Background
Stereospecificity of native dietary TAGs
Structure and function
Characteristic distribution of TAG species
TAG species
| |||
---|---|---|---|
Vegetable Oil
| |||
Almond oil | OOO | OLO | OLL |
Canola oil | OOO | LOO | OOLn |
Cocoa butter | POS | SOS | POP |
Coconut oil | DDD | CDD | CDM |
Corn oil | LLL | LOL | LLP |
Cottonseed oil | PLL | POL | LLL |
Olive oil | OOO | OOP | OLO |
Palm kernel oil | DDD | MOD | ODO |
Palm oil | POP | POO | POL |
Peanut oil | OOL | POL | OLL |
Safflower oil | LLL | LLO | LLP |
Soybean oil | LLL | LLO | LLP |
Sunflower oil | LLL | OLL | LOO |
Walnut oil | LLL | OLL | PLL |
Animal Fat
| |||
Butter | PPB | PPC | POP |
Egg fat | POO | PLO | POS |
Lard | SPO | OPL | OPO |
Tallow | POO | POP | POS |
Postprandial fate of native dietary TAGs
Hydrolysis in the duodenum
Changes in chylomicron
TAG clearance
Altering stereospecificity of fatty acids
Modification of fats
native | Randomized | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of fat | Fatty acid | Total FAC (%) | % mol FA in sn -2 position | Type of fat | % mol FA in sn -2 position |
Cocoa butter [29] | 16:0 | 24 | 6.8 | Salatrim | not available |
18:0 | 35 | 6.8 | |||
18:1 | 36 | 29.4 | |||
18:2 | 3 | 3.0 | |||
Olive oil [29] | 16:0 | 10 | 0.3 | HOSO [115] | 0.1 |
18:0 | 2 | - | 0.1 | ||
18:1 | 76 | 28.0 | 92.9 | ||
18:2 | 10 | 4.7 | 6.8 | ||
Palm oil [29] | 16:0 | 40 | 4.4 | Betapol [120] | 72.7 |
18:0 | 4 | - | 6.9 | ||
18:1 | 43 | 23.1 | 14.7 | ||
18:2 | 11 | 6.1 | 3.6 | ||
Peanut oil [110] | 16:0 | 9 | 0.7 | Randomized peanut oil [110] | 4.3 |
18:0 | 3 | tr | 1.2 | ||
18:1 | 58 | 28.5 | 18.3 | ||
18:2 | 23 | 12.9 | 9.6 | ||
Cottonseed oil [99] | 16:0 | 24 | 2.0 | Randomized cottonseed oil [99] | 8.3 |
18:0 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.9 | ||
18:1 | 18 | 7.2 | 6.0 | ||
18:2 | 53 | 25.0 | 17.7 | ||
Tallow [105] | 16:0 | 25 | 3.8 | Randomized tallow [105] | 8.5 |
18:0 | 17 | 2.2 | 6.2 | ||
18:1 | 40 | 19.7 | 13.1 | ||
18:2 | 3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | ||
Lard [105] | 16:0 | 21 | 21.3 | Randomized lard [105] | 7.6 |
18:0 | 11 | 1.2 | 3.9 | ||
18:1 | 39 | 4.9 | 12.7 | ||
18:2 | 16 | 2.3 | 4.7 | ||
Fish oil [94] | 10:0 | - | - | Randomized fish oil [94] | 40.9 |
14:0 | 8.5 | 12.6 | 5.2 | ||
16:0 | 18 | 22.3 | 10.6 | ||
18:0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | ||
18:1 | 12.6 | 7.4 | 7.3 | ||
18:2 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 1.7 | ||
20:5 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 4.4 | ||
22:6 | 11.2 | 21.4 | 6.5 |
Applications of interesterified fats
Absorption of interesterified fats
Digestibility of interesterified fats
Influence on dietary cholesterol absorption
Metabolic processing of interesterified fats
Animal studies
Human studies
Metabolic processing of long chain fatty acids
Effects of interesterified fats on fasting lipids
C16:0 versus C18:1 in the sn-2 position
C16:0 versus C18:0 in the sn-2 position
C12:0 versus C14:0 versus C16:0 versus C18:0 in the sn-2 position
Long-chain saturated fatty acid (LC-SFA) in the sn-2 position
Effects of interesterified fats on the postprandial state
C16:0-rich fats
C18:1-rich fats
C18:0-rich fats
Variable sn-2 fatty acids
Fat class | Reference | Study population | Study design | Diet | Endpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palm olein (sn-1/3 C16:0) vs Betapol™/interesterified palm olein (sn-2 C16:0) | Zampelas et al. [121] | 16 healthy men Mean age: 24.8 ± 2.6 y Mean BMI: 22.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2 | Randomized cross-over 2-wk wash-out 6 hr postprandial event Bleeds at -10, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 min | Liquid meal: Meal replacement diet (Carnation Slender) + 40 g test fat + 200 ml water | Fat clearance: no difference Glucose, insulin and GIP: no difference |
Palm olein (sn-1/3 C16:0) vs interesterified palm olein (sn-2 C16:0) | Yli-Jokipii et al. [19] | 11 women age: 18–45 y BMI: 18.5–25 kg/m2 | Double-blind Randomized cross-over 4-wk wash-out 6 hr postprandial event | Identical FAC with 32.8% of 16:0 Positional distribution: 16:0 in sn-1/3 for PO and in sn-2 for interesterified PO Liquid fat load-55 g/m2 BSA | Fat clearance: no difference IAUC TAG: sn-1/3 C16:0 > sn-2 C16:0 Insulin: sn-1/3 C16:0 <sn-2 C16:0 Chylomicron-TAG structure: similar to diet TAG structure VLDL-TAG structure: similar for both test meals but dissimilar to diet origin. |
Butter vs Fat replacers (Paselli™ vs Simplesse™ vs Olestra™) | Mattes [118] | 2 men and 15 women Age: 28.5 ± 1.9 y BMI:26.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2 | Randomized crossover 80 g almond evening meal prior to postprandial day Modified sham feeding (MSF) for oral stimulation 0 h: baseline bleed +10 min: 50 g safflower oil capsule + 20 min: blood drawn + every 3 min for 60 min: MSF + every 15 min for 60 min: MSF + bleeds at 2.5 h, 4.5 h, 6.5 h, 8.5 h after baseline | MSF @ 2 hr after baseline. Mashed potato alone as control. Test fat (= 50 g) fed in capsules with mashed potato. | AUC TAG: Butter > potato = Paselli™ = No MSF > Simplesse™ > Olestra Serum 18:1, apo B48, apo B 100: no treatment effects |
Interesterified C18:0-rich sunflower oil vs C18:1-rich HOSO | Sanders et al. [47] | 16 healthy subjects: 11 men, 5 women mean age (yr): 25.5 mean BMI (kg/m2): 23.2 | Randomized crossover 7 hr postprandial events 0,1,2,4 and 5 hr drawn capillary blood 3 and 7 hr venous blood | Test fat : 90 g vs Low fat = 10 g Test meal challenge: cottage pie + banana milkshake with total nutrient value of 5.2 MJ, 37 g protein Fat-free lunch (1.7 MJ) after 3 hr | FVIIa: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 |
C18:0-rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs C18:1-rich HOSO (sn-2 C18:1) vs randomized C18:0-rich Salatrim™ (sn-2 C18:0) | Sanders et al. [48] | 17 men and 18 women mean age (yr): men 51.3; women 46.2 mean BMI (kg/m2): men 25.9 and women 26.5 | Randomized crossover 3 wk feeding per phase with 1 wk wash-out 0, 3 and 6 hr postprandial events | Test fat:30 g Test meal: muffin + strawberry milkshake Total nutrient value: 50 g fat, 17 g protein, 48 g carbohydrate | FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:1> sn-2 C18:0 |
C18:0 rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs interesterified cocoa butter (sn-2 C18:0) | Sanders et al. [126] | 17 healthy males mean age: 38.2 yr mean BMI: 24.5 kg/m2 | Randomized crossover 3 wk feeding per phase ≥ 1 wk wash-out 1,2,4 and 5 h postprandial events | Test meal: milkshake + muffin Nutrient value: 3.13 MJ, 16 g protein+ 50 g carbohydrate + 50 g test fat 3 h post-meal: fruit and low-fat yoghurt | FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 <sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 > sn-2 C18:0 |
C18:0 rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs Interesterified C18:0-rich sunflower oil (sn-2 C18:0) | Berry & Sanders [128] | 6 healthy males age: 20–40 yr | Randomized crossover 6 hr postprandial event | Test fat: 50 g | FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 <sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 > sn-2 C18:0 |
Unrandomized shea butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs randomized shea butter (sn-2 C18:0) | Berry & Sanders [22] | 16 healthy males | Randomized crossover trial | Test fat: 50 g Test meal: muffins | FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:0 |
Unrandomized shea butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs C18:1-rich HOSO (sn-2 C18:1) | Berry & Sanders [129] | 13 healthy males age: 20–43 yr | Randomized crossover trial 6 hr postprandial event | Test fat: 50 g | FVIIa: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-1/3 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-1/3 C18:0 |
Interesterified fatty acids sn-2 C18:0 (n = 16) sn-2 C16:0 (n = 16) sn-2 C18:2 (n = 16) sn-2 C18:1 (n = 16) sn-2 C14:0+C16:0 (n = 8) sn-2 trans C18:1(n = 15) | Tholstrup et al. [131] | 16 healthy men age: 21 to 28 yr BMI: 19.5 to 28.1 kg/m2 | Crossover design ≥ 3 wk wash-out 2 days familiarization | Total fat energy-50.6% SFA:PUFA:MUFA = 40:41:19 Interesterified fatty acids targeted at ≈ 43% by wt Single meal fat-loading:1 g/kg BW | Fat clearance: C18:0 = C16:0 < C16:0+C14:0 <cis and trans C18:1 < C18:2 LpL: C18:0 = C16:0 = C16:0+C14:0 <cis C18:1 <trans C18:1 < C18:2 CETP: ↑ for trans C18:1 after 4 h; ↓ for C18:0 and C18:2 until 4 h; no change for the rest. |