Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1/2011

01.01.2011 | Original Article

Domperidone Treatment for Gastroparesis: Demographic and Pharmacogenetic Characterization of Clinical Efficacy and Side-Effects

verfasst von: Henry P. Parkman, Michael R. Jacobs, Anurag Mishra, Jessica A. Hurdle, Priyanka Sachdeva, John P. Gaughan, Evgeny Krynetskiy

Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Domperidone is a useful alternative to metoclopramide for treatment of gastroparesis due to better tolerability. Effectiveness and side-effects from domperidone may be influenced by patient-related factors including polymorphisms in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and domperidone targets.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine if demographic and pharmacogenetic parameters of patients receiving domperidone are associated with response to treatment or side-effects.

Methods

Patients treated with domperidone for gastroparesis provided saliva samples from which DNA was extracted. Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven candidate genes (ABCB1, CYP2D6, DRD2, KCNE1, KCNE2, KCNH2, KCNQ1) were used for genotyping. SNP microarrays were used to assess single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ADRA1A, ADRA1B, and ADRA1D loci.

Results

Forty-eight patients treated with domperidone participated in the study. DNA was successfully obtained from each patient. Age was associated with effectiveness of domperidone (p = 0.0088). Genetic polymorphism in KCNH2 was associated with effectiveness of domperidone (p = 0.041). The efficacious dose was associated with polymorphism in ABCB1 gene (p = 0.0277). The side-effects of domperidone were significantly associated with the SNPs in the promoter region of ADRA1D gene.

Conclusions

Genetic characteristics associated with response to domperidone therapy included polymorphisms in the drug transporter gene ABCB1, the potassium channel KCNH2 gene, and α1D—adrenoceptor ADRA1D gene. Age was associated with a beneficial response to domperidone. If verified in a larger population, this information might be used to help determine which patients with gastroparesis might respond to domperidone and avoid treatment in those who might develop side-effects.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American gastroenterological association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1592–1622.CrossRefPubMed Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American gastroenterological association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1592–1622.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Abell TL, Bernstein RK, Cutts T, et al. Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:263–283.CrossRefPubMed Abell TL, Bernstein RK, Cutts T, et al. Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:263–283.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmad N, Keith-Ferris J, Gooden E, Abell T. Making a case for domperidone in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6:571–576.CrossRefPubMed Ahmad N, Keith-Ferris J, Gooden E, Abell T. Making a case for domperidone in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6:571–576.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Franzese A, Borrelli O, Corrado G, et al. Domperidone is more effective than cisapride in children with diabetic gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:951–957.CrossRefPubMed Franzese A, Borrelli O, Corrado G, et al. Domperidone is more effective than cisapride in children with diabetic gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:951–957.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dumitrascu DL, Weinbeck M. Domperidone versus metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:316–317.CrossRefPubMed Dumitrascu DL, Weinbeck M. Domperidone versus metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:316–317.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadee W, Dai Z. Pharmacogenetics/genomics and personalized medicine. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14 Spec No. 2:R207–R214. Sadee W, Dai Z. Pharmacogenetics/genomics and personalized medicine. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14 Spec No. 2:R207–R214.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward BA, Morocho A, Kandil A, Galinsky RE, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing domperidone N-dealkylation and hydroxylation in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:277–287.CrossRefPubMed Ward BA, Morocho A, Kandil A, Galinsky RE, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing domperidone N-dealkylation and hydroxylation in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:277–287.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakaeda T, Nakamura T, Okumura K. MDR1 genotype-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25:1391–1400.CrossRefPubMed Sakaeda T, Nakamura T, Okumura K. MDR1 genotype-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25:1391–1400.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Schinkel AH. The roles of P-glycoprotein and MRP1 in the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;500:365–372.PubMed Schinkel AH. The roles of P-glycoprotein and MRP1 in the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;500:365–372.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:720–723.CrossRefPubMed Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:720–723.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeufer A, Jalilzadeh S, Perz S, et al. Common variants in myocardial ion channel genes modify the QT interval in the general population: results from the KORA study. Circ Res. 2005;96:693–701.CrossRefPubMed Pfeufer A, Jalilzadeh S, Perz S, et al. Common variants in myocardial ion channel genes modify the QT interval in the general population: results from the KORA study. Circ Res. 2005;96:693–701.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1456–1462.CrossRefPubMed Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1456–1462.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Abell TL, Camilleri M, Donohoe K, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy. A joint report of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:753–763.CrossRefPubMed Abell TL, Camilleri M, Donohoe K, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy. A joint report of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:753–763.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Maranki JL, Lytes V, Meilahn JE, et al. Predictive factors for clinical improvement with Enterra gastric electric stimulation treatment for refractory gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):2072–2078.CrossRefPubMed Maranki JL, Lytes V, Meilahn JE, et al. Predictive factors for clinical improvement with Enterra gastric electric stimulation treatment for refractory gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):2072–2078.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Krynetskiy E, McDonald O, Dervieux T, Evans W. Molecular diagnostics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency in cancer drug therapy. In: Wong SHY, Linder MW, Valdes R, eds. Pharmacogenomics and proteomics. Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2006:251–258. Krynetskiy E, McDonald O, Dervieux T, Evans W. Molecular diagnostics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency in cancer drug therapy. In: Wong SHY, Linder MW, Valdes R, eds. Pharmacogenomics and proteomics. Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2006:251–258.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu K, Muse SV. PowerMarker: an integrated analysis environment for genetic marker analysis. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:2128–2129.CrossRefPubMed Liu K, Muse SV. PowerMarker: an integrated analysis environment for genetic marker analysis. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:2128–2129.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Uchida H, Mamo DC. Dosing of antipsychotics in schizophrenia across the life-spectrum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(6):917–920.CrossRefPubMed Uchida H, Mamo DC. Dosing of antipsychotics in schizophrenia across the life-spectrum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(6):917–920.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Warmke JW, Ganetzky B. A family of potassium channel genes related to eag in Drosophila and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91(8):3438–3442.CrossRefPubMed Warmke JW, Ganetzky B. A family of potassium channel genes related to eag in Drosophila and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91(8):3438–3442.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ackerman MJ, Tester DJ, Jones GS, Will ML, Burrow CR, Curran ME. Ethnic differences in cardiac potassium channel variants: implications for genetic susceptibility to sudden cardiac death and genetic testing for congenital long QT syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(12):1479–1487.CrossRefPubMed Ackerman MJ, Tester DJ, Jones GS, Will ML, Burrow CR, Curran ME. Ethnic differences in cardiac potassium channel variants: implications for genetic susceptibility to sudden cardiac death and genetic testing for congenital long QT syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(12):1479–1487.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun Z, Milos PM, Thompson JF, et al. Role of a KCNH2 polymorphism (R1047 L) in dofetilide-induced torsades de pointes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004;37(5):1031–1039.CrossRefPubMed Sun Z, Milos PM, Thompson JF, et al. Role of a KCNH2 polymorphism (R1047 L) in dofetilide-induced torsades de pointes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004;37(5):1031–1039.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Redfern WS, Carlsson L, Davis AS, et al. Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;58(1):32–45.CrossRefPubMed Redfern WS, Carlsson L, Davis AS, et al. Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;58(1):32–45.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26(5):720–723.CrossRefPubMed Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26(5):720–723.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Stork D, Timin EN, Berjukow S, et al. State dependent dissociation of HERG channel inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151(8):1368–1376.CrossRefPubMed Stork D, Timin EN, Berjukow S, et al. State dependent dissociation of HERG channel inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151(8):1368–1376.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Djeddi D, Kongolo G, Lefaix C, Mounard J, Leke A. Effect of domperidone on QT interval in neonates. J Pediatr. 2008;153(5):663–666.CrossRefPubMed Djeddi D, Kongolo G, Lefaix C, Mounard J, Leke A. Effect of domperidone on QT interval in neonates. J Pediatr. 2008;153(5):663–666.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Gouas L, Nicaud V, Chaouch S, et al. Confirmation of associations between ion channel gene SNPs and QTc interval duration in healthy subjects. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15:974–979.CrossRefPubMed Gouas L, Nicaud V, Chaouch S, et al. Confirmation of associations between ion channel gene SNPs and QTc interval duration in healthy subjects. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15:974–979.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward BA, Morocho A, Kandi A, Galinsky RE, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing domperidone N-dealkylation and hydroxylation in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:277–287.CrossRefPubMed Ward BA, Morocho A, Kandi A, Galinsky RE, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing domperidone N-dealkylation and hydroxylation in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:277–287.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Simard C, Michaud V, Gibbs B, et al. Identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of domperidone. Xenobiotica. 2004;34:1013–1023.CrossRefPubMed Simard C, Michaud V, Gibbs B, et al. Identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of domperidone. Xenobiotica. 2004;34:1013–1023.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Perera MA. The missing linkage: what pharmacogenetic associations are left to find in CYP3A? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010;6:17–28.CrossRefPubMed Perera MA. The missing linkage: what pharmacogenetic associations are left to find in CYP3A? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010;6:17–28.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Fung KL, Gottesman MM. A synonymous polymorphism in a common MDR1 (ABCB1) haplotype shapes protein function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1794:860–871.PubMed Fung KL, Gottesman MM. A synonymous polymorphism in a common MDR1 (ABCB1) haplotype shapes protein function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1794:860–871.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J. Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003;46(9):1716–1725.CrossRefPubMed Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J. Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003;46(9):1716–1725.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gow JM, Hodges LM, Chinn LW, Kroetz DL. Substrate-dependent effects of human ABCB1 coding polymorphisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;325:435–442.CrossRefPubMed Gow JM, Hodges LM, Chinn LW, Kroetz DL. Substrate-dependent effects of human ABCB1 coding polymorphisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;325:435–442.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Gribar JJ, Gottesman MM. Functional characterization of coding polymorphisms in the human MDR1 gene using a vaccinia virus expression system. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;62:1–6.CrossRefPubMed Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Gribar JJ, Gottesman MM. Functional characterization of coding polymorphisms in the human MDR1 gene using a vaccinia virus expression system. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;62:1–6.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat McBride BF, Yang T, Roden DM. Influence of the G2677T/C3435T haplotype of MDR1 on P-glycoprotein trafficking and ibutilide-induced block of HERG. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009;9:194–201.CrossRefPubMed McBride BF, Yang T, Roden DM. Influence of the G2677T/C3435T haplotype of MDR1 on P-glycoprotein trafficking and ibutilide-induced block of HERG. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009;9:194–201.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Keiser MJ, Setola V, Irwin JJ, et al. Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs. Nature. 2009;462(7270):175–181.CrossRefPubMed Keiser MJ, Setola V, Irwin JJ, et al. Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs. Nature. 2009;462(7270):175–181.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark DA, Arranz MJ, Mata I, Lopez-Ilundain J, Perez-Nievas F, Kerwin RW. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor gene are associated with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in a Spanish isolate population. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(6):435–439.CrossRefPubMed Clark DA, Arranz MJ, Mata I, Lopez-Ilundain J, Perez-Nievas F, Kerwin RW. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor gene are associated with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in a Spanish isolate population. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(6):435–439.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Nonen S, Okamoto H, Fujio Y, et al. Polymorphisms of norepinephrine transporter and adrenergic receptor alpha1D are associated with the response to beta-blockers in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008;8(1):78–84.CrossRefPubMed Nonen S, Okamoto H, Fujio Y, et al. Polymorphisms of norepinephrine transporter and adrenergic receptor alpha1D are associated with the response to beta-blockers in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008;8(1):78–84.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma J, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Diabetic gastroparesis: diagnosis and management. Drugs. 2009;69:971–986.CrossRefPubMed Ma J, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Diabetic gastroparesis: diagnosis and management. Drugs. 2009;69:971–986.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacy BE, Weiser K. Gastrointestinal motility disorders: an update. Dig Dis. 2006;24:228–242.CrossRefPubMed Lacy BE, Weiser K. Gastrointestinal motility disorders: an update. Dig Dis. 2006;24:228–242.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Silvers D, Kipnes M, Broadstone V, et al. Domperidone in the management of symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis: efficacy, tolerability, and quality-of-life outcomes in a multicenter controlled trial. DOM-USA-5 study group. Clin Ther. 1998;20:438–453.CrossRefPubMed Silvers D, Kipnes M, Broadstone V, et al. Domperidone in the management of symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis: efficacy, tolerability, and quality-of-life outcomes in a multicenter controlled trial. DOM-USA-5 study group. Clin Ther. 1998;20:438–453.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawant P, Das HS, Desai N, et al. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of itopride hydrochloride and domperidone in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:626–628.PubMed Sawant P, Das HS, Desai N, et al. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of itopride hydrochloride and domperidone in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:626–628.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Hegar B, Alatas S, Advani N, et al. Domperidone versus cisapride in the treatment of infant regurgitation and increased acid gastro-oesophageal reflux: a pilot study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:750–755.CrossRefPubMed Hegar B, Alatas S, Advani N, et al. Domperidone versus cisapride in the treatment of infant regurgitation and increased acid gastro-oesophageal reflux: a pilot study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:750–755.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunlemez A, Babaoglu A, Arisoy AE, et al. Effect of domperidone on the QTc interval in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2010;30:50–53.CrossRefPubMed Gunlemez A, Babaoglu A, Arisoy AE, et al. Effect of domperidone on the QTc interval in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2010;30:50–53.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:720–723.CrossRefPubMed Rocha CM, Barbosa MM. QT interval prolongation associated with the oral use of domperidone in an infant. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:720–723.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Domperidone Treatment for Gastroparesis: Demographic and Pharmacogenetic Characterization of Clinical Efficacy and Side-Effects
verfasst von
Henry P. Parkman
Michael R. Jacobs
Anurag Mishra
Jessica A. Hurdle
Priyanka Sachdeva
John P. Gaughan
Evgeny Krynetskiy
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2011
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Digestive Diseases and Sciences / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 0163-2116
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2568
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-010-1472-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren. 

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Die „Zehn Gebote“ des Endokarditis-Managements

30.04.2024 Endokarditis Leitlinie kompakt

Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.