Introduction
Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of follicular plugs with varying degrees of perifollicular erythema and hyperpigmentation. The lesions in KP usually improve during the summer and may benefit from treatment with emollients, exfoliants, intense pulsed light, and laser therapy [
1]. Vascular devices, such as 532-nm, 585-nm, and 595-nm [
2] lasers, have shown modest success in reducing the redness in KP [
1,
3]. However, a highly effective or long-term treatment is not available. Vellus hair is the center of abnormal keratinization, and there is a secondary inflammatory response around it in the histopathology of KP. Recently, the use of an 810-nm diode laser as a hair removal technique has been proven to be beneficial in treating skin roughness and pigmentation in KP [
4]. However, the method has little efficacy in the case of erythema. Long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser is also an effective laser technique for vellus hair removal. Furthermore, sequential therapy with long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser and a 595-nm laser is a safe and effective approach for relatively deep or thick hemangioma [
5]. On the basis of the above findings, it is speculated that a 755-nm alexandrite laser may be effective in both vellus hair removal and erythema. In this study, the efficacy and safety of long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser in KP were evaluated using physicians’ assessment and patients’ self-assessment scores, dermoscopic examination, a novel noninvasive ultrasonographic (high-frequency ultrasound, HFUS) examination, and skin biopsy to optimize the treatment for KP.
Methods
This was a prospective, rater-blinded, split-body, randomized, comparative clinical trial (ChiCTR2100054489), and the study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital (2021-P2-316-01). All participants provided their signed informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.
Patient Selection
The patients were recruited from the Dermatology Department of Beijing Friendship Hospital during the enrollment time from 1 to 31 December 2021. The study inclusion criteria were an age of 18–65 years, in good health, and a diagnosis of KP on both arms. The KP lesions on both arms were consistent in severity. Patients who received any systemic or topical medication, any laser treatment within 12 months before recruitment, with a concurrent diagnosis of another skin condition or malignancy, with a tan or sunburn on the arm within 1 month before recruitment, with open ulcers or infection on any skin site, and pregnant or breastfeeding women were excluded from the study.
Randomization
Each participant was assigned a number according to a random number table created by computer software. If the number was odd, the left upper arm was used as the laser side and the right upper arm as the control side. If the number was even, the right upper arm was used as the laser side and the left upper arm as the control side.
Study Procedures and Follow-up
The laser side arms received long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser treatment (GentleMax Pro, Candela, America) for a total of four times, at an interval of 3 weeks. The control side arms were not treated. Topical emollients (Moisturising Lotion, CeraVe, America) were applied once a day to both arms. At the baseline and 4 weeks after the fourth treatment, the clinical photographs, dermoscopic images, and high-frequency ultrasonographic images of all patients’ lesions were recorded in the same clinic room, and histological examination (1.2-mm trephine) was performed on three patients. For clinical photographs, the camera system used was the Canon EOS M100 and the lens used was EF-M15-45 mm f/3.5–6.3 IS STM. The camera parameters settings were Automatic White Balance (AWB) and Automatic Exposure (AE) without a built-in flashlight, and the photographs were obtained at a consistent room light intensity. A dermoscopy system (FotoFinder bodystudio ATBM, FotoFinder Systems GmbH, Germany) was used to obtain dermoscopic images of the target zone under 20× magnification. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) at 50 MHz (MD-310S, MEDA Co., Ltd. Tianjin, China) was used to obtain the ultrasonographic images. The examination was performed using a specially designed cup (26-mm diameter) that formed a water bath environment of 3-cm height, after which the ultrasonographic images were obtained on the UBM screen. The roughness and redness scores at the baseline and 4 weeks after the fourth treatment were evaluated by the patients themselves and two blinded physicians.
Laser Treatments
Hairs on the upper arms were removed by shaving with a razor before treatment, followed by the application of a long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser on the laser side under the following parameters: initial energy parameters 14–16 J/cm2, spot size 15 mm, pulse duration 3 ms, 1 Hz. Each treatment session entailed two non-overlapping passes separated by a 1-min delay. The energy parameters of the subsequent treatments were set according to the response of the skin lesions to laser treatment, and the treatment endpoints were mild perifollicular edema and erythema. KP patients received four treatments at a 3-week interval.
Evaluation and Outcome Measures
Two blinded physicians and the patients themselves rated the redness and roughness on each arm using a scale of 0 (least severe) to 3 (most severe) for a total maximum score of 6 per patient per arm at the baseline and 4 weeks after the last treatment. To correlate the scores with clinical improvement of KP, we set the following criterion on the basis of the mean change of physicians’ assessment scores before and after the treatment: score 0, 0–25% improvement (mild); score 0.5–1, 26–50% improvement (moderate); score 1.5–2, 51–75% improvement (marked); score 2.5–3, ≥ 76% improvement (excellent). Dermoscopic (including the number of follicular plugs, the extent of perifollicular erythema, and hyperpigmentation) and ultrasonographic improvement (the proportion of epidermal bulges reduced) were evaluated as follows: 0–25% improvement (mild), 26–50% improvement (moderate), 51–75% improvement (marked), > 75% improvement (excellent).
The primary endpoint was the differences in the average physicians’ assessment scores (including the roughness, redness, and total scores) before and 4 weeks after the fourth treatment. The secondary endpoints were the patients’ self-assessment scores, skin images, and histological changes. The skin images included standardized digital clinical photographs, dermoscopic and high-frequency ultrasonographic images.
Power Analysis and Sample Size
According to the previous study, the assessment scores of the treatment and control sides were 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. Using the PASS11.0 software, 18 patients (18 lesions on each side) were required to obtain 80% power (power = 1 − β) at a level of α = 0.05 (bilateral) to detect differences between the two sides, and 22 patients needed to be enrolled eventually according to a 20% drop-out rate.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0, and the paired test of the ranked data was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For comparing the categorical data, chi-square (χ2) test was performed. An exact test was performed when the expected frequency was less than 5, and P < 0.05 was considered significant statistically.
Discussion
KP is a hereditary disease that typically presents during childhood [
6]. Our data showed that the age of onset was within the first and second decades of life in 85.7% of the patients. Moreover, most of the patients participating in our study, especially women, felt embarrassed to wear T-shirts in summer owing to the ugly appearance of the exposed upper arm. Although KP spontaneously improves after adolescence [
7], it is disfiguring and causes psychological burden to the affected patients.
Recent studies have shown that the most supported method for KP treatment is laser therapy, particularly the Q-switched Nd: YAG (1064-nm) laser and the 810-nm diode laser [
1]. However, the above laser techniques have the limitations of high incidence of adverse effects [
8,
9] and low efficacy in treating erythema. Therefore, this study aimed to explore a kind of laser that would be safer and more effective in treating patients with KP.
It is believed that KP is not a primary disorder of keratinocytes, but rather a hair shaft disease [
10,
11]. 755-nm alexandrite laser penetrates deeply and may be more effective on twisted hair shaft, hyperpigmentation (melanin), and erythema (hemoglobin) [
5,
12] than 695-nm and 810-nm diode lasers. Previous studies used 595-nm pulsed dye laser combined with long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser and microdermabrasion technique to treat KP [
13,
14], and the results showed that 75.9% (22/29) of the lesions had ≥ 25% improvement [
13]. However, this study was not a randomized controlled trial, and this combined treatment method affected the patients’ lives because of the high frequency (1–2 weeks) of hospital visits. Our randomized self-controlled study investigated the efficacy of 755-nm alexandrite laser alone in treating KP. After four treatments spaced 3 weeks apart, an overall improvement of 26–75% was observed in 19/21 (90.48%) patients on the laser side, and the patients visited the hospital once every 3 weeks.
The 810-nm diode laser is one of the most supported lasers in treating KP, and it has been reported that patients treated using this method showed significant improvements in skin texture and roughness. However, the baseline erythema did not improve [
4]. In our study, the laser side showed an efficacy of 51–75% improvement in redness in 13/21 (61.9%) patients. This finding signifies that the 755-nm alexandrite laser offers an advantage in redness improvement. This conclusion can also be drawn from the prominent improvements in perifollicular erythema and upper arm cherry hemangioma under dermoscopic examination.
Our study found that the 755-nm alexandrite laser treatment was relatively safe and did not cause serious or unexpected adverse effects. Although both fractional CO
2 and Q-switched Nd: YAG (1064-nm) laser techniques have been proven to be safe and effective in the treatment of KP, some patients complained of a stinging sensation during treatment with Q-switched Nd: YAG (1064-nm) laser [
8], and the skin lesions treated with fractional CO
2 took a long time to repair [
9]. Compared with the above two laser techniques, the 755-nm alexandrite laser is nonablative and is equipped with a cryogen spray cooling device, which greatly reduces the feeling of discomfort during treatment. In our study, 3 out of the 21 patients developed reversible hyperpigmentation, and the phototypes of these patients were 2 patients with type IV and 1 patient with type III. Therefore, we speculate that hyperpigmentation was caused by excessive laser energy in dark-skinned people. Hence, caution should be exercised during energy selection when using 755-nm alexandrite laser therapy in dark-skinned people.
Dermoscopy has been used to monitor the treatment outcome of KP in previous studies [
15,
16]. Apart from dermoscopy that measures the horizontal and superficial structures, HFUS was used as a monitoring method for detecting vertical and deep structures during KP treatment in our study. HFUS is a noninvasive method that is mainly employed for the detection of neoplastic (such as melanoma and basal cell carcinoma) and inflammatory (such as sclerosing disorders and psoriasis) diseases [
17]. Our study confirmed the feasibility of using HFUS for the evaluation of clinical efficacy in hair follicle and keratotic diseases. Our findings increase the application of HFUS in skin diseases and might help future studies on KP.
The dermoscopic and ultrasonographic findings agreed with the histologic manifestations. Marked follicular plugs and inflammatory cell infiltration were histologically in accord with the twisted vellus hairs and perifollicular erythema under dermoscopy and epidermal bulges and echo heterogeneity under HFUS before treatment. The reduced follicular plugs and perifollicular inflammation were histologically in line with the disappeared or reduced hair shafts and erythema under dermoscopy and the flattened epidermal bulges and homogeneous dermis under HFUS. Moreover, histopathological examination revealed thickened collagen and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis, thereby establishing that a 755-nm alexandrite laser could penetrate the mid-dermis to induce regeneration and relieve the inflammation.
The limitations of our study are the small sample size and the lack of long-term follow-up. Therefore, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the effect of long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser in the treatment of KP. The inconsistent color temperature of the photographs before and after the final treatments might have resulted from the setting of AWB in the camera parameters. Hence, a fixed white balance should be set in future studies.