Background
Objectives
Methods
Participants and design
Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Intervention
Measures
-
Medical and sociodemographic data such as age, gender, language, family composition, professional occupation, personal history of cancer and treatment received were collected.
-
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [70] measures anxiety (7 items) and depression (7 items) during the past week.
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European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer - Quality of Life Core Questionnaire-30 (EORTC-QLCQ30) [71] was developed to assess quality of life and incorporates 5 functional scales (physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning) and 9 symptom-related items (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties). A global health status can also be calculated. In this paper, only the fatigue scale and the global health status are used, as we focus on these variables.
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Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) [72] is a 7-item scale measuring the participant’s sleep complaints and the associated distress.
Data analysis
Results
Breast cancer patients (N = 92) | Prostate cancer patients (N = 46) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment group (N = 68) | Control group (N = 24) |
p
| Treatment group (N = 25) | Control group (N = 21) |
p
| |
Patient demographics | ||||||
Age (years) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 54.3 (10) | 52.5 (6.8) | .535 | 64.11 (5.8) | 65.7 (4.4) | .330 |
Range | 29–72 | 39–65 | 47–73 | 58–75 | ||
Cultural origin, N (%) | ||||||
Occidental Europe | 66 (97.0) | 0 | NAa | 25 (100) | 21 (100) | NAa |
Near and Middle East | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
African | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Missing data | 0 | 24 (100) | 0 | 0 | ||
Marital status, N (%) | ||||||
Single | 5 (7.4) | 1 (4.1) | .778 | 1 (4.0) | 0 | .544 |
Married/living with partner | 52 (76.5) | 18 (75) | 20 (80.0) | 16 (76.2) | ||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 11 (16.2) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (16.0) | 5 (23.8) | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Education level, N (%) | ||||||
Elementary school or less | 0 | 3 (12.5) |
.001
| 1 (4.00) | 2 (9.5) | .557 |
Lower secondary school | 8 (11.8) | 7 (29.2) | 1 (4.00) | 4 (19.0) | ||
Upper secondary school | 21 (30.9) | 8 (33.3) | 7 (28.00) | 5 (23.8) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 6 (8.8) | 4 (16.7) | 3 (12.00) | 1 (4.8) | ||
Master’s degree | 29 (42.6) | 2 (8.3) | 12 (48.00) | 8 (38.1) | ||
Post-graduate | 4 (5.9) | 0 | 1 (4.00) | 1 (4.8) | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Employment status, N (%) | ||||||
Employed part or full time | 9 (13.2) | 8 (33.3) | .080 | 8 (32.00) | 4 (19.0) | .344 |
Employed, taken time off | 38 (55.9) | 12 (50) | 2 (8.00) | 3 (14.3) | ||
Not employed | 20 (29.4) | 4 (16.7) | 15 (60.00) | 14 (66.7) | ||
Missing data | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Patient medical history | ||||||
Time since diagnosis (months) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.1) | 5.8 (5.0) | .368 | 6.16 (3.52) | 6.00 (4.3) | .894 |
Range | 1–27 | 0.5–19 | 1–15 | 2–22 | ||
Cancer stage, N (%) | ||||||
0 | 1 (1.5) | 3 (12.5) | 0 | 0 | ||
1 | 37 (54.4) | 13 (54.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
2 | 22 (32.4) | 3 (12.5) |
.022
| 0 | 0 | |
3 | 5 (7.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Missing data | 3 (4.4) | 5 (20.8) | 25b | 21b | ||
Surgery, N (%) | ||||||
Yes | 68 (100) | 23 (95.8) | NAa | 25 (100) | 21 (100) | NAa |
No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Missing data | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
Chemotherapy (CT), N (%) | ||||||
CT completed | 27 (39.7) | 7 (29.2) | .727 | 0 | 0 | NAa |
During CT | 20 (29.4) | 8 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
No CT | 21 (30.9) | 8 (33.3) | 25 (100) | 21 (100) | ||
Missing data | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
Radiation therapy (RT), N (%) | ||||||
RT completed | 30 (44.1) | 6 (25) | .280 | 1 (4.0) | 0 | .354 |
During RT | 6 (8.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
Not yet started | 16 (23.5) | 10 (41.7) | 0 | 0 | ||
No RT | 16 (23.5) | 5 (20.8) | 24 (96.0) | 21 (100) | ||
Missing data | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
Hormonal therapy (HT), N (%) | ||||||
During HT | 38 (55.9) | 8 (33.3) | .209 | 2 (8.0) | 1 (4.8) | .658 |
Not yet started | 23 (33.8) | 11 (45.8) | 0 | 0 | ||
No HT | 7 (10.3) | 4 (16.7) | 23 (92.0) | 20 (95.2) | ||
Missing data | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0 | 0 |
Impact of the intervention on emotional distress, sleep difficulties, fatigue and quality of life in women with breast cancer
Breast cancer group | ||||||||
Treatment group (N = 68) | Control group (N = 24) | |||||||
T0 | T1 | Evolution (T0-T1) | Effect size | T0 | T1 | Evolution (T0-T1) | Effect size | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
p
| Cohen’s d | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
p
| Cohen’s d | |
HADS – Anxiety | 8.76 (4.14) | 6.70 (3.58) |
.000
| 0.66 | 7.17 (2.96) | 7.58 (3.40) | .916 | −0.13 |
HADS - Depression | 5.02 (3.16) | 3.84 (3.01) |
.001
| 0.47 | 4.13 (3.72) | 4.04 (3.00) | .999 | 0.04 |
EORTC – Global Health Status | 59.19 (16.23) | 65.40 (15.83) |
.020
| −0.38 | 56.94 (20.21) | 58.33 (19.19) | .980 | −0.07 |
EORTC – Fatigue | 52.94 (26.05) | 44.77 (21.72) |
.003
| 0.41 | 51.85 (30.68) | 46.30 (25.94) | .537 | 0.27 |
Insomnia Severity Index | 12.65 (6.50) | 10.60 (6.15) |
.018
| 0.40 | 10.54 (6.73) | 12.00 (5.54) | .618 | −0.20 |
Prostate cancer group | ||||||||
Treatment group (N = 25) | Control group (N = 21) | |||||||
T0 | T1 | Evolution (T0-T1) | Effect size | T0 | T1 | Evolution (T0-T1) | Effect size | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
p
| Cohen’s d | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
p
| Cohen’s d | |
HADS – Anxiety | 6.50 (3.06) | 4.88 (2.98) | .085 | 0.50 | 4.76 (3.59) | 5.71 (3.81) | .545 | −0.30 |
HADS - Depression | 3.46 (2.47) | 3.44 (2.89) | .992 | 0.01 | 4.19 (3.28) | 5.05 (4.85) | .516 | −0.29 |
EORTC – Global Health Status | 67.67 (14.30) | 69.33 (15.54) | .969 | −0.15 | 64.29 (20.94) | 65.48 (25.45) | .983 | −0.07 |
EORTC – Fatigue | 32.44 (12.39) | 34.22 (16.01) | .876 | −0.11 | 32.27 (27.87) | 29.63 (29.47) | .908 | 0.14 |
Insomnia Severity Index | 8.04 (5.98) | 6.92 (5.87) | .704 | 0.23 | 6.95 (5.13) | 5.86 (4.29) | .688 | 0.28 |
Impact of the intervention on emotional distress, sleep difficulties, fatigue and quality of life in men with prostate cancer
Analysis of the baseline differences between women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer
Breast cancer (N = 68) | Prostate cancer (N = 25) | Baseline comparison (p) | |
---|---|---|---|
Patients’ demographics | |||
Age (years) | |||
Mean (SD) | 54.3 (10) | 64.11 (5.8) |
.000
|
Range | 29–72 | 47–73 | |
Cultural origin, N (%) | |||
Occidental Europe | 66 (97.0) | 25 (100) | .687 |
Near and Middle East | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
African | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | |
Marital status, N (%) | |||
Single | 5 (7.4) | 1 (4.00) | .879 |
Married/living with partner | 52 (76.5) | 18 (72.00) | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 11 (16.2) | 4 (8.00) | |
Missing data | 0 | 2 (8.00) | |
Education level, N (%) | |||
Elementary school or less | 0 | 1 (4.00) | .443 |
Lower secondary school | 8 (11.76) | 1 (4.00) | |
Upper secondary school | 21 (30.88) | 7 (28.00) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 6 (8.82) | 1 (4.00) | |
Master’s degree | 29 (42.65) | 12 (48.00) | |
Post-graduate | 4 (5.88) | 1 (4.00) | |
Missing data | 0 | 2 (8.00) | |
Employment status, N (%) | |||
Employed part or full time | 9 (13.2) | 8 (32.00) |
.000
|
Employed, taken time off | 38 (55.9) | 2 (8.00) | |
Not employed | 20 (29.4) | 15 (60.00) | |
Missing data | 1 (1.5) | ||
Patients’ medical history | |||
Time since diagnosis (months) | |||
Mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.1) | 6.16 (3.52) | .381 |
Range | 1–27 | 1–15 | |
Surgery, N (%) | |||
Yes | 68 (100) | 25 (100) | 1.00 |
No | 0 | 0 | |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | |
Chemotherapy (CT), N (%) | |||
CT completed | 27 (39.7) | 0 |
.000
|
During CT | 20 (29.4) | 0 | |
No CT | 21 (30.9) | 25 (100) | |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | |
Radiation therapy (RT), N (%) | |||
RT completed | 30 (44.1) | 1 (4.00) |
.000
|
During RT | 6 (8.8) | 0 | |
Not yet started | 16 (23.5) | 0 | |
No RT | 16 (23.5) | 24 (96.00) | |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | |
Hormonal therapy (HT), N (%) | |||
During HT | 38 (55.9) | 2 (8.00) |
.000
|
Not yet started | 23 (33.8) | 0 | |
No HT | 7 (10.3) | 23 (92.00) | |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | |
Patients’ psychological state, Mean (SD) | |||
HADS – Anxiety | 8.76 (4.14) | 6.50 (3.06) |
.048
|
HADS – Depression | 5.02 (3.16) | 3.46 (2.47) | .075 |
EORTC – Global Health Status | 59.19 (16.23) | 67.67 (14.30) | .066 |
EORTC – Fatigue | 52.94 (26.05) | 32.44 (12.39) |
.003
|
Insomnia Severity Index | 12.65 (6.50) | 8.04 (5.98) |
.013
|