Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Study procedures
Screening visit
Randomization and masking
Study protocol
CMR protocol
Study endpoints
Statistical analysis
Role of the funding source
Results
Liraglutide (n = 23) | Placebo (n = 26) | |
---|---|---|
Demographics | ||
Age in years (SD) | 60 (6) | 59 (7) |
Male | 14 (61%) | 15 (58%) |
Diabetes duration in years (SD) | 11 (6) | 11 (7) |
Diabetes complications | ||
Retinopathy, n | 4 (17%) | 2 (8%) |
Nephropathy, n | 2 (9%) | 11 (42%) |
Neuropathy | 10 (44%) | 7 (27%) |
Macrovasculara | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) |
Clinical parameters | ||
Weight in kg (SD) | 98 (14) | 94 (13) |
Body-mass index in kg/m2 (SD) | 32.6 (4.4) | 31.6 (3.4) |
Systolic blood pressure in mmHg (SD) | 141 (14) | 141 (15) |
Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg (SD) | 86 (6) | 87 (11) |
Glycated haemoglobin A1c in % (SD) | 8.4 (1.1) | 8.2 (1.0) |
Glycated haemoglobin A1c in mmol/mol (SD) | 67 (12) | 65 (10) |
Serum creatinine in μmol/L (SD) | 73 (19) | 68 (17) |
Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in mmol/μg (SD) | 1.0 (1.3) | 5.0 (8.9) |
Triglycerides in mmol/L (SD) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.1) |
Total cholesterol in mmol/L (SD) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.0) |
HDL-c in mmol/L (SD) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.4) |
LDL-c in mmol/L (SD) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.5 (0.9) |
Smoking history | ||
Never smoked, n | 10 (44%) | 8 (31%) |
Current smoker, n | 4 (17%) | 5 (19%) |
Ex-smoker, n | 9 (39%) | 13 (50%) |
Concomitant drug use | ||
Metformin dose in g/day (SD) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.5) |
Sulfonylurea, n | 6 (26%) | 8 (31%) |
Insulin, n | 15 (65%) | 17 (65%) |
Anti-lipidaemic, n | 21 (91%) | 19 (73%) |
Anti-hypertensive, n | 18 (78%) | 20 (77%) |
LV diastolic function | ||
E in mL/s (SD) | 331 (99) | 325 (96) |
A in mL/s (SD) | 367 (79) | 371 (70) |
E/A ratio (SD) | 0.95 (0.44) | 0.90 (0.31) |
Edec in mL/s2 × 10−3 (SD) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.2) |
Ea in cm/s (SD) | 6.0 (1.6) | 6.0 (1.8) |
E/Ea (SD) | 7.3 (2.9) | 7.9 (2.3) |
LV systolic function | ||
Stroke volume in mL (SD) | 81 (16) | 76 (18) |
Ejection fraction in % (SD) | 55 (5.8) | 55 (4.5) |
Cardiac output in L/min (SD) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.5 (1.0) |
Cardiac index in L/min/m2 (SD) | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.4) |
Peak ejection rate in mL/s (SD) | 442 (96) | 415 (92) |
Concomitant glucose-lowering drugs
Anthropometric and laboratory values
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Mean (SD) change from baseline to 26 weeks | Mean (95% CI) changes from baseline (liraglutide vs placebo) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liraglutide (n = 23) | Placebo (n = 26) | |||
LV diastolic function | ||||
E in mL/s (SD) | − 33 (59) | 23 (62) | − 56 (− 91 to − 21) | 0.002 |
A in mL/s (SD) | 31 (77) | 23 (62) | 3 (− 35 to 41) | 0.88 |
E/A (SD) | − 0.19 (0.31) | − 0.00 (0.17) | − 0.17 (− 0.27 to − 0.06) | 0.003 |
Edec in mL/s2 × 10−3 (SD) | − 0.6 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.9) | − 0.9 (− 1.3 to − 0.4) | < 0.001 |
Ea in cm/s (SD) | 0.4 (1.8) | − 0.2 (1.7) | 0.4 (− 0.6 to 1.4) | 0.40 |
E/Ea (SD) | − 0.9 (2.6) | 0.6 (1.9) | − 1.8 (− 3.0 to − 0.6) | 0.005 |
LV systolic function | ||||
Stroke volume in mL (SD) | − 4 (13) | 5 (12) | − 9 (−16 to −2) | 0.02 |
Ejection fraction in (% (SD) | − 1 (5) | 1 (5) | − 3 (−6 to − 0.1) | 0.02 |
Cardiac output in L/min (SD) | 0.0 (0.9) | 0.3 (1.1) | − 0.4 (− 0.9 to 0.2) | 0.21 |
Cardiac index in L/min/m2 (SD) | − 0.0 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.5) | − 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.1) | 0.27 |
Peak ejection rate in mL/s (SD) | − 28 (89) | 24 (82) | − 46 (−95 to 3) | 0.07 |
Liraglutide (n = 23) | Placebo (n = 26) | Mean (95% CI) changes from baseline (liraglutide vs placebo) | p value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 26 week | Mean (SD) change from baseline | Baseline | 26 week | Mean (SD) change from baseline | |||
Heart rate in bpm (SD) | 72 (9) | 75 (10) | 4 (8) | 77 (13) | 76 (13) | − 1 (6) | 4.3 (0.2 to 8) | 0.04 |
LV filling volume in mL (SD) | 82 (17) | 76 (17) | − 5 (15) | 74 (17) | 82 (21) | 7 (10) | − 11 (− 18 to − 3) | 0.01 |
LA volume index in mL/m2 (SD) | 36 (8) | 35 (7) | − 1 (6) | 32 (8) | 34 (10) | 1 (7) | − 2 (− 6 to 2) | 0.38 |
LVEDV in mL (SD) | 147 (25) | 141 (25) | − 5 (14) | 138 (33) | 144 (38) | 6 (16) | − 11 (− 20 to − 2) | 0.02 |
LVESV in mL (SD) | 67 (14) | 66 (14) | − 0 (9) | 62 (17) | 63 (20) | 1 (9) | − 1 (− 7 to 4) | 0.69 |
LVM in g (SD) | 107 (18) | 105 (18) | − 2 (8) | 108 (27) | 110 (29) | 4 (9) | − 6 (− 11 to − 1) | 0.03 |
LVMI in g/m2 (SD) | 49 (6) | 49 (6) | − 0 (3) | 50 (11) | 52 (12) | 2 (4) | − 1.5 (−3.6 to 0.6) | 0.17 |
LVMI/LVEDVI g/mL/m2 (SD) | 0.73 (0.10) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.79 (0.14) | 0.77 (0.14) | − 0.00 (0.08) | 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.06) | 0.60 |
LV compliance (SD) | 23.4 (10.4) | 24.1 (8.3) | 0.7 (9.7) | 19.5 (8.0) | 18.6 (8.2) | − 0.3 (6.8) | 3 (− 1 to 7) | 0.14 |