Introduction
Ebselen is a synthetic seleno-organic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant selenoenzyme capable of reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [1]. N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione (GSH) is another antioxidant involved in cellular detoxification [2]. A previous study revealed the antioxidant potential of both ebselen and NAC, respectively, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T cells derived from healthy young (25–30 year olds) and older aged (55–60 year olds) donors. We observed significantly higher intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio, reduced levels of oxidative DNA damage and increased proliferative capacity in either of the antioxidant treated samples [3]. A similar scenario with addition to increase in cumulative population doublings (PDs) were observed in human peripheral blood derived CD4+ T cell clones (TCCs) from healthy 26 year and 45 year old donors [3].
In this study, we investigated the effect of a range of concentrations of ebselen or NAC on replicative aging of primary human fibroblasts and studied whether these compounds had an impact on their transition into senescence. Previous studies in primates have revealed an age-dependent increase in the percentage of senescent skin fibroblasts in vivo, justifying the use of fibroblast strains as a model system in our senescence study [4]. Human fibroblasts undergo a certain number of population doublings (PDs) varying from 50 to 80, depending on fibroblast strain type, before reaching a state of permanent cell cycle arrest. This arrest makes them an ideal model system for investigating senescence [5]. Cellular senescence is a state where cells are metabolically active. Induction of senescence results in a decline in tissue integrity and function, ultimately resulting in a number of aging-associated diseases [6]. Many mechanisms and pathways (mainly the p53-p21 and p16-pRB pathways) have been proved to be responsible for cellular senescence [7]. Though there is no single marker that can characterize this state, mainly the increase in percentage of senescence associated β Galactosidase (SA - β Gal) staining has been pre-dominantly used to distinguish the senescent state [8]. Cellular senescence of some types of primary mammalian cells in culture mirrors in vivo aging mechanisms [9]. The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of ebselen or NAC supplementation on replicative aging in vitro, in primary human fibroblasts.
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Cell type specific effects of selected concentrations of ebselen and NAC
Primary human fibroblasts MRC-5 (Homo sapiens, 14 weeks gestation male, fibroblasts from normal lung, ATCC) [10] and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF, Homo sapiens, fibroblasts from foreskin) [11] were maintained in culture as described [12] and were supplemented with a range of concentrations of either ebselen (0, 15, 30, 60, 100 μM) or NAC (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mM). Fibroblast culturing medium containing different antioxidant concentrations was changed twice per week, mimicking the culture conditions subjected to TCCs and human peripheral blood in our previous studies [3, 13]. Both of these compounds have been known for their antioxidant potential in a number of other cell types [3, 13]. However, we observed no significant change in the cumulative PDs in both fibroblast strains, irrespective of their concentrations. Investigation on the induction of senescence measured by SA - β Gal assay, intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio (Additional file 1: Table S1) and levels of oxidative DNA damage (Additional file 1: Tables S2 and S3) determined by the GSH:GSSG ratio assay kit and modified alkaline comet assay respectively [3, 13] revealed no significant changes on either of the antioxidant supplementations compared to the control strains.
We also determined the effect of either of the antioxidant (30 μM ebselen or 7.5 mM NAC) on the levels of phosphorylation of HSP27, an important member in the family of heat shock proteins. Neither of the antioxidant treatments had an effect on the increase in HSP27 phosphorylation with age in either MRC-5 (Additional file 1: Figure S1) or HFF strains. The increase in levels of HSP27 in response to aging in skin fibroblasts has been observed previously [14, 15]. Thus the antioxidant treatments did not interfere with the gradual decline in heat shock responses with age which ultimately contributes to the increase of protein damage [16]. Furthermore, preliminary findings show no significant impact of either of the antioxidants on the induction of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 with age. The protein levels of HSP27, p21 and p16 were determined by immunoblotting in the antioxidant-treated strains compared to the controls.
Though our previous study revealed the ROS scavenging potential of selected concentrations of ebselen (30 μM) and NAC (7.5 mM) demonstrated by their impact on several markers of T cell integrity and function, higher concentrations of ebselen (60 – 100 μM) or NAC (10 mM) resulted in inhibition of the growth of TCCs. In terms of fibroblasts, higher concentrations of both antioxidants did not demonstrate a significant effect on the growth of fibroblast cell strains used in this study. The cumulative PDs remained unchanged. The possible explanation for the lack of hormetic (beneficial) effect of any of the antioxidant concentrations may be due to the fact that existing levels of background biomolecule damage in primary human fibroblasts may be enough to negate the ROS scavenging potential of these specific concentrations of ebselen or NAC. A lower or a relatively higher concentration of either of the compounds may reveal a ROS scavenging capacity in primary human fibroblasts. However, much higher concentrations of 200 μM ebselen or 30 mM NAC resulted in the inhibition of growth of fibroblast strains independent of their cell origin. Interestingly in a previous study, 10 mM NAC administration attenuated γ-H2AX and pATM (Ser-1981) formation in MRC-5 fibroblasts maintained in conditioned media [17].
Healthy aging being attributed to preservation of cellular homeostasis in response to stress thanks to the effective functioning of a complex network of processes controlled by vitagenes encoding heat shock proteins, thioredoxins and the sirtuin protein systems has been extensively documented [18, 19]. Dietary antioxidants have been demonstrated to activate pathways including vitagenes [19]. This concept could be responsible for the antioxidant potential of ebselen or NAC in human T cells when supplemented from an early age during their in vitro lifespan [3]. Our overall findings here show no significant effect of any of the concentrations of either of the antioxidants on replicative aging of human fibroblast strains (Table 1).
Table 1
Effect of 30 μM ebselen or 7.5 mM NAC administration in different primary human cell types compared to controls
Human CD4+ TCCs | Human CD4+ TCCs | Human peripheral blood & CD4+ T cells ex vivo (derived from 25–30 or 55–60 year old donors) [3] | MRC-5 (Human embryonic lung fibroblasts) | HFF (Human foreskin fibroblasts) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
26 & 45 year old donors [3] | 80 year old donors [13] | |||
Increase in cumulative PD* | No effect on cumulative PD | Increase in proliferation capacity* | No effect on cumulative PD | |
No effect on induction of SA – β Gal | ||||
Increase in intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio* | No effect on intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio | Increase in intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio* | No effect on induction of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p16, p21) | |
Decrease in levels of oxidative DNA damage* | No effect in levels of oxidative DNA damage | Decrease in levels of oxidative DNA damage* | Intracellular GSH:GSSG ratio remains unchanged | |
No significant changes on the levels of oxidative DNA damage | ||||
No effect on intracellular total glutathione levels | No effect on intracellular total glutathione levels | |||
Increase in intracellular total glutathione levels* | No effect on the increase in phosphorylation of HSP27 with age | |||
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Conclusion
This study reveals the cell type specific antioxidant potential of selected concentrations of ebselen and NAC. Though we previously demonstrated the ROS scavenging capabilities of specific concentrations of either of the antioxidants in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TCCs, their administration in culture does not have an effect on the replicative aging of primary human fibroblasts as confirmed by the lack of impact on a number of markers investigated in this study.
Acknowledgements
The work described here is part of the research programme of the Jena Centre for Systems Biology of Ageing - JenAge. I acknowledge JenAge funding by the German Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF; support code: 0315581). HFFs were a kind gift of Thomas Stamminger, Erlangen, Germany. I would also like to thank Professor Yvonne Barnett, Nottingham Trent University (UK) and Professor Graham Pawelec, University of Tübingen (Germany) for the CD4+ TCCs. The idea for the work was conceived and undertaken in the laboratory of Professor Stephan Diekmann and Dr. Peter Hemmerich in Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena (Germany).
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