−0.01, 2.12) | 1.35 (− 0.36, 3.06) |
“Wholemeal/rye” | 0.83 (−0.12, 1.79) | 0.47 (− 0.75, 1.70) | 1.25 (− 0.18, 2.69) |
Meat and alternatives serves | |||
Crude | 0.16 (− 0.16, 0.48) | 0.11 (−0.26, 0.49) | 0.13 (− 0.33, 0.59) |
Adjusted | 0.11 (− 0.15, 0.38) | 0.12 (− 0.21, 0.46) | 0.11 (− 0.27, 0.50) |
Dairy serves | |||
Crude | 0.11 (− 0.05, 0.27) | 0.29 (0.04, 0.53) | − 0.08 (− 0.37, 0.21) |
Adjusted | 0.12 (− 0.06, 0.30) | 0.24 (− 0.01, 0.48) | 0.03 (− 0.32, 0.37) |
Fluid serves | |||
Crude | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.20) | 0.20 (0.09, 0.31)** | −0.06 (− 0.24, 0.12) |
Adjusted | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27)* | −0.01 (− 0.20, 0.18) |
Discretionary foods serves | |||
Crude | −0.05 (− 0.20, 0.11) | 0.02 (− 0.11, 0.15) | 0.07 (− 0.24, 0.38) |
Adjusted | 0.06 (− 0.10, 0.22) | 0.06 (− 0.07, 0.19) | 0.07 (− 0.25, 0.38) |
Trimming fat from meat | |||
Crude | |||
“Never/rarely” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.48 (−0.87, 1.83) | 0.77 (− 0.58, 2.12) | − 0.02 (−2.60, 2.55) |
“Usually/always/I don’t eat meat” | 0.74 (− 0.21, 1.68) | 0.25 (− 0.85, 1.36) | 0.87 (− 0.31, 2.04) |
Adjusted | |||
“Never/rarely” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.77 (−0.60, 2.13) | 1.18 (− 0.18, 2.53) | − 0.01 (−2.60, 2.58) |
“Usually/always/I don’t eat meat” | 0.38 (− 0.30, 1.06) | 0.28 (− 0.63, 1.19) | 0.48 (− 0.71, 1.68) |
Type of milk drunk | |||
Crude | |||
“Whole” | ref | ref | ref |
“Don’t know/soy” | −0.37 (−1.66, 0.92) | − 0.76 (−2.54, 1.02) | −0.94 (− 2.86, 0.98) |
“I don’t drink milk/low fat/skim” | 0.52 (− 0.14, 1.18) | 0.50 (− 0.39, 1.38) | 0.17 (− 0.89, 1.23) |
Adjusted | |||
“Whole” | ref | ref | ref |
“Don’t know/soy” | −0.90 (−2.20, 0.39) | − 0.91 (− 2.45, 0.63) | −0.99 (− 2.85, 0.87) |
“I don’t drink milk/low fat/skim” | 0.23 (− 0.46, 0.92) | 0.48 (− 0.35, 1.31) | −0.03 (− 1.09, 1.03) |
Unsaturated fat oils and spreads serves | |||
Crude | 0.21 (−0.16, 0.58) | −0.04 (− 0.54, 0.46) | 0.61 (0.19, 1.02)** |
Adjusted | 0.16 (−0.16, 0.48) | − 0.05 (− 0.47, 0.37) | n = 314a 0.41 (− 0.02, 0.84) |
Salt added after cooking | |||
Crude | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | −0.03 (− 0.70, 0.65) | −0.52 (−1.50, 0.45) | 0.44 (− 0.58, 1.47) |
“Usually” | − 0.17 (− 1.02, 0.68) | −0.73 (− 2.21, 0.74) | 0.58 (− 0.38, 1.54) |
Adjusted | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | 0.07 (−0.59, 0.73) | −0.27 (−1.29, 0.76) | 0.41 (− 0.58, 1.40) |
“Usually” | 0.11 (− 0.79, 1.00) | −0.32 (− 1.83, 1.18) | 0.54 (− 0.33, 1.41) |
Salt added during cooking | |||
Crude | |||
“Never” | ref | ref | ref |
“Sometimes” | −0.49 (−1.29, 0.32) | − 0.88 (− 1.88, 0.13) | −0.11 (− 1.24, 1.02) |
“Usually” | −1.41 (−2.51, − 0.30)* | −1.95 (−3.12, − 0.78)** | −0.78 (− 2.24, 0.68) |
“Don’t know” | −1.45 (−4.15, 1.25) | −1.03 (− 3.82, 1.76 | n/a |
Adjusted | n = 612 | n = 294 | |
“Never” | refa | refa | ref |
“Sometimes” | −0.49 (−1.14, 0.16) | −0.65 (− 1.48, 0.18) | −0.13 (− 1.26, 0.99) |
“Usually” | −1.12 (−2.04, − 0.19) | −1.37 (− 2.39, − 0.35)* | −0.47 (− 1.70, 0.76) |
“Don’t know” | − 0.93 (− 2.98, 1.13) | −0.91 (− 3.04, 1.21) | n/a |
High sugar food serves | |||
Crude | −0.41 (− 0.83, 0.01) | −0.22 (− 0.60, 0.16) | −0.35 (− 1.55, 0.85) |
Adjusted | − 0.18 (− 0.57, 0.21) | −0.07 (− 0.44, 0.30) | −0.42 (− 1.44, 0.60) |
Alcohol serves | |||
Crude | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.29) | 0.15 (−0.12, 0.43) | 0.42 (− 0.12, 0.96) |
Adjusted | n = 613a 0.14 (−0.117, 0.46) | 0.20 (− 0.14, 0.54) | 0.55 (− 0.11, 1.21) |