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Erschienen in: Die Innere Medizin 10/2023

18.09.2023 | ECMO | Schwerpunkt: Neue Entwicklungen in der internistischen Intensivmedizin

Wenn maschinelle Beatmung nicht mehr ausreicht – venovenöse extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung

verfasst von: Sebastian Mang, Christian Karagiannidis, Prof. Dr. Philipp M. Lepper

Erschienen in: Die Innere Medizin | Ausgabe 10/2023

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Zusammenfassung

Die venovenöse extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (vv-ECMO) wird bisher vorwiegend als Rescue-Maßnahme bei Patienten im akuten Lungenversagen mit schwerer Oxygenierungs- und/oder Decarboxylierungsstörung angewendet. Venös eingebrachte Kanülen führen Blut durch einen Membranoxygenator, in dem es über Spülgas („sweep gas“) mit Sauerstoff oxygeniert (pO2 bis zu 600 mm Hg) und CO2 eliminiert wird. Die zwei wesentlichen Indikationen für eine vv-ECMO sind nach der bisher größten randomisierten Studie das hypoxische Atemversagen (paO2 < 80 mm Hg für mehr als 6 h) und die refraktäre Hyperkapnie (pH < 7,25 und pCO2 > 60 mm Hg unter einer Beatmungsfrequenz von über 30/min), jeweils unter einer protektive Beatmung beim „acute respiratory distress syndrome“ (ARDS; Δp < 14 mbar, Plateaudruck < 30 mbar, Tidalvolumen VT < 6 ml/kg idealisiertes Körpergewicht). Relative Kontraindikationen sind eine lebenslimitierende Komorbidität oder terminale Lungenerkrankungen, die nicht mittels Lungentransplantation behandelt werden können. Das Alter stellt keine absolute Kontraindikation dar, verschlechtert aber die Prognose, insbesondere bei Coronavirus-disease-2019(COVID-19)-Pneumonien. Zu den häufigsten Komplikationen der vv-ECMO zählen Blutungen, Thrombenbildung und seltener kanülenassoziierte Infektionen. Ein Einsatz bei nichtintubierten Patienten („Wach-ECMO“) ist in seltenen Fällen möglich und insbesondere als „bridge to transplant“ sinnvoll. Einige ECMO-Zentren bieten eine Kanülierung im peripheren Krankenhaus mit anschließendem Transport zum Zentrum („ECMO-Transport“) an. Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat nicht nur zu einer weiteren Verbreitung der vv-ECMO geführt, sondern dieses extrakorporale Verfahren auch in den Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit gerückt. Die nahe Zukunft bringt hoffentlich eine deutlich strengere Qualitätskontrolle und eine daraus resultierende Verbesserung im Rahmen der Krankenhausreform, zumal die Technik mit einem erheblichen Ressourcenverbrauch und in den Händen Ungeübter mit einer hohen Mortalität einhergeht.
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Metadaten
Titel
Wenn maschinelle Beatmung nicht mehr ausreicht – venovenöse extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung
verfasst von
Sebastian Mang
Christian Karagiannidis
Prof. Dr. Philipp M. Lepper
Publikationsdatum
18.09.2023
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Innere Medizin / Ausgabe 10/2023
Print ISSN: 2731-7080
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-023-01586-y

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