Background
Methodology
Study area
Sample size
Selection of respondents
Variables | Levels | Alibori N = 90 | Atacora N = 228 | Plateau N = 110 | Zou N = 51 | Total N = 479 | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||
Female | 39 | 78 | 46 | 16 | 179 | 37.4 | |
Male | 51 | 150 | 64 | 35 | 300 | 62.6 | |
Age groups | |||||||
Female | Young (age < 30) | 14 | 6 | 13 | 3 | 36 | 20.2 |
Adult (age between 30 and 60) | 22 | 62 | 26 | 13 | 123 | 68.7 | |
Older person (age ≥ 60) | 3 | 10 | 7 | – | 20 | 11.2 | |
Male | Young (age < 30) | 24 | 17 | 14 | 6 | 61 | 20.3 |
Adult (age between 30 and 60) | 23 | 120 | 45 | 29 | 217 | 72.3 | |
Older person (age ≥ 60) | 4 | 13 | 5 | – | 22 | 7.3 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Married monogamous | 48 | 130 | 50 | 17 | 245 | 51.1 | |
Married Polygamous | 22 | 58 | 39 | 20 | 139 | 29 | |
Single | 20 | 40 | 21 | 14 | 95 | 19.9 | |
Sociolinguistic groups | |||||||
Ottamari | – | 181 | – | – | 181 | 37.8 | |
Yorouba | 1 | 1 | 107 | 25 | 134 | 28 | |
Dendi | 86 | 4 | – | – | 90 | 18.8 | |
Fon | 3 | 3 | 1 | 26 | 33 | 6.9 | |
Cotimba | – | 33 | – | – | 33 | 6.9 | |
Adja | – | 1 | 2 | – | 3 | 0.6 | |
Bariba | – | 3 | – | – | 3 | 0.6 | |
Peulh | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 | |
Yom-Lokpa | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 | |
Religion | |||||||
Christian | – | 116 | 77 | 28 | 221 | 46.1 | |
Muslim | 90 | 28 | 16 | 7 | 141 | 29.5 | |
Animist | – | 84 | 17 | 16 | 117 | 24.4 | |
Highest level of education | |||||||
Female | Illiterate | 28 | 46 | 35 | 12 | 121 | 67.6 |
Primary | 7 | 13 | 8 | 2 | 30 | 16.8 | |
Secondary | 4 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 14.5 | |
University | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | 1.1 | |
Male | Illiterate | 25 | 61 | 39 | 22 | 147 | 49 |
Primary | 5 | 37 | 16 | 10 | 68 | 22.7 | |
Secondary | 18 | 42 | 8 | 3 | 71 | 23.7 | |
University | 3 | 10 | 1 | – | 14 | 4.7 | |
Main sources of income for the family | |||||||
Agriculture | 33 | 102 | 52 | 44 | 231 | 48.2 | |
Trade | 43 | 56 | 33 | 5 | 137 | 28.6 | |
Crafts | 14 | 64 | 22 | 1 | 101 | 21.1 | |
Employee | – | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 1.7 | |
None | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | 0.4 |
Survey
Data analysis
Results
Consumption patterns of edible insects
Variables | Alibori (N = 90) | Atacora (N = 228) | Plateau (N = 110) | Zou (N = 51) | Total (N = 479) | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption | ||||||
Respondents practicing entomophagy | 55 | 204 | 79 | 41 | 379 | 79.1 |
Number of years of insect consumption | ||||||
[0–30] | 89 | 60 | 71 | 47 | 267 | 55.7 |
[31–60] | 1 | 151 | 39 | 4 | 195 | 40.7 |
[61–70] | – | 17 | – | – | 17 | 3.6 |
Proportion as source of nutrients (%) | ||||||
10 | 79 | 169 | 100 | 35 | 383 | 80 |
20 | 6 | 54 | 10 | 10 | 80 | 16.7 |
30 | 5 | 5 | – | 6 | 16 | 3.3 |
Frequency of consumption | ||||||
Once per day | 16 | 72 | 9 | 5 | 102 | 21.3 |
Once per week | 16 | 69 | 35 | 14 | 134 | 28 |
Once per month | 28 | 73 | 37 | 23 | 161 | 33.6 |
Once per year | 30 | 14 | 29 | 9 | 82 | 17.1 |
Family consumption | ||||||
Parents only | 1 | 13 | 44 | 4 | 62 | 12.9 |
Children only | 10 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 29 | 6.1 |
Old person only | 1 | 5 | 2 | – | 8 | 1.7 |
All family members | 78 | 200 | 57 | 45 | 380 | 79.3 |
Mode of consumption | ||||||
Raw | – | 5 | – | – | 5 | 1 |
Boiled | 5 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 18 | 3.8 |
Smoked | 7 | 47 | 23 | 21 | 98 | 20.5 |
Fried | 75 | 166 | 85 | 18 | 344 | 71.8 |
Dried | 3 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 3 |
Uses | ||||||
Only for food | 85 | 99 | 68 | 51 | 303 | 63.2 |
Traditional medicine | – | 68 | 23 | – | 91 | 19 |
Spiritual uses | – | 26 | 16 | – | 42 | 8.8 |
Poultry feed | – | 35 | 3 | – | 29 | 6.1 |
Animal trap | – | 6 | – | – | 6 | 1.3 |
Sell | 5 | – | – | – | 5 | 1 |
Fishing | – | – | 3 | – | 3 | 0.6 |
Motivation for insect consumption
Diversity of edible insects
Order | Family | Voucher number | Scientific names | Common name | Local name (ethnic group) | Seasonal availability | Form of consumption | Departments | Nc | Nu | UV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At | Al | Z | Pl | |||||||||||
Blattoptera | Termitidae | 129 | Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) | Termites | Iriiri (Ottamari), Tchillili (Yom-Lokpa) | Mar–Nov | Raw, boiled, roasted, fried | + | − | − | − | 108 | 5 | 0.71 |
130 | Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur) | Termites | Iba (Yorouba), n'same (Ottamari), Cafléko (Fon) | Jan–Dec | Boiled, roasted, fried, dried | − | + | + | + | 174 | 6 | 0.85 | ||
131 | Macrotermes ivorensis (Grassé & Noirot) | Termite | Etoutou (Yorouba), Toutou (Fon) | May–Nov | Raw, roasted, fried, dried | − | − | + | + | 32 | 3 | 0.42 | ||
132 | Macrotermes falciger (Gerstäcker) | Termite | Toubou (Bariba), Gnommi (Yom-Lokpa) | Mar–Dec | Roasted, fried | + | − | + | − | 3 | 3 | 0.42 | ||
Orthoptera | Acrididae | 136 | Truxalis spp. | Short horned grasshoppers | Chaubafranca (Ottamari) | Aug–Dec | Boiled, roasted, fried, dried | + | − | − | − | 44 | 4 | 0.57 |
140 | Spathosternum pygmaeum (Karsch) | Grasshoppers | Igbe (Yorouba,), Kanankoun (Ottamari), Tchaganlikou (Cotimba) | Sept–Dec | Boiled, roasted, fried, dried | + | − | − | + | 33 | 6 | 0.85 | ||
137 | Ornithacris turbida cavroisi (Finot) | Cricket | Mantchoubou (Ottamari, Dendi) | Sept–Jan | Roasted, fried | + | + | − | − | 27 | 5 | 0.71 | ||
141 | Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) | Two-spotted cricket | Gboo (Bariba), Tabante (Ottamari) | Aug–Dec | Roasted, fried, dried | + | − | − | − | 84 | 5 | 0.71 | ||
138 | Hieroglyphus africanus (Uvarov) | Rice grasshopper | Sosore (Ottamari) | Aug–Dec | Roasted, fried | + | − | − | + | 4 | 3 | 0.42 | ||
139 | Acanthacris ruficornis citrina (Serville) | Garden locust | Manchougou (Ottamari) | Sept–Dec | Raw, roasted, fried, dried | + | − | − | + | 81 | 2 | 0.28 | ||
Gryllidae | 133 | Ruspolia differens (Serville) | Longhorn grasshoppers | Don (Dendi), Dow (Bariba), Dounadoudi (Cotimba) | Apr–Dec | Roasted, fried | + | − | − | − | 4 | 3 | 0.42 | |
134 | Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury) | Tobacco cricket | Hyre (Yorouba), Tambaga (Ottamari), Baadra (Cotimba), Botaclé (Fon) | Sept–Dec | Raw, boiled, roasted, fried, dried | + | + | + | + | 161 | 7 | 1 | ||
Pyrgomorphidae | 135 | Zonocerus variegatus (Linné) | Variegated grasshopper | Alantakare (Ottamari) | Sept–Dec | Roasted, fried | + | − | − | − | 12 | 4 | 0.57 | |
Coleoptera | Buprestidae | 128 | Lampetis gorilla (Dejean) | – | Dinantchacane (Ottamari) | Jun–Oct | Roasted, fried | + | − | − | − | 26 | 4 | 0.57 |
Dytiscidae | 127 | Cybister sp. | Water beetle | Cotondousre (Ottamari) | Jan–May | Roasted, fried | + | − | − | − | 3 | 1 | 0.14 | |
Dynastidae | 126 | Oryctes monoceros (Olivier) | Coconut beetle | Ogongo (Yorouba) | Apr–Dec | Roasted, fried | − | − | + | + | 17 | 3 | 0.42 | |
Curculionidae | 125 | Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabricius) | African Palm Weevil | Woiwo (Yorouba), Dekpomintonvi (Fon) | Mar–Dec | Raw, boiled, roasted, fried, dried | + | − | + | − | 119 | 4 | 0.57 |
Factors influencing the accessibility to edible insects
Main usec | Commercial name | Active ingredient | Chemical classa | Toxicological classb | Department | Study area (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alibori (N = 2) | Atacora (N = 76) | Plateau (N = 41) | Zou (N = 46) | ||||||
Insecticide | Sunpyrifos 48% EC | Chloropyriphos-Ethyl (480 g/l) | OP | II | – | 21 | 16 | 2 | 12.7 |
Cotonix 328 EC | Deltamethrin (12 g/L) + Chlorpyriphos-Ethyl (300 g/L) + Acetamiprid (16 g/L) | Pyr + OP + Neo | III | – | 23 | 3 | 2 | 9.1 | |
Shark | Deltamethrin1% + trizophos 35% EC | Pyr + OP | II | – | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6.2 | |
Lambdacal P 214 EC | Lambda-Cyhalothrin 12 g/l + Profenofos 200 g/l | Pyr + OP | II | – | – | – | 12 | 3.9 | |
Pacha 25 EC | Lambda-Cyhalothrin 15 g/l + Acetamiprid 10 g/l | Pyr + Neo | II | – | – | – | 9 | 2.9 | |
BaseLine | Bifenthrin 23.4% | Pyr | II | – | 6 | – | – | 1.9 | |
Manco 80 WP | Mancozeb 800 g/kg | DTCs | U | – | – | – | 3 | 0.9 | |
Thalis 56 EC | Emamectin Benzoate 24 g/l + Acetamiprid 32 g/l | Neo + Ave | II | – | – | – | 2 | 0.7 | |
Thunder 145 Q-TFQ | Beta-cyfluthrin (45 g/L) + Imidacloprid (100 g/L) | Pyr + Neo | Ib + II | – | – | 2 | – | 0.7 | |
Cypercal 50 EC | Cypermethrin 50 g/L | Pyr | II | – | – | – | 1 | 0.3 | |
TopBio | Azadirachtin | Azadirachtins | U | – | – | – | 1 | 0.3 | |
Pirpro | Pyriproxyfen 10 g/l | Pyr | III | – | 2 | – | 2 | 1.3 | |
Insecticide/Acaricide | Acarius 018 EC | Abamectine 18 g/l | Ave | Ib | – | – | – | 14 | 4.6 |
Herbicide | Nicomais 40 SC | Nicosulfuron 40 g/l | Pyr | III | – | – | 1 | 36 | 12.1 |
Kalach Extra 70 SG | Glyphosate 700 g/l | OP | III | 2 | 27 | 1 | 9.8 | ||
Herbextra 720 SL | 2.4- Sel de D diméthylamine 720 g/l | Ary | II | – | 6 | 17 | 5 | 9.1 | |
Glycel 710 SG | Glyphosate 710 g/kg | OP | II | – | 9 | 8 | – | 5.6 | |
Slasher weedkiller | Nonanoic acid 525 g/l | OP | III | – | – | 12 | 5 | 5.6 | |
Adwuma Wura 480 SL | Glyphosate 480 g/l | OP | III | – | 7 | 8 | – | 4.9 | |
Atrazine 80 WP | Atrazine 800 g/L | T | III | – | – | – | 12 | 3.9 | |
Killer 480 SL | Glyphosate 480 g/l | OP | III | – | 6 | – | – | 1.9 | |
Finish 68 SG | Glyphosate 680 g/kg | OP | III | – | – | – | 2 | 0.7 | |
Faaba Soja 100 SL | Imazethapyr 100 g/l | Imidazolinones | III | – | – | 1 | – | 0.3 | |
Fungicide | Idefix WP | Cuprous oxide 65,5% | CU | II | – | – | – | 1 | 0.3 |
Compass 50 WG | Trifloxystrobin 50% | Pyr | U | – | 1 | – | – | 0.3 |
Edible insect uses
Order | Family | Voucher number | Genera/ Species | Treated diseases | Used part | Preparation | Application | Use in combination with | Fidelity level (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coleoptera | Dytiscidae | 127 | Cybister sp | Mumps | Whole insects | Powder | Auricular pathway | Black peppercorn | 10 |
Osteoarthritis | Whole insects | Dried and powdered | Topical | Shea Butter | 10 | ||||
Dynastidae | 142 | Oryctes ohausi (Fabricius, 1793) | Yellow fever | Whole insects | Decoction | Oral | Water | 10 | |
Scarabaeidae | 144 | Gnathocera impressa (Olivier, 1789) | Mumps | Head | Powder | Auricular pathway | Sea water | 10 | |
Hymenoptera | Formicidae | 143 | Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius 1793) | Fast walking for the disabled | Whole insects | Powder | Topical | Shea butter | 5 |
Orthoptera | Gryllidae | 134 | Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1770) | Transformation of hoarse voice into fine voice | Whole insects | Fried | Oral | Onion | 25 |
Dried and powdered | Oral | Honey | |||||||
Acrididae | 138 | Hieroglyphus africanus (Uvarov, 1922) | Anti-scorpion venom | Whole insects | powder | Topical | Shea butter | 5 | |
139 | Acanthacris ruficornis citrina (Serville, 1838) | Malaria | Whole insects | Dried and powdered | Oral | Fresh cow's milk | 5 | ||
137 | Ornithacris turbida cavroisi (Finot, 1907) | Whole insects | Decoction | Oral | Water ginger | 5 | |||
Memory aid | Whole insects | Powder | Oral | Honey | 5 | ||||
Scab | Thorax | Powder | Topical | Some plants | 5 | ||||
Yellow fever | Whole insects | 3 insects reduced to powder | Oral | Some plants | 5 |
Perception of entomophagy
Variables | Cla/Mod | Mod/Cla | p-Value | Vtest | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statements and associated socio-cultural and economic characteristics | Consumer perception | ||||
I recommend to my guests to eat edible insects | Strongly disagree | 81.33 | 91.04 | < 0.001 | 15.69 |
I give edible insects to eat to my guests | Strongly disagree | 72.09 | 92.54 | < 0.001 | 15.02 |
I teach my friends to consume edible insects | Strongly disagree | 90.57 | 71.64 | < 0.001 | 13.91 |
I teach my children to consume edible insects | Strongly disagree | 73.68 | 62.69 | < 0.001 | 11.32 |
I teach my children and my friends to capture edible insects | Strongly disagree | 74.47 | 52.24 | < 0.001 | 10.14 |
When I eat edible insects, I feel good | Disagree | 41.59 | 70.15 | < 0.001 | 8.71 |
I will buy the edible insects when they are marketed with beautiful packaging | Strongly disagree | 62.79 | 40.3 | < 0.001 | 7.83 |
Edible insects generate me income | Strongly disagree | 26.29 | 91.04 | < 0.001 | 7.73 |
I eat edible insects because it's part of my cultural identity | Strongly disagree | 56.86 | 43.28 | < 0.001 | 7.69 |
I like the taste of edible insects | Disagree | 45.95 | 50.75 | < 0.001 | 7.39 |
Edible insects are good for children's health | Strongly disagree | 59.09 | 38.81 | < 0.001 | 7.38 |
I like to eat edible insects | Disagree | 38.83 | 59.7 | < 0.001 | 7.31 |
I will sell edible insects when they will be marketed with beautiful packaging | Strongly disagree | 25 | 80.6 | < 0.001 | 6.19 |
Those who can afford to buy fish also consume edible insects | Strongly disagree | 47.5 | 28.36 | < 0.001 | 5.3 |
I'm not afraid to eat edible insects or when I see them | Disagree | 65 | 19.4 | < 0.001 | 5.28 |
Edible insects are good for the health | Disagree | 31.91 | 44.78 | < 0.001 | 4.99 |
The capture of edible insects is easy for me at any time in the year | Strongly disagree | 31.18 | 43.28 | < 0.001 | 4.76 |
Edible insects are more available now than in past years | Strongly disagree | 23.42 | 55.22 | < 0.001 | 3.88 |
I like the taste of edible insects | Strongly disagree | 80 | 5.97 | < 0.001 | 3.12 |
Climatic variations greatly influence the availability of edible insects | Strongly disagree | 57.14 | 5.97 | 0.01 | 2.56 |
Edible insects are nutritious | Disagree | 30 | 13.43 | 0.02 | 2.28 |
Ethny group (Cotimba) | 27.27 | 13.43 | 0.04 | 2.01 | |
Ethnic group (Ottamari) | 20.79 | 55.22 | < 0.001 | 3.06 | |
Highest level education (Secondary) | 24.49 | 35.82 | < 0.001 | 3.05 | |
Religion (Animist) | 22.22 | 38.81 | 0.01 | 2.7 | |
Highest level education (University) | 42.86 | 8.96 | 0.01 | 2.59 | |
Monthly Consumption (Mean) | 31.33 | 38.81 | < 0.001 | 4.45 |
Variables | Cla/Mod | Mod/Cla | p-Value | Vtest | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statements and associated socio-cultural and economic | Consumer perception | ||||
I like the taste of edible insects | Agree | 89.67 | 68.71 | < 0.001 | 12.71 |
I teach my friends to consume edible | Disagree | 92.64 | 54.32 | < 0.001 | 11.42 |
Edible insects are good for children’s health | Do not know | 87.5 | 62.95 | < 0.001 | 11.1 |
Those who can afford to buy fish also consume edible insects | Agree | 81.18 | 74.46 | < 0.001 | 10.64 |
Edible insects are good for the health | Do not know | 85.51 | 63.67 | < 0.001 | 10.55 |
Edible insects generate me income | Disagree | 100 | 28.78 | < 0.001 | 9.45 |
I teach my children to consume edible insects | Disagree | 88.97 | 43.53 | < 0.001 | 8.79 |
Edible insects are more available now than in past years | Disagree | 86.27 | 47.48 | < 0.001 | 8.59 |
I recommend to my guests to eat edible insects | Agree | 96.47 | 29.5 | < 0.001 | 8.56 |
When I eat edible insects, I feel good | Agree | 78.01 | 67.63 | < 0.001 | 8.52 |
I eat edible insects because it's part of my cultural identity | Disagree | 95.18 | 28.42 | < 0.001 | 8.06 |
I give edible insects to eat to my guests | Agree | 95.18 | 28.42 | < 0.001 | 8.06 |
I teach my children and my friends to capture edible insects | Agree | 85.14 | 45.32 | < 0.001 | 8 |
The capture of edible insects is easy for me at any time in the year | Disagree | 81.22 | 52.88 | < 0.001 | 7.81 |
I teach my friends to consume edible insects | Agree | 90.29 | 33.45 | < 0.001 | 7.71 |
I eat edible insects because it's part of my cultural identity | Agree | 81.25 | 51.44 | < 0.001 | 7.65 |
I teach my children to consume edible insects | Agree | 82.89 | 45.32 | < 0.001 | 7.4 |
I will sell edible insects when they will be marketed with beautiful packaging | Strongly disagree | 75 | 58.27 | < 0.001 | 6.41 |
Climatic variations greatly influence the availability of edible insects | Do not know | 80.47 | 37.05 | < 0.001 | 5.85 |
I'm not afraid to eat edible insects or when I see them | Agree | 65.9 | 82.01 | < 0.001 | 4.76 |
The capture of edible insects is easy for me at any time in the year | Agree | 74.68 | 21.22 | < 0.001 | 3.07 |
I will buy the edible insects when they are marketed with beautiful packaging | Disagree | 74.03 | 20.5 | < 0.001 | 2.89 |
Edible insects are nutritious | Do not know | 75.56 | 12.23 | 0.02 | 2.34 |
Age group (Adult) | 62.65 | 74.82 | 0.03 | 2.22 | |
Ethnic group (Ottamari) | 79.21 | 50.72 | < 0.001 | 6.97 | |
Ethnic group (Yorouba) | 78.46 | 36.69 | < 0.001 | 5.32 | |
Monthly Consumption (High) | 66.78 | 73.74 | < 0.001 | 4.45 | |
Age group (Older person) | 82.5 | 11.87 | < 0.001 | 3.2 | |
Religion (Christian) | 74.54 | 57.91 | < 0.001 | 6.21 |
Variables | Cla/Mod | Mod/Cla | p-Value | Vtest | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statements and associated socio-cultural and economic characteristics | Consumer perception | ||||
Edible insects generate me income | Strongly agree | 91.3 | 68.29 | < 0.001 | 15.2 |
I give edible insects to eat to my guests | 88.54 | 69.11 | < 0.001 | 14.92 | |
I recommend to my guests to eat edible insects | Strongly agree | 84.04 | 64.23 | < 0.001 | 13.54 |
I eat edible insects because it's part of my cultural identity | Strongly agree | 73.73 | 70.73 | < 0.001 | 13.02 |
The capture of edible insects is easy for me at any time in the year | Strongly agree | 95.16 | 47.97 | < 0.001 | 12.58 |
Those who can afford to buy fish also consume edible insects | Strongly agree | 80.46 | 56.91 | < 0.001 | 12 |
I teach my children to consume edible insects | Strongly agree | 81.18 | 56.1 | < 0.001 | 11.98 |
Edible insects are more available than before | Strongly agree | 90.63 | 47.15 | < 0.001 | 11.85 |
I teach my friends to consume edible | Strongly agree | 71.7 | 61.79 | < 0.001 | 11.48 |
When I eat edible insects, I feel good | Strongly agree | 85.29 | 47.15 | < 0.001 | 11.2 |
The taste of edible insects pleases me | Strongly agree | 62.07 | 58.54 | < 0.001 | 9.64 |
Edible insects are good for the health | Strongly agree | 90.91 | 32.52 | < 0.001 | 9.53 |
I teach my children and my friends to capture edible insects | Disagree | 96.97 | 26.02 | < 0.001 | 8.99 |
Edible insects are good for children’s’ health | Strongly agree | 78.57 | 35.77 | < 0.001 | 8.77 |
Climatic variations greatly influence the availability of edible insects | Do not know | 100 | 21.14 | < 0.001 | 8.31 |
Edible insects are more available now than in past years | Disagree | 100 | 16.26 | < 0.001 | 7.17 |
I will sell edible insects when they will be marketed with beautiful packaging | Disagree | 100 | 9.76 | < 0.001 | 5.39 |
I'm not afraid to eat edible insects or when I see them | Strongly agree | 46.81 | 35.77 | < 0.001 | 4.83 |
Edible insects are nutritious | Strongly agree | 35.58 | 60.16 | < 0.001 | 4.06 |
I will buy the edible insects when they are marketed with beautiful packaging | Disagree | 100 | 5.69 | < 0.001 | 3.96 |
Edible insects are good for the health | Agree | 50 | 21.95 | < 0.001 | 3.95 |
I like to eat edible insects | Strongly agree | 33.14 | 46.34 | 0.01 | 2.54 |
Religion (Muslim) | 66.67 | 73.17 | < 0.001 | 12.27 | |
Age group (Young) | 41.67 | 32.52 | < 0.001 | 3.69 | |
Monthly Consumption (Low) | 51.28 | 32.52 | < 0.001 | 5.19 | |
Ethnic group (Fon) | 81.82 | 21.95 | < 0.001 | 6.88 | |
Ethnic group (Dendi) | 94.19 | 65.85 | < 0.001 | 15.26 |
Factors determining insect consumption
Variables | Levels | Respondents still practicing entomophagy (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 100) | Yes (N = 379) | |||
Gender | Female | 38 (21.2) | 141 (78.8) | 0.92 |
Male | 62 (20.7) | 238 (79.3) | ||
Age group | Young | 26 (26.8) | 71 (73.2) | 0.21 |
Adult | 64 (18.8) | 276 (81.2) | ||
Older person | 10 (23.8) | 32 (76.2) | ||
Ethnic group | Adja | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | < 0.001 |
Bariba | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | ||
Cotimba | 6 (18.2) | 27 (81.8) | ||
Dendi | 33 (36.7) | 57 (63.3) | ||
Fon | 4 (12.1) | 29 (87.9) | ||
Ottamari | 16(8.84) | 165(91.16) | ||
Peulh | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | ||
Yom-Lokpa | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | ||
Yorouba | 40 (29.9) | 94(70.1) | ||
Religion | Animist | 14 (11.9) | 104 (88.2) | < 0.001 |
Christian | 39 (17.7) | 181 (82.3) | ||
Muslim | 47 (33.3) | 94 (66.7) | ||
Highest level of education | Illiterate | 55 (20.5) | 213 (79.5) | 0.54 |
Primary | 18 (18.4) | 80 (81.6) | ||
Secondary | 22 (22.5) | 76 (77.5) | ||
University | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | ||
Main sources of income for the family | Agriculture | 49 (21.2) | 182(78.8) | 0.98 |
Crafts | 20 (19.8) | 81 (80.2) | ||
Employee | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | ||
Trading | 29 (21.2) | 108 (78.8) | ||
None | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | ||
Market accessibility | Easy | 61 (57.5) | 45(42.5) | < 0.001 |
Difficult | 37 (11.5) | 284 (88.5) | ||
Very difficult | 2 (3.9) | 49 (96.1) | ||
No response | 0 (0) | 1 (100) |
Variable | Levels | Coef (Std Err) | OR | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | Reference | 1 | |
Male | − 0.22 (0.35) | 0.8 [0.39, 1.60] | 0.54 | |
Age group | Adulte | Reference | 1 | |
Young | 0.35 (0.38) | 1.41 [0.67, 3.10] | 0.36 | |
Older person | − 0.92 (0.52) | 0.39 [0.15, 1.16] | 0.07 | |
Ethnic group | Yorouba | Reference | 1 | |
Ottamari | 1.22 (0.42) | 3.41 [1.51, 8.07] | 0.004 | |
Cotimba | − 0.05 (0.66) | 0.94 [0.26, 3.75] | 0.93 | |
Others | 0.60 (0.43) | 1.82 [0.79, 4.32] | 0.16 | |
Religion | Animist | Reference | 1 | |
Christian | − 0.25 (0.46) | 0.78 [0.30, 1.90] | 0.58 | |
Islam | − 1.07 (0.51) | 0.34 [0.12, 0.91] | 0.03 | |
Highest level of education | Illiterate | Reference | 1 | |
Primary | 0.23 (0.41) | 1.27 [0.57, 2.94] | 0.56 | |
Secondary | − 0.51 (0.43) | 0.60 [0.26, 1.42] | 0.24 | |
University | − 0.55 (0.80) | 0.57 [0.12, 2.92] | 0.49 | |
Main sources of income for the family | Agriculture | Reference | 1 | |
Crafts | 0.13 (0.41) | 1.14 [0.51, 2.62] | 0.75 | |
Employee | 1.12 (1.10) | 3.07 [0.39, 35.57] | 0.31 | |
None | 10.96 (698.97) | 57 [ − 13, 0] | 0.99 | |
Trade | 0.08 (0.39) | 1.09 [0.51, 2.38] | 0.83 | |
Market accessibility | Easy | Reference | 1 | |
Difficult | 2.42 (0.33) | 1.12 [5.99, 22.05] | < 0.001 | |
Very difficult | 3.31 (0.87) | 2.75 [6.36, 32.92] | < 0.001 |