Background
Introduction
Hasson-Ohayon et al. 2007 [17] | Levitt et al. 2009 [18] | Färdig et al. 2011 [16] | Salyers et al. 2014 [15] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Consumer report | ||||
IMR Scale. | NS | .36 | .29 | NS |
Patient activation | NS | |||
Recovery | NS | NS | ||
Hope | NS | |||
Coping | NS | .14–.19c
| ||
Knowledge about mental illness | .14d
| |||
Psychiatric symptoms | NS | |||
Quality of life, community functioning, and social support | NS | NS | ||
Medication adherence | NS | |||
Clinician report | ||||
IMR Scale | .28 | .39 | .34 | |
Quality of life, community functioning, and social support | .52 | |||
Substance abuse | NS | |||
Observer-rated psychiatric symptoms | −.20 | .38 | NS | |
Interviewer−rated Quality of Life | NS | |||
Objective outcome | ||||
Hospitalizations and emergency | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Visits | ||||
Employment | NS | |||
Medication dosage | NS | |||
Inpatient admission | NS | |||
Inpatient psychiatric admission | NS | |||
Length of inpatient stay | NS | |||
Length of inpatient psychiatric stay | NS |
Research aims
Hypotheses
Design
Participants
Recruitment procedure
Intervention
IMR model fidelity
Care as usual
Instruments
Domain | Aspect | Instrument | Data source | Time of measurement | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient file | Patient | Clinician | M1 | M2 | M3 | |||
Bio-demographic data | x | x | x | x | ||||
Diagnosis | x | x | x | |||||
Illness management | Coping | CSES | x | x | x | x | ||
Social Support | MSPSS | x | x | x | x | |||
Treatment compliance | SES | x | x | x | x | |||
Insight | Insight Scale (IS) | x | x | x | x | |||
Addiction | Item 24 of the ASI | x | x | x | x | |||
Illness management + illness outcomes | IMR scale, patient version | x | x | x | x | |||
IMR scale, clinician version | x | x | x | x | ||||
illness outcomes | Symptoms | BSI | x | x | x | x | ||
Hospitalisations | Records of Mental Health Institution | x | x | x | ||||
Health complaints and functional limitations | EQ-5D | x | x | x | x | |||
Subjective recovery | Generic | MHRM | x | x | x | x | ||
Self-Stigma | ISMI | x | x | x | x | |||
Self-Esteem | SERS-SF | x | x | x | x | |||
Goals | Granholm’s Goals Template | x | x | x | x | |||
Satisfaction | One question of the ROM | x | x | x | x | |||
Objective recovery | Social Functioning | The SF Scale | x | x | x | x | ||
Fidelity | IMR-fidelity scale, GOI; | x | x | x | Between M1 & M2 | |||
IT-IS scale |
Bio-demographic variables
Illness management and illness outcomes
The coping self-efficacy scale (CSES [29]), 13-items. This scale has good internal reliability and three factors: using problem-focused coping (six items), stopping unpleasant emotions and thoughts (four items), and getting support from friends and family (three items). Internal consistency and test–retest reliability are strong for all three factors.The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS [30]),12 items. The MSPSS was found to have good internal reliability and a strong factorial validity according to a three-subscale structure: Family, Friends, and Significant Others.The Service Engagement Scale (SES [31]), 14 Items. The scale has high internal consistency and retest reliability and four sub-scales: availability, collaboration, help-seeking, and treatment adherence.
The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI [36‐38]), 53 items. The authors report good validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the nine dimensions: Psychoticism, Depression, Somatization, Phobic Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anxiety, Hostility, and Paranoid Ideation; and also good test-retest reliability for the three Global Indices: global severity index (GSI), positive symptom total (PST), and positive symptom distress index (PSDI).The EQ-5D [39], five items. This scale measures primarily health complaints (in a broad sense) and functional limitations. The EQ-5D is the Euro-QOL self-report scale and has good psychometric properties.
Recovery
The Mental Health Recovery Measure (MHRM [40, 41]; authorized Dutch translation [42]), 30 items. The Dutch version is a reliable measure in terms of internal consistency; convergent and divergent validity are generally acceptable [43]. The authors differentiate three subscales; ‘self-empowerment’ (13 items), ‘learning and new potentials’ (15 items) and ‘spirituality’ (2 items).The Internal Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI [44]); 29 items. This scale is designed to measure the subjective experience of stigma, with subscales measuring Alienation, Stereotype Endorsement, Perceived Discrimination, Social Withdrawal and Stigma Resistance. The ISMI has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Construct validity and divergent validity were supported by comparisons with scales measuring related constructs.One item of the Quality of Life section of the Cumulative Needs for Care Monitor (CNCM [45]), which asks: ‘’Can you tell me how satisfied you are with your life as a whole?” This item correlates strongly with the total score of this Quality of Life section.The Self-Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form (SERS-SF [46]), 20 items. This scale has two subscales: positive and negative self-esteem. It also has good internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate convergent validity for people with schizophrenia.