Introduction
Current state of research on the psychological impacts of the lockdown
Materials and method
Study design
Instruments
Socio-demographic data
Covid-19-pandemic questionnaire
Participants
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
COVID-19 questionnaire scores in socio-demographic comparison
Cross-country comparison
Scales | Italy (n = 1226) | Austria (n = 2359) | Germany (n = 704) | p | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STAI State Anxiety | M | 49.54 | 43.45 | 44.50 | < .001 | 407.56 |
MD | 50 | 42 | 43 | |||
SD | 3.91 | 11.90 | 12.15 | |||
PANAS Negative Affect | M | 26.72 | 19.88 | 21.35 | < .001 | 883.94 |
MD | 27 | 19 | 20.5 | |||
SD | 5.28 | 6.25 | 6.62 | |||
SVF78 Positive Stress Behavior | M | 12.47 | 18.91 | 18.95 | < .001 | 2367.44 |
MD | 12.57 | 19 | 19.07 | |||
SD | 1.21 | 2.87 | 2.82 | |||
SVF78 Negative Stress Behavior | M | 12.93 | 16.37 | 16.32 | < .001 | 643.24 |
MD | 13 | 16.25 | 16 | |||
SD | 1.80 | 4.57 | 4.70 | |||
Concerns related to COVID-19 | M | 27.61 | 25.22 | 26.15 | < .001 | 175.28 |
MD | 27 | 25 | 26 | |||
SD | 3.39 | 5.67 | 5.79 | |||
Subsale: Concerns about health | M | 3.05 | 2.04 | 2.17 | < .001 | 445.58 |
MD | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||
SD | 1.43 | .91 | 3.05 | |||
Subscale: Concerns about financial problems | M | 3.91 | 2.12 | 2.17 | < .001 | 1346.57 |
MD | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||
SD | 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.19 | |||
Subscale: Concerns about the economic impact | M | 3.69 | 3.22 | 3.36 | < .001 | 151.34 |
MD | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||
SD | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.16 | |||
Perceived Severity of COVID-19 | M | 8.65 | 8.06 | 8.00 | < .001 | 151.95 |
MD | 9 | 8 | 9 | |||
SD | 1.31 | 1.47 | 1.57 | |||
Perceived Risk of Disease | M | 8.22 | 8.59 | 9.18 | < .001 | 72.28 |
MD | 8 | 8 | 9 | |||
SD | 2.24 | 2.36 | 2.33 | |||
Emergency measure acceptance | M | 69.50 | 70.43 | 67.99 | < .001 | 205.17 |
MD | 71 | 73 | 71 | |||
SD | 4.72 | 6.43 | 8.29 | |||
Emotional distress due to emergency measures | M | 21.63 | 13.86 | 15.46 | < .001 | 1352.07 |
MD | 20 | 12 | 13 | |||
SD | 6.60 | 4.94 | 6.68 | |||
App-Usage | M | 1.06 | .34 | .27 | < .001 | 1324.43 |
MD | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
SD | .65 | .64 | .62 |
Measures | group | group | p | r |
---|---|---|---|---|
STAI State Anxiety | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .33 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .29 | |
Austria | Germany | .049 | ||
PANAS Negative Affect | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .49 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .40 | |
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .10 | |
SVF78 Positive Stress Behavior | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .78 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .80 | |
Austria | Germany | .761 | ||
SVF78 Negative Stress Behavior | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .41 |
Italy | Germany | <.001 | .80 | |
Austria | Germany | .587 | ||
Concerns related to COVID-19 | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .22 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .14 | |
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .07 | |
Perceived Severity of COVID-19 | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .20 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .21 | |
Austria | Germany | .631 | ||
Perceived Risk of Disease | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .07 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .20 | |
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .11 | |
Emergency measure acceptance | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .23 |
Italy | Germany | .434 | ||
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .15 | |
Emotional distress due to emergency measures | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .61 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .50 | |
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .10 |
Verification of the results of the cross-country comparison in the random theoretic sample
Scales | Italy (n = 84) | Austria (n = 84) | Germany (n = 84) | p | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STAI State Anxiety | M | 49.46 | 41.43 | 41.33 | < .001 | 43.64 |
MD | 49 | 38.50 | 40 | |||
SD | 3.45 | 12.40 | 10.52 | |||
PANAS Negative Affect | M | 26.88 | 19.44 | 20.45 | < .001 | 59.91 |
MD | 27 | 19 | 20 | |||
SD | 4.87 | 5.88 | 7 | |||
Perceived Severity of COVID-19 | M | 8.64 | 8.11 | 8.01 | .035 | 6.70 |
MD | 9 | 8 | 8 | |||
SD | 1.41 | 1.69 | 1.75 | |||
Perceived Risk of Disease | M | 8.20 | 8.82 | 9.17 | .014 | 8.53 |
MD | 8 | 9 | 9 | |||
SD | 1.76 | 2.40 | 2.22 | |||
Emergency measure acceptance | M | 68.80 | 70.25 | 66.12 | < .001 | 17.75 |
MD | 71 | 73 | 68 | |||
SD | 5.78 | 7.70 | 10.25 | |||
Emotional distress due to emergency measures | M | 20.90 | 14.36 | 15.37 | < .001 | 74.19 |
MD | 20 | 12 | 13 | |||
SD | 5.54 | 6.63 | 7.72 | |||
App-Usage | M | 1 | .30 | .20 | < .001 | 102.86 |
MD | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
SD | .54 | .60 | .64 |
Scales | Italy (n = 84) | Austria (n = 84) | Germany (n = 84) | p | F | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SVF78 Positive Stress Behavior | M | 12.57 | 19.03 | 19.02 | < .001 | 210.37 | .63 |
MD | 12.71 | 18.93 | 18.93 | ||||
SD | 1.21 | 2.79 | 2.72 | ||||
SVF78 Negative Stress Behavior | M | 13.04 | 16.66 | 15.34 | < .001 | 17.63 | .12 |
MD | 12.88 | 15.88 | 15.13 | ||||
SD | 1.86 | 4.74 | 4.69 | ||||
Concerns related to COVID-19 | M | 27.56 | 25.05 | 25.99 | .021 | 3.92 | .03 |
MD | 28 | 25 | 26 | ||||
SD | 4.21 | 6.37 | 6.73 |
Measures | group | group | p | r |
---|---|---|---|---|
STAI State Anxiety | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .40 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .49 | |
Austria | Germany | .696 | ||
PANAS Negative Affect | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .56 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .46 | |
Austria | Germany | .434 | ||
Perceived Severity of COVID-19 | Italy | Austria | .041 | .16 |
Italy | Germany | .016 | .19 | |
Austria | Germany | .723 | ||
Perceived Risk of Disease | Italy | Austria | .042 | .16 |
Italy | Germany | .004 | .22 | |
Austria | Germany | .527 | ||
Emergency measure acceptance | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .29 |
Italy | Germany | .336 | ||
Austria | Germany | < .001 | .27 | |
Emotional distress due to emergency measures | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .60 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .55 | |
Austria | Germany | .304 | ||
App-Usage | Italy | Austria | < .001 | .60 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | .71 | |
Austria | Germany | .085 |
Measures | group | group | p |
---|---|---|---|
SVF78 Positive Stress Behavior | Italy | Austria | < .001 |
Italy | Germany | < .001 | |
Austria | Germany | 1.0 | |
SVF78 Negative Stress Behavior | Italy | Austria | < .001 |
Italy | Germany | .001 | |
Austria | Germany | .099 | |
Concerns related to COVID-19 | Italy | Austria | .018 |
Italy | Germany | .253 | |
Austria | Germany | .902 |