Background
Methods
Study design and study sample
Outcome variables
Exposure variables
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Variables | Percent or mean ± SD | p valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 7530) | Boys (n = 3780) | Girls (n = 3750) | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics (1998) | ||||
Age (years) | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.3 |
0.012
|
Race/ethnicity | 0.153 | |||
White | 58.0 | 58.5 | 57.5 | |
Black | 17.5 | 18.0 | 17.0 | |
Hispanic | 18.2 | 18.4 | 18.1 | |
Asian | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.7 | |
Others | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.7 | |
Parental education | 0.227 | |||
≤ High school | 33.8 | 35.5 | 32.1 | |
Vocational/college | 32.5 | 31.9 | 33.1 | |
Bachelor | 19.2 | 19.1 | 19.3 | |
≥ Graduate | 14.5 | 13.5 | 15.5 | |
Household annual income ($) | 0.503 | |||
≤ 30,000 | 35.0 | 35.7 | 34.2 | |
> 30,000 but ≤ 50,000 | 24.1 | 24.4 | 23.8 | |
> 50,000 but ≤ 75,000 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 19.6 | |
> 75,000 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 22.4 | |
Urbanicity | 0.797 | |||
Urban | 68.4 | 68.1 | 68.6 | |
Non-urban | 31.6 | 31.9 | 31.4 | |
Weight statusb (1998) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.4 ± 2.2 | 16.4 ± 2.0 | 16.4 ± 2.3 | 0.684 |
Overweight and obesity | 26.6 | 25.9 | 27.3 | 0.435 |
Obesity | 11.3 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 0.590 |
Weight statusb (2007) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 5.7 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | 23.2 ± 5.8 |
0.013
|
Overweight and obesity | 35.5 | 35.6 | 35.4 | 0.903 |
Obesity | 19.5 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 0.062 |
Food outlet type | Percent or mean ± SD | p valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 7530) | Boys (n = 3780) | Girls (n = 3750) | ||
Supermarket | ||||
1998 | 0.56 ± 2.02 | 0.51 ± 1.77 | 0.62 ± 2.13 | 0.263 |
2007 | 0.83 ± 3.63 | 0.76 ± 3.39 | 0.91 ± 3.63 | 0.429 |
1998–2007 | 0.206 | |||
Decreased | 16.1 | 15.3 | 17.0 | |
Constant | 13.3 | 12.3 | 14.2 | |
Increased | 70.6 | 72.4 | 68.8 | |
Convenience store | ||||
1998 | 0.13 ± 0.25 | 0.13 ± 0.22 | 0.14 ± 0.26 | 0.460 |
2007 | 0.19 ± 0.40 | 0.19 ± 0.35 | 0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.456 |
1998–2007 | 0.937 | |||
Decreased | 16.7 | 16.5 | 17.0 | |
Constant | 19.4 | 19.6 | 19.2 | |
Increased | 63.9 | 63.9 | 63.8 | |
Full-service restaurant | ||||
1998 | 1.38 ± 5.14 | 1.28 ± 4.57 | 1.48 ± 5.36 | 0.163 |
2007 | 1.81 ± 6.93 | 1.72 ± 6.10 | 1.90 ± 7.27 | 0.371 |
1998–2007 | 0.278 | |||
Decreased | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.8 | |
Constant | 5.9 | 5.2 | 6.6 | |
Increased | 86.1 | 86.6 | 85.6 | |
Fast-food restaurant | ||||
1998 | 0.25 ± 0.48 | 0.24 ± 0.43 | 0.26 ± 0.51 | 0.234 |
2007 | 0.43 ± 0.97 | 0.42 ± 0.87 | 0.44 ± 0.99 | 0.527 |
1998–2007 | 0.295 | |||
Decreased | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.5 | |
Constant | 11.3 | 10.3 | 12.3 | |
Increased | 84.9 | 85.7 | 84.2 | |
Retail bakery | ||||
1998 | 0.16 ± 0.50 | 0.14 ± 0.43 | 0.17 ± 0.53 | 0.103 |
2007 | 0.20 ± 0.72 | 0.19 ± 0.59 | 0.22 ± 0.80 | 0.141 |
1998–2007 | 0.818 | |||
Decreased | 16.0 | 16.3 | 15.8 | |
Constant | 29.2 | 28.6 | 29.7 | |
Increased | 54.8 | 55.1 | 54.5 | |
Dairy product store | ||||
1998 | 0.05 ± 0.13 | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.13 | 0.815 |
2007 | 0.08 ± 0.20 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | 0.08 ± 0.21 | 0.369 |
1998–2007 | 0.194 | |||
Decreased | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.6 | |
Constant | 31.3 | 29.7 | 32.9 | |
Increased | 62.8 | 64.2 | 61.5 | |
Health food store | ||||
1998 | 0.07 ± 0.26 | 0.07 ± 0.25 | 0.07 ± 0.26 | 0.560 |
2007 | 0.10 ± 0.40 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | 0.11 ± 0.43 | 0.649 |
1998–2007 | 0.320 | |||
Decreased | 12.3 | 11.8 | 12.7 | |
Constant | 35.5 | 34.4 | 36.7 | |
Increased | 52.2 | 53.8 | 50.6 | |
Candy store | ||||
1998 | 0.04 ± 0.30 | 0.03 ± 0.24 | 0.05 ± 0.34 | 0.098 |
2007 | 0.04 ± 0.28 | 0.03 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.32 | 0.100 |
1998–2007 | 0.166 | |||
Decreased | 13.8 | 14.7 | 12.8 | |
Constant | 54.8 | 55.6 | 54.1 | |
Increased | 31.4 | 29.7 | 33.1 | |
Fruit/vegetable market | ||||
1998 | 0.03 ± 0.22 | 0.03 ± 0.18 | 0.04 ± 0.25 | 0.155 |
2007 | 0.05 ± 0.27 | 0.04 ± 0.20 | 0.06 ± 0.31 | 0.090 |
1998–2007 | 0.305 | |||
Decreased | 5.9 | 6.3 | 5.4 | |
Constant | 65.9 | 66.7 | 65.2 | |
Increased | 28.2 | 27.0 | 29.4 | |
Meat/fish market | ||||
1998 | 0.08 ± 0.40 | 0.07 ± 0.35 | 0.09 ± 0.43 | 0.230 |
2007 | 0.09 ± 0.45 | 0.08 ± 0.35 | 0.11 ± 0.51 | 0.207 |
1998–2007 | 0.509 | |||
Decreased | 12.0 | 12.4 | 11.6 | |
Constant | 52.3 | 51.0 | 53.6 | |
Increased | 35.7 | 36.6 | 34.8 | |
Beverage store | ||||
1998 | 0.05 ± 0.21 | 0.05 ± 0.21 | 0.05 ± 0.21 | 0.768 |
2007 | 0.11 ± 0.44 | 0.11 ± 0.45 | 0.11 ± 0.38 | 0.978 |
1998–2007 | 0.861 | |||
Decreased | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.5 | |
Constant | 33.7 | 33.5 | 33.8 | |
Increased | 61.6 | 61.5 | 61.7 |
Associations of school neighborhood food environments and child BMI
Food outlet type | All (n = 7530) | Boys (n = 3780) | Girls (n = 3750) | Urban (n = 5040) | Non-urban (n = 2490) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supermarket | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.21 | (0.19) | − 0.08 | (0.22) | − 0.26 | (0.27) | − 0.27 | (0.23) | − 0.15 | (0.38) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | − 0.08 | (0.23) | − 0.12 | (0.26) | − 0.07 | (0.34) | 0.02 | (0.27) | − 0.07 | (0.48) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.02 | (0.18) | 0.03 | (0.21) | − 0.04 | (0.25) | 0.14 | (0.20) | − 0.35 | (0.39) |
Convenience store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.05 | (0.19) | − 0.08 | (0.22) | − 0.07 | (0.27) | − 0.19 | (0.22) | 0.18 | (0.42) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.21 | (0.25) | 0.27 | (0.28) | 0.21 | (0.36) | 0.37 | (0.30) | − 0.05 | (0.47) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.39* | (0.17) | 0.34 | (0.20) | 0.50* | (0.25) | 0.41* | (0.21) | 0.39 | (0.36) |
Full-service restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.06 | (0.20) | − 0.07 | (0.23) | − 0.10 | (0.29) | 0.09 | (0.25) | − 0.30 | (0.38) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.02 | (0.24) | − 0.19 | (0.28) | 0.33 | (0.35) | − 0.10 | (0.30) | 0.12 | (0.45) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.06 | (0.18) | − 0.39 | (0.21) | 0.36 | (0.26) | − 0.13 | (0.23) | − 0.03 | (0.33) |
Fast-food restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.07 | (0.20) | 0.05 | (0.23) | − 0.26 | (0.28) | − 0.09 | (0.23) | − 0.11 | (0.43) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.31 | (0.27) | 0.38 | (0.31) | 0.30 | (0.39) | 0.20 | (0.30) | 0.72 | (0.67) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.28 | (0.18) | 0.10 | (0.20) | 0.44 | (0.26) | 0.33 | (0.20) | 0.34 | (0.41) |
Retail bakery | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.07 | (0.22) | 0.04 | (0.26) | − 0.15 | (0.32) | − 0.21 | (0.25) | 0.54 | (0.63) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | − 0.43 | (0.29) | − 0.43 | (0.34) | − 0.48 | (0.42) | − 0.32 | (0.32) | − 0.58 | (0.79) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.10 | (0.20) | 0.13 | (0.24) | − 0.46 | (0.29) | − 0.05 | (0.22) | 0.00 | (0.60) |
Dairy product store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.26 | (0.29) | − 0.58 | (0.33) | 0.04 | (0.41) | − 0.15 | (0.31) | − 1.30 | (0.89) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.86* | (0.39) | 1.86*** | (0.45) | − 0.24 | (0.57) | 0.92* | (0.42) | 0.64 | (1.40) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.11 | (0.21) | 0.27 | (0.24) | − 0.56 | (0.30) | − 0.07 | (0.23) | − 0.37 | (0.50) |
Health food store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.10 | (0.28) | − 0.18 | (0.32) | − 0.00 | (0.41) | − 0.14 | (0.31) | 0.34 | (0.79) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.14 | (0.36) | 0.04 | (0.42) | 0.22 | (0.52) | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0.03 | (1.17) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.06 | (0.22) | − 0.16 | (0.26) | 0.09 | (0.31) | − 0.07 | (0.24) | 0.00 | (0.62) |
Candy store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.01 | (0.50) | 0.02 | (0.59) | 0.06 | (0.73) | − 0.04 | (0.53) | − 1.89 | (2.23) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | − 0.36 | (0.59) | − 0.34 | (0.70) | − 0.32 | (0.85) | − 0.51 | (0.62) | 2.55 | (2.39) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.11 | (0.33) | − 0.10 | (0.39) | 0.33 | (0.47) | 0.01 | (0.35) | 0.61 | (0.90) |
Fruit and vegetable market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.30 | (0.49) | 0.14 | (0.56) | 0.52 | (0.73) | 0.46 | (0.52) | 0.55 | (1.60) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.45 | (0.61) | 1.19 | (0.74) | − 0.32 | (0.89) | 0.38 | (0.64) | − 0.98 | (2.20) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.09 | (0.31) | − 0.02 | (0.36) | − 0.32 | (0.47) | 0.00 | (0.34) | − 0.92 | (0.97) |
Meat and fish market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.22 | (0.32) | 0.42 | (0.37) | − 0.09 | (0.47) | 0.30 | (0.36) | − 0.19 | (0.81) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | − 0.28 | (0.42) | − 0.60 | (0.49) | 0.16 | (0.63) | − 0.27 | (0.45) | − 1.23 | (1.51) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.20 | (0.25) | − 0.16 | (0.29) | 0.63 | (0.37) | 0.16 | (0.27) | 0.32 | (0.80) |
Beverage store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | − 0.50 | (0.38) | − 0.49 | (0.45) | − 0.36 | (0.54) | − 0.55 | (0.41) | − 0.18 | (1.20) |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.31 | (0.50) | 0.14 | (0.58) | 0.47 | (0.72) | 0.35 | (0.52) | − 2.15 | (3.15) |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | − 0.21 | (0.20) | − 0.15 | (0.23) | − 0.32 | (0.29) | − 0.25 | (0.22) | − 0.38 | (0.53) |
Associations of school neighborhood food environments and child weight status
Food outlet type | All (n = 7530) | Boys (n = 3780) | Girls (n = 3750) | Urban (n = 5040) | Non-urban (n = 2490) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supermarket | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.13 | [0.96, 1.34] | 1.12 | [0.88, 1.42] | 1.18 | [0.93, 1.50] | 1.16 | [0.94, 1.43] | 1.16 | [0.85, 1.58] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.91 | [0.74, 1.12] | 0.95 | [0.73, 1.24] | 0.84 | [0.62, 1.14] | 0.99 | [0.76, 1.28] | 0.76 | [0.50, 1.16] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.10 | [0.94, 1.29] | 1.09 | [0.88, 1.33] | 1.11 | [0.89, 1.40] | 1.10 | [0.92, 1.33] | 1.02 | [0.74, 1.42] |
Convenience store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.96 | [0.82, 1.12] | 0.92 | [0.74, 1.13] | 1.02 | [0.81, 1.27] | 0.92 | [0.77, 1.10] | 1.14 | [0.80, 1.62] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.13 | [0.92, 1.39] | 1.13 | [0.86, 1.50] | 1.14 | [0.85, 1.52] | 1.17 | [0.90, 1.51] | 1.00 | [0.68, 1.48] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.05 | [0.90, 1.22] | 0.98 | [0.80, 1.21] | 1.15 | [0.92, 1.43] | 0.98 | [0.81, 1.17] | 1.46** | [1.10, 1.95] |
Full-service restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.89 | [0.74, 1.06] | 0.80 | [0.63, 1.01] | 0.98 | [0.76, 1.26] | 0.97 | [0.77, 1.22] | 0.75 | [0.56, 1.02] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.02 | [0.83, 1.27] | 1.08 | [0.82, 1.43] | 1.00 | [0.74, 1.36] | 0.99 | [0.75, 1.31] | 1.11 | [0.80, 1.54] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.86 | [0.73, 1.01] | 0.81 | [0.65, 1.01] | 0.92 | [0.73, 1.16] | 0.88 | [0.72, 1.09] | 0.76 | [0.58, 1.01] |
Fast-food restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.14 | [0.97, 1.34] | 1.20 | [0.95, 1.51] | 1.08 | [0.85, 1.37] | 1.15 | [0.95, 1.38] | 1.03 | [0.73, 1.43] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.03 | [0.82, 1.30] | 1.27 | [0.94, 1.73] | 0.82 | [0.58, 1.15] | 0.97 | [0.75, 1.25] | 1.43 | [0.78, 2.63] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.02 | [0.87, 1.18] | 1.09 | [0.88, 1.36] | 0.93 | [0.75, 1.17] | 1.11 | [0.93, 1.33] | 0.84 | [0.63, 1.13] |
Retail bakery | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.17 | [0.96, 1.44] | 1.23 | [0.96, 1.59] | 1.11 | [0.83, 1.49] | 1.16 | [0.93, 1.45] | 0.94 | [0.53, 1.68] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.86 | [0.67, 1.10] | 0.95 | [0.69, 1.31] | 0.78 | [0.53, 1.15] | 0.84 | [0.64, 1.11] | 1.37 | [0.71, 2.64] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.85 | [0.72, 1.02] | 0.89 | [0.69, 1.14] | 0.81 | [0.64, 1.03] | 0.83 | [0.68, 1.01] | 1.02 | [0.68, 1.53] |
Dairy product store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.78 | [0.60, 1.01] | 0.67* | [0.48, 0.94] | 0.90 | [0.62, 1.31] | 0.79 | [0.61, 1.01] | 0.65 | [0.18, 2.27] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.26 | [0.87, 1.83] | 1.50 | [0.94, 2.39] | 1.01 | [0.58, 1.74] | 1.27 | [0.87, 1.86] | 1.45 | [0.32, 6.68] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.89 | [0.74, 1.06] | 1.08 | [0.85, 1.38] | 0.71** | [0.54, 0.92] | 0.87 | [0.71, 1.07] | 0.90 | [0.60, 1.35] |
Health food store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.11 | [0.89, 1.39] | 1.10 | [0.81, 1.51] | 1.14 | [0.81, 1.60] | 1.05 | [0.82, 1.36] | 1.83** | [1.17, 2.86] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.00 | [0.75, 1.33] | 0.98 | [0.65, 1.46] | 0.99 | [0.62, 1.58] | 1.01 | [0.73, 1.40] | 0.74 | [0.33, 1.68] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.06 | [0.88, 1.28] | 0.94 | [0.73, 1.21] | 1.21 | [0.92, 1.58] | 1.00 | [0.81, 1.25] | 1.47* | [1.00, 2.15] |
Candy store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.29 | [0.85, 1.95] | 1.09 | [0.64, 1.87] | 1.55 | [0.82, 2.91] | 1.19 | [0.76, 1.85] | 1.35 | [0.34, 5.42] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.87 | [0.52, 1.45] | 1.04 | [0.54, 2.00] | 0.73 | [0.33, 1.61] | 0.85 | [0.48, 1.52] | 1.25 | [0.26, 5.95] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.18 | [0.87, 1.61] | 0.90 | [0.59, 1.36] | 1.50* | [1.03, 2.20] | 1.10 | [0.80, 1.52] | 1.70 | [0.82, 3.50] |
Fruit and vegetable market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.34 | [0.97, 1.85] | 1.27 | [0.81, 1.98] | 1.52 | [0.86, 2.68] | 1.43* | [1.01, 2.03] | 1.28 | [0.55, 2.95] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.71 | [0.44, 1.16] | 1.21 | [0.64, 2.28] | 0.42* | [0.20, 0.90] | 0.68 | [0.40, 1.15] | 0.79 | [0.27, 2.32] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.89 | [0.68, 1.17] | 1.05 | [0.74, 1.47] | 0.73 | [0.47, 1.14] | 0.96 | [0.73, 1.28] | 0.67 | [0.26, 1.74] |
Meat and fish market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.87 | [0.67, 1.12] | 1.01 | [0.72, 1.42] | 0.74 | [0.48, 1.14] | 0.89 | [0.65, 1.21] | 0.67 | [0.39, 1.14] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.96 | [0.66, 1.39] | 0.79 | [0.50, 1.26] | 1.14 | [0.62, 2.08] | 0.93 | [0.62, 1.41] | 1.15 | [0.60, 2.21] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.99 | [0.77, 1.28] | 0.85 | [0.62, 1.15] | 1.17 | [0.83, 1.65] | 0.97 | [0.75, 1.27] | 0.85 | [0.41, 1.76] |
Beverage store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.74 | [0.55, 1.01] | 0.87 | [0.58, 1.31] | 0.66 | [0.43, 1.02] | 0.77 | [0.55, 1.08] | 0.52 | [0.20, 1.31] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.50 | [0.97, 2.32] | 0.87 | [0.47, 1.61] | 2.61** | [1.46, 4.66] | 1.42 | [0.90, 2.26] | 0.73 | [0.14, 3.85] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.07 | [0.90, 1.27] | 1.07 | [0.87, 1.33] | 1.03 | [0.80, 1.33] | 1.05 | [0.86, 1.29] | 1.09 | [0.73, 1.63] |
Food outlet type | All (n = 7530) | Boys (n = 3780) | Girls (n = 3750) | Urban (n = 5040) | Non-urban (n = 2490) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supermarket | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.07 | [0.88, 1.29] | 1.10 | [0.86, 1.41] | 1.07 | [0.81, 1.42] | 1.09 | [0.87, 1.36] | 1.02 | [0.71, 1.46] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.88 | [0.69, 1.12] | 0.92 | [0.67, 1.26] | 0.76 | [0.53, 1.09] | 0.90 | [0.67, 1.20] | 0.96 | [0.56, 1.65] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.99 | [0.82, 1.19] | 1.05 | [0.82, 1.35] | 0.90 | [0.69, 1.17] | 1.01 | [0.82, 1.25] | 0.98 | [0.65, 1.47] |
Convenience store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.01 | [0.84, 1.22] | 0.91 | [0.71, 1.16] | 1.11 | [0.84, 1.47] | 0.96 | [0.77, 1.19] | 1.05 | [0.66, 1.69] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.04 | [0.79, 1.36] | 1.22 | [0.88, 1.68] | 0.87 | [0.56, 1.34] | 1.12 | [0.81, 1.56] | 0.87 | [0.51, 1.49] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.11 | [0.92, 1.33] | 0.97 | [0.77, 1.23] | 1.41** | [1.09, 1.82] | 0.96 | [0.77, 1.20] | 1.60* | [1.10, 2.33] |
Full-service restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.94 | [0.75, 1.17] | 0.88 | [0.65, 1.17] | 0.99 | [0.72, 1.37] | 0.97 | [0.74, 1.27] | 0.93 | [0.61, 1.44] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.03 | [0.79, 1.35] | 0.95 | [0.68, 1.34] | 1.25 | [0.85, 1.83] | 1.02 | [0.73, 1.42] | 1.08 | [0.68, 1.70] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.83 | [0.67, 1.02] | 0.74* | [0.57, 0.95] | 0.98 | [0.72, 1.33] | 0.82 | [0.64, 1.06] | 0.79 | [0.52, 1.21] |
Fast-food restaurant | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.96 | [0.78, 1.18] | 1.05 | [0.81, 1.37] | 0.87 | [0.64, 1.20] | 0.95 | [0.76, 1.19] | 1.07 | [0.63, 1.84] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.18 | [0.86, 1.61] | 1.23 | [0.81, 1.86] | 1.12 | [0.72, 1.75] | 1.18 | [0.84, 1.66] | 1.02 | [0.44, 2.37] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.06 | [0.88, 1.29] | 1.05 | [0.82, 1.35] | 1.06 | [0.80, 1.41] | 1.27* | [1.02, 1.59] | 0.72 | [0.46, 1.12] |
Retail bakery | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.04 | [0.81, 1.34] | 1.02 | [0.74, 1.42] | 1.05 | [0.72, 1.54] | 0.90 | [0.70, 1.16] | 1.65 | [0.67, 4.07] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.91 | [0.65, 1.26] | 0.86 | [0.56, 1.32] | 0.94 | [0.57, 1.56] | 1.01 | [0.72, 1.42] | 1.07 | [0.38, 3.02] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.93 | [0.74, 1.16] | 1.12 | [0.84, 1.49] | 0.74 | [0.53, 1.03] | 0.91 | [0.72, 1.14] | 1.13 | [0.56, 2.28] |
Dairy product store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.76 | [0.54, 1.06] | 0.50** | [0.32, 0.77] | 1.22 | [0.81, 1.85] | 0.85 | [0.62, 1.16] | 0.23 | [0.04, 1.49] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.68* | [1.07, 2.65] | 2.92*** | [1.58, 5.40] | 0.79 | [0.43, 1.46] | 1.67* | [1.07, 2.61] | 2.49 | [0.27, 22.76] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.91 | [0.73, 1.13] | 1.06 | [0.80, 1.40] | 0.71* | [0.51, 0.98] | 0.89 | [0.70, 1.14] | 0.86 | [0.51, 1.45] |
Health food store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.92 | [0.69, 1.23] | 1.05 | [0.73, 1.51] | 0.77 | [0.51, 1.17] | 0.95 | [0.70, 1.30] | 0.86 | [0.42, 1.74] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.96 | [0.65, 1.42] | 0.88 | [0.52, 1.49] | 1.07 | [0.63, 1.85] | 0.92 | [0.61, 1.40] | 1.01 | [0.41, 2.46] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.09 | [0.87, 1.38] | 1.02 | [0.75, 1.38] | 1.22 | [0.89, 1.68] | 1.16 | [0.90, 1.50] | 1.06 | [0.64, 1.76] |
Candy store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.89 | [0.52, 1.52] | 0.95 | [0.46, 1.96] | 0.83 | [0.42, 1.66] | 0.75 | [0.43, 1.29] | 1.00 | [0.20, 4.97] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.99 | [0.53, 1.87] | 1.22 | [0.52, 2.89] | 0.75 | [0.33, 1.73] | 1.12 | [0.58, 2.16] | 1.30 | [0.19, 8.96] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.18 | [0.86, 1.63] | 1.43 | [0.93, 2.20] | 0.87 | [0.54, 1.40] | 1.13 | [0.78, 1.64] | 1.44 | [0.80, 2.61] |
Fruit and vegetable market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.23 | [0.75, 2.01] | 1.20 | [0.64, 2.23] | 1.22 | [0.57, 2.62] | 1.31 | [0.76, 2.25] | 1.18 | [0.38, 3.68] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.78 | [0.43, 1.44] | 0.85 | [0.35, 2.08] | 0.75 | [0.31, 1.80] | 0.73 | [0.38, 1.40] | 0.58 | [0.13, 2.61] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.05 | [0.76, 1.46] | 1.05 | [0.73, 1.51] | 1.00 | [0.60, 1.66] | 1.24 | [0.92, 1.66] | 0.48 | [0.13, 1.72] |
Meat and fish market | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 1.13 | [0.83, 1.52] | 1.06 | [0.70, 1.60] | 1.16 | [0.71, 1.89] | 1.16 | [0.85, 1.58] | 0.82 | [0.28, 2.42] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 0.57* | [0.35, 0.91] | 0.60 | [0.32, 1.11] | 0.59 | [0.31, 1.12] | 0.53* | [0.32, 0.87] | 0.78 | [0.24, 2.57] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 0.98 | [0.74, 1.31] | 1.06 | [0.76, 1.47] | 0.86 | [0.55, 1.35] | 0.99 | [0.74, 1.33] | 1.04 | [0.34, 3.21] |
Beverage store | ||||||||||
1998 (/km2) | ||||||||||
0 (ref) | ||||||||||
> 0 | 0.89 | [0.62, 1.28] | 0.96 | [0.61, 1.52] | 0.89 | [0.50, 1.60] | 0.84 | [0.56, 1.25] | 1.14 | [0.49, 2.63] |
1998–2007 | ||||||||||
Decreased | 1.14 | [0.65, 2.01] | 1.18 | [0.61, 2.28] | 1.03 | [0.46, 2.28] | 1.21 | [0.67, 2.18] | 1.00 | [1.00, 1.00] |
Constant (ref) | ||||||||||
Increased | 1.11 | [0.89, 1.37] | 1.09 | [0.83, 1.44] | 1.05 | [0.76, 1.46] | 1.10 | [0.87, 1.39] | 0.88 | [0.51, 1.53] |