Introduction
Upper limb function after stroke is the main cause of long-term disability, so rehabilitation research is a top priority. Although nerve reorganization occurs soon after stroke, the natural rehabilitation of upper limb function recovery is usually limited. In order to overcome these limitations, new strategies are needed to strengthen nerve regeneration and restore brain structure and function. In addition, upper limb paresis is observed in 87% of stroke survivors [
1]. Furthermore, impaired use of the upper limb persists in about 60% of the patients 6 months post-stroke [
2]. Impairment of upper limb is a cause of muscle weakness, loss of multi-joint movements coordination, and changes in muscle tone and sensation [
3], which is strongly correlated to dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) and participation restrictions [
4]. Although previous studies reported that initial degree of severity of paresis, functional and structural changes, and genetic factors may influence recovery of upper limb function, predicting such recovery in stroke patients is difficult [
5‐
7].
Clinicians now have more evidence to support the motion exercises, motor imagery, mirror therapy, and non-invasive brain stimulation, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promote upper limb recovery. In addition, pain is one of the main outcomes that influence the choice of the type of treatment [
8].
Kinesiology tape (KT) is an elastic, waterproof, and breathable tape and Kenzo Kase invented this tape in the 1970s. It can be stretched to 120–140% of its original length and can be recoiled after use [
9]. KT is a widely used treatment in both clinical and sports fields. KT is similar to the elasticity of human skin, so it allows more movement and feels more comfortable. In recent years, KT has become increasingly popular in rehabilitation for hemiplegic patients. The recent systematic review which found a significant effect on taping for reduction of pain and subluxation in stroke patients was in line with the positive effect of KT and the study focused on various of tapes including therapeutic strapping, inelastic tape, California tri pull taping method and KT [
10]. With the development of KT, it is increasingly used in upper limb rehabilitation. Some researchers proposed that KT could offer intensification of sensory input from the paretic upper limb to enhance motor performance and alleviate sensory impairment [
11,
12]. Simoneau and Callagan found the positive effect of KT on proprioception [
13,
14]. Owing to elastic stimulation of KT, it could allow for facilitation of muscle activation [
15].
Research has shown that KT can promote functional use of the upper and lower extremity, in further to improve balance ability [
16]. Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials compared KT versus conventional rehabilitation for treating balance impairment after stroke with 22 studies included. The systematic reviews have demonstrated KT was more effective than conventional rehabilitation for balance function. They also pointed out that KT can improve lower limb function, and walking function in stroke patients [
17]. A 2015 systematic review reported that there is insufficient evidence for adhesive taping post-stroke in improving outcomes, including pain intensity, range of motion, muscle tone, strength, activity, and participation [
18]. As we all know, upper limb ability plays a very important role in the patient’s balance ability. This review focused on evaluate the effect of KT on upper limb function. In general, the efficacy of KT for function of stroke patients remains uncertain [
19‐
23].
This is a systemic and meta-analysis study. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of KT on upper limbs function outcomes in stroke patients. To evaluate the efficacy of KT for upper extremity function, pain intensity, shoulder subluxation, muscle spasticity, general disability, and the passive range of motion (PROM) of flexion and abduction in patients with stroke.
The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020179762). All the PRISMA standards and recommendations for systematic review development were followed [
24].
Method
Data sources
We searched Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane database of Controlled Trials, PEDro, WANFANG, and CNKI up to July 30, 2021. Additional articles were obtained by scanning reference lists of included studies and previous reviews.
Study selection
Keywords were (1) “kinesiology taping,” “kinesio,” “kinesio taping,” “tape” and (2) “stroke,” “hemiplegia,” “hemiplegic paralysis,” “apoplexy,” “hemiparesis,” “upper extremity,” “upper limb.” Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) In adults (18 years and older); (2) if they were RCTs conducted in patients with stroke comparing KT with conventional rehabilitation. (3) There was no restriction on follow-up and study size. (4) Studies needed to report 1 or more of the following outcomes: pain intensity, shoulder subluxation, muscle spasticity, general disability, upper extremity function, and the PROM of flexion and abduction. Studies were excluded if (1) trails using other forms of tape (e.g., inelastic tape). (2) Trails that did not provide abundant information to analyses treatment effects and we got no reply from the authors. (3) Trails that were non-randomized observational trials, cross-over design trails, case reports, clinical observations, and systematic reviews. This study conformed to all PRISMA guidelines and reported the required information accordingly (see Supplementary PRISMA checklist).
Two investigators no involved in any of the selected studies independently screened each title and abstract to exclude duplicates and studies not meeting the inclusion criteria. Additionally, one of the reviewers extracted study and patient characteristics, intervention and comparator details, and outcome data from included studies using pre-specified data extraction tables. The second author check for accuracy, and disagreement was resolved by discussion. Using the criteria suggested in the Cochrane handbook, we assessed the bias of risk. If there were fewer than 10 studies included, publication bias was deemed non-estimable and not rated down [
25].
Statistical analysis
Quality assessment was undertaken using Cochrane criteria [
26‐
28]. It is a two-part tool with seven specific domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias [
29]. Two reviewers conducted the quality assessment independently of each other and then crosschecked their findings. A Chi square test evaluated the statistical significance of heterogeneity. The
I2 statistical significance. We defined an
I2 > 50% as substantial heterogeneity. A value of 0% means there is no observed heterogeneity and lager percentages indicate more heterogeneity. To address treatment heterogeneity in the included studies, we tried to find an explanation for this heterogeneity by performing sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by removing individual studies one by one. Results of meta-analyses may overestimate the true population effect due to publication bias [
30]. To reduce its potential impact, publication bias was determined by funnel plots and the Egger’s regression test [
31]. Statistical significance was set at
P < 0.05. Data were analyzed in Review Manager Version 5.3 software and Stata 15 software.
Discussion
This is the first review to systematically summarize the benefits of KT on upper extremity function, including pain intensity, shoulder subluxation, general disability, and the PROM of flexion. In this study, we used original data from 12 randomized controlled trials of KT application to explore the effectiveness upper limb function in poststroke patients. Our study shows that the application of KT leads to a significant improvement upper extremity function, pain intensity, shoulder subluxation, general disability, and the PROM of flexion. However, there was no between-group difference in muscle spasticity or the PROM of abduction.
A recent overview that included 12 studies identified reduction in shoulder pain when combined with exercise in shoulder pain symptom patients [
43],which is consistent with the present analyses. It has been proposed that the KT increases blood circulation and lymphatic drainage leading to a reduction in swelling and subsequently to relieve pain [
44,
45]. The applied KT could also work by lifting the skin, resulting in a reduction of pressure on the subcutaneous nociceptors [
46]. To date, the underlying pain-relief mechanism of KT remain confused [
47]. Additionally, owing to the inconsistency in intensity, duration, and frequency of the KT application, we should take caution with our findings. For shoulder subluxation, we observed a moderate effect size, and heterogeneity was not obvious, even though different methods of measurement were utilized. Potential mechanisms of KT for shoulder subluxation seems plausible. Dr Kenso Kase suggested that KT can provide therapeutic effects, such as correction of joint misalignment and functional, proprioceptive stimulation [
44,
48]. In terms of KT’s thickness and elasticity, it reduces swelling which could improve joint mobility, decrease intra-articular pressure [
49]. Some reports have suggested there was significant difference between KT and conventional rehabilitation in muscle spasticity [
17], while others suggested that there was no statistically significant improvement in muscle tone [
18]. In our study, the pooled data shows that there was no significant in muscle spasticity. However, due to the limited number of included studies, the findings should be taken into consideration when analyzing the results thoroughly. The results of general disability and upper extremity function suggested that KT have positive impact on stroke patients. However, as function outcome, general disability and upper extremity function of stroke patients typically require long-term follow-up and large samples to detect effects on function [
50]. Moreover, analyses of the flexion PROM and abduction PROM outcomes included small sample size and were likely not adequately power to detect an effect of KT. Overall, the observation that KT application improve upper extremity function and general disability compared with control groups, but does not reduce the muscle spasticity and the PROM of abduction, suggested that although KT does not improve the muscle tone and PROM, it does confer improve patients’ overall function.
There are four points deserved to think about. First, KT is a safe and effective method, while the mechanism of KT is not clear at present [
51], its therapeutic effect may be by sticking KT into different directions and using different tensions [
45]. However, the taping method seemed to vary across studies, including difference in target muscle, direction, tension, and concomitant treatment. And it could be found that the application was heterogeneous in terms of type of KT. The elasticity, perspiration, breathability, waterproofness, durability, adhesion, appearance, and other experiences are different in different type of KT. Therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Second, conventional rehabilitation or usual treatment may have differed across studies. The improvements in upper extremity function, pain intensity, shoulder subluxation, general disability, and the PROM of flexion demonstrated by studies are a combined effect of KT and conventional rehabilitation or usual treatment. It is unclear what extent contribution the KT made to the improvements because of varies of convention rehabilitation or usual treatment, including the type, intensity, and frequency. Additionally, the control group included a mixture of placebo-controlled and open-label studies, which should be taken into consideration when analyzing the results. Finally, there was a difference between included studies, including the follow-up time and sample size.
The main strength of this study is that we investigate a wide range of function outcomes, which adds exceptional value to this meta-analysis. As the population ages and stroke mortality declines [
52], this is an area worthy of future research attention. More high-quality RCTs examining the effect of KT on upper limb function in patients with stroke are urgently needed. Furthermore, investigators should clearly and fully describe the details of the intervention, control, and outcomes. Our study has multiple limitations that need to be disclosed. Only 12 studies were included in this analysis, which limits the reliability of the results, and two trials were performed by the same group of authors. All studies included trials were single center. Additionally, meta-analyses are often limited to short-term effects, due to difficulties interpreting varied follow-up intervals and potential for other treatments during the follow-up phase [
49]. However, moderation analyses are very useful in developing preventive strategies and designing appropriate interventions.
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