Background
Methods
Patients
Clinical and laboratory data
Outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of study population
Before PSM
|
p
-value
|
After PSM
|
p
-value
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics
|
All subjects
|
Statins
|
Without Stains
|
All subjects
|
Statins
|
Without Stains
| ||
n
= 518
|
N
= 228
|
N
= 290
|
n
= 232
|
N
= 116
|
N
= 116
| |||
Sex (male, %) a
| 307(59.27) | 118 (51.75) | 189 (65.17) | 0.002*
| 141 (60.78) | 69 (59.48) | 72 (62.07) | 0.687 |
Age (years) b
| 79.82 ± 3.50 | 80.24 ± 3.76 | 79.48 ± 3.25 | 0.016*
| 80.59 ± 3.79 | 80.48 ± 4.00 | 80.70 ± 3.57 | 0.650 |
BMI (kg/m2) b
| 24.58 ± 3.52 | 25.13 ± 3.73 | 24.15 ± 3.29 | 0.002*
| 24.58 ± 3.40 | 24.46 ± 3.31 | 24.70 ± 3.50 | 0.597 |
Smoking (yes, %) a
| 60 (11.58) | 24 (10.53) | 36 (12.41) | 0.517 | 29 (12.50) | 12 (10.34) | 17 (14.66) | 0.321 |
Drinking (yes, %) a
| 38 (7.34) | 16 (7.02) | 22 (7.59) | 0.805 | 12 (5.17) | 4 (3.45) | 8 (6.90) | 0.236 |
SBP (mmHg) b
| 133.22 ± 15.54 | 134.92 ± 16.37 | 131.87 ± 14.74 | 0.027*
| 134.08 ± 16.55 | 134.09 ± 17.17 | 134.06 ± 15.97 | 0.987 |
DBP (mmHg) b
| 73.61 ± 9.39 | 74.25 ± 9.79 | 73.11 ± 9.04 | 0.172 | 73.14 ± 9.74 | 73.74 ± 9.75 | 72.54 ± 9.75 | 0.350 |
Microalbuminuria (mg/g) c
| 26.00 (12.00, 68.00) | 29.70 (14.60, 74.30) | 21.00 (10.35, 65.00) | 0.094 | 22.41 (11.03, 68.00) | 26.66 (13.98, 63.01) | 18.00 (10.00, 75.50) | 0.309 |
Hb(g/L) b
| 127.14 ± 16.54 | 125.32 ± 14.95 | 128.95 ± 17.84 | 0.022*
| 127.7 ± 15.56 | 127.54 ± 14.41 | 127.86 ± 16.70 | 0.876 |
FBG (mmol/L) b
| 7.33 ± 2.32 | 7.63 ± 2.48 | 7.09 ± 2.16 | 0.010*
| 7.27 ± 2.35 | 7.46 ± 2.57 | 7.09 ± 2.12 | 0.233 |
PBG (mmol/L) b
| 12.47 ± 4.43 | 13.44 ± 4.57 | 11.61 ± 4.12 | < 0.001*
| 12.64 ± 4.16 | 12.71 ± 4.25 | 12.58 ± 4.09 | 0.823 |
HbA1c (mmol/L) b
| 7.72 ± 1.86 | 8.24 ± 2.04 | 7.30 ± 1.59 | < 0.001*
| 7.81 ± 1.80 | 7.83 ± 1.75 | 7.79 ± 1.85 | 0.873 |
TC (mmol/L) b
| 4.50 ± 1.09 | 4.48 ± 1.19 | 4.52 ± 1.00 | 0.702 | 4.33 ± 1.09 | 4.37 ± 1.20 | 4.30 ± 0.98 | 0.603 |
TG (mmol/L) b
| 1.50 ± 0.89 | 1.45 ± 0.79 | 1.54 ± 0.97 | 0.292 | 1.48 ± 0.91 | 1.46 ± 0.90 | 1.50 ± 0.92 | 0.717 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) b
| 1.15 ± 0.35 | 1.14 ± 0.31 | 1.16 ± 0.39 | 0.642 | 1.10 ± 0.35 | 1.12 ± 0.25 | 1.08 ± 0.42 | 0.360 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) b
| 2.66 ± 0.88 | 2.64 ± 0.99 | 2.67 ± 0.78 | 0.652 | 2.54 ± 0.89 | 2.54 ± 1.02 | 2.53 ± 0.73 | 0.925 |
eGFR [mL/(min·1.73 m2)] b
| 69.04 ± 16.59 | 69.65 ± 16.86 | 68.51 ± 16.38 | 0.448 | 69.32 ± 15.72 | 70.87 ± 16.62 | 67.78 ± 14.69 | 0.137 |
AST (U/L) b
| 21.68 ± 9.29 | 20.82 ± 7.98 | 22.44 ± 10.26 | 0.054 | 20.53 ± 7.92 | 20.81 ± 8.50 | 20.22 ± 7.30 | 0.581 |
ALT (U/L) b
| 20.56 ± 17.81 | 19.46 ± 12.30 | 21.49 ± 21.38 | 0.208 | 19.12 ± 11.52 | 19.39 ± 12.74 | 18.85 ± 10.18 | 0.721 |
GTT (U/L) c
| 22.00 (15.00, 33.00) | 23.00 (16.00, 35.00) | 21.00 (14.00, 32.00) | 0.190 | 21.5 (15.00, 33.25) | 22.00 (15.00, 35.00) | 21.00 (14.00, 32.00) | 0.574 |
UA (mmol/L)b
| 341.96 ± 93.70 | 338.21 ± 91.62 | 345.18 ± 95.51 | 0.411 | 337.59 ± 88.90 | 331.69 ± 87.68 | 343.49 ± 90.10 | 0.313 |
Medical history | ||||||||
CHD (yes, %) a
| 127 (24.52) | 70 (30.70) | 57 (19.66) | 0.004*
| 54 (23.28) | 27 (23.28) | 27 (23.28) | > 0.999 |
HT (yes, %) a
| 349 (67.37) | 178 (78.07) | 171 (58.97) | < 0.001*
| 162 (69.83) | 80 (68.97) | 82 (70.69) | 0.775 |
Medication | ||||||||
Calcium channel blocker (yes, %) a
| 194 (37.45) | 90 (39.47) | 104 (35.86) | 0.399 | 97 (41.81) | 48 (41.38) | 49 (42.24) | 0.894 |
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (yes, %) a
| 225 (43.44) | 116 (50.88) | 109 (37.59) | 0.002*
| 115 (49.57) | 54 (46.55) | 61 (52.59) | 0.358 |
Sulfonylureas (yes, %) a
| 152(29.34) | 53 (23.25) | 99 (34.14) | 0.007*
| 58 (25.00) | 29 (25.00) | 29 (25.00) | > 0.999 |
Insulin (yes, %) a
| 167 (32.24) | 89 (39.04) | 78 (26.90) | 0.003*
| 90 (38.79) | 46 (39.66) | 44 (37.93) | 0.788 |
Metformin (yes, %) a
| 121 (23.36) | 71 (31.14) | 50 (17.24) | < 0.001*
| 52 (22.41) | 28 (24.14) | 24 (20.69) | 0.529 |
Beta blockers (yes, %) a
| 122 (23.55) | 69 (30.26) | 53 (18.28) | 0.001*
| 55 (23.71) | 27 (23.28) | 28 (24.14) | 0.877 |
Aspirin(yes, %) a
| 294 (56.76) | 176 (77.19) | 118 (40.69) | < 0.001*
| 156 (67.24) | 77 (66.38) | 79 (68.10) | 0.780 |
Characteristics of population with different outcomes
Characteristics | Survival | Death |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
N
= 407
|
N
= 111
| ||
Sex (male, %) a
| 234 (57.49) | 73 (65.77) | 0.116 |
Age (years) b
| 79.62 ± 3.38 | 80.54 ± 3.86 | 0.023*
|
BMI (kg/m2) b
| 24.55 ± 3.51 | 24.68 ± 3.58 | 0.746 |
Smoking (yes, %) a
| 48 (11.79) | 12 (10.81) | 0.768 |
Drinking (yes, %) a
| 34 (8.35) | 4 (3.60) | 0.089 |
SBP (mmHg) b
| 132.81 ± 15.56 | 134.73 ± 15.47 | 0.252 |
DBP (mmHg) b
| 73.50 ± 9.54 | 74.01 ± 8.83 | 0.616 |
Microalbuminuria (mg/g) c
| 21.97 (10.75, 48.87) | 53.00 (18.00, 161.00) | < 0.001*
|
Hb(g/L) b
| 127.73 ± 15.59 | 125.16 ± 19.35 | 0.173 |
FBG (mmol/L) b
| 7.27 ± 2.16 | 7.54 ± 2.82 | 0.290 |
PBG (mmol/L) b
| 12.12 ± 4.23 | 13.84 ± 4.94 | 0.004*
|
HbA1c (mmol/L) b
| 7.65 ± 1.85 | 7.98 ± 1.88 | 0.101 |
TC (mmol/L) b
| 4.54 ± 1.09 | 4.37 ± 1.07 | 0.173 |
TG (mmol/L) b
| 1.50 ± 0.88 | 1.50 ± 0.91 | 0.959 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) b
| 1.17 ± 0.36 | 1.09 ± 0.34 | 0.029*
|
LDL-C (mmol/L) b
| 2.67 ± 0.90 | 2.62 ± 0.81 | 0.648 |
eGFR [mL/(min·1.73 m2)] b
| 70.25 ± 15.39 | 64.66 ± 19.80 | 0.008*
|
AST (U/L) b
| 21.71 ± 9.48 | 21.58 ± 8.60 | 0.894 |
ALT (U/L) b
| 20.73 ± 18.98 | 19.93 ± 12.86 | 0.677 |
GTT (U/L) c
| 22.00 (15.00, 32.25) | 23.00 (15.00, 36.00) | 0.436 |
UA (mmol/L)b
| 336.29 ± 88.82 | 362.13 ± 107.38 | 0.023*
|
Medical history | |||
CHD (yes, %) a
| 95 (23.34) | 32 (28.83) | 0.234 |
HT (yes, %) a
| 266 (65.36) | 83 (74.77) | 0.061 |
Medication | |||
Calcium channel blocker (yes, %) a
| 150 (36.86) | 44 (39.64) | 0.591 |
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (yes, %) a
| 171 (42.01) | 54 (48.65) | 0.211 |
Sulfonylureas (yes, %) a
| 127 (31.20) | 25 (22.52) | 0.075 |
Insulin (yes, %) a
| 115 (28.26) | 52 (46.85) | < 0.001*
|
Metformin (yes, %) a
| 97 (23.83) | 24 (21.62) | 0.625 |
Statins (yes, %) a
| 188 (46.19) | 40 (36.04) | 0.056 |
Beta blockers (yes, %) a
| 94 (23.10) | 28 (25.23) | 0.639 |
Aspirin (yes, %) a
| 229 (56.27) | 65 (58.56) | 0.666 |
Association of statin use and all-cause mortality and specific mortality
Outcomes | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
HR
a
(95% CI)
|
HR
b
(95% CI)
|
HR
c
(95% CI)
|
N
|
HR (95% CI)
| |
Overall | 111 | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.19) | 61 | 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) |
Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease (IS + CHD) | 23 | 0.61 (0.24,1.56) | 0.56 (0.21, 1.45) | 0.31 (0.10, 0.97)*
| 12 | 0.70 (0.21, 2.39) |
CCVD (IS + CHD + HS) | 27 | 0.86 (0.38, 1.94) | 0.79 (0.34, 1.79) | 0.49 (0.18, 1.32) | 14 | 1.03 (0.35, 3.06) |
Cancer | 21 | 1.17 (0.48, 2.88) | 1.20 (0.48, 2.97) | 1.25 (0.44, 3.55) | 12 | 1.10 (0.33, 3.65) |
Respiratory System Disease | 15 | 0.81 (0.25, 2.65) | 0.72 (0.21, 2.39) | 0.52 (0.14, 1.98) | 8 | 1.05 (0.24, 4.59) |
Renal Failure | 6 | 2.14 (0.42, 10.90) | 2.41 (0.47, 12.26) | 2.86 (0.03, 319.30) | 2 | 1.60 (0.09, 27.53) |
Subgroup | Outcomes | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
HR
a
(95% CI)
|
HR
b
(95% CI)
|
HR
c
(95% CI)
|
N
|
HR (95% CI)
| ||
Without CHD | Overall | 79 | 0.93 (0.57, 1.53) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.42) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.03) | 43 | 0.66 (0.34, 1.29) |
Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease (IS) | 17 | 0.58 (0.19, 1.79) | 0.52 (0.17, 1.63) | 0.31 (0.09, 1.06) | 10 | 0.55 (0.14, 2.19) | |
CCVD (IS + HS) | 19 | 0.68 (0.24, 1.91) | 0.60 (0.21, 1.70) | 0.41 (0.13, 1.26) | 11 | 0.73 (0.21, 2.54) | |
CHD | Overall | 32 | 1.48 (0.73, 3.03) | 1.53 (0.72, 3.25) | 1.79 (0.62, 5.20) | 18 | 2.44 (0.89, 6.63) |
Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease (IS + CHD) | 6 | 0.75 (0.13, 4.28) | 0.80 (0.14, 4.69) | - | 2 | 2.64 (0.13, 53.45) | |
CCVD (IS + CHD + HS) | 8 | 1.34 (0.32, 5.60) | 1.53 (0.36, 6.55) | 1.73 (0.07, 41.04) | 3 | 4.60 (0.36, 59.70) |