Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and setting
Patient selection
Outcome variables
Statistics
Ethics
Results
Proximal olecranon fracture (avulsion) | Central olecranon fracture (simple) | Central olecranon fracture (comminuted) | Distal olecranon fracture (unstable joint) | Overall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 65 (N = 152) | > 65 (N = 151) | ≤ 65 (N = 488) | > 65 (N = 556) | ≤ 65 (N = 374) | > 65 (N = 343) | ≤ 65 (N = 190) | > 65 (N = 208) | ≤ 65 (N = 1204) | > 65 (N = 1258) | |
Sex | ||||||||||
Female | 83 (54.6%) | 102 (67.5%) | 273 (55.9%) | 424 (76.3%) | 198 (52.9%) | 265 (77.3%) | 95 (50.0%) | 150 (72.1%) | 649 (53.9%) | 941 (74.8%) |
Male | 69 (45.4%) | 49 (32.5%) | 215 (44.1%) | 132 (23.7%) | 176 (47.1%) | 78 (22.7%) | 95 (50.0%) | 58 (27.9%) | 555 (46.1%) | 317 (25.2%) |
Age at injury | ||||||||||
Mean (SD) | 45.4 (14.3) | 78.2 (8.74) | 45.4 (14.5) | 79.7 (8.50) | 46.5 (14.0) | 78.5 (8.15) | 47.1 (14.3) | 78.5 (8.22) | 46.0 (14.3) | 79.0 (8.40) |
Mechanism | ||||||||||
Fall same level | 78 (51.3%) | 104 (68.9%) | 244 (50.0%) | 402 (72.3%) | 159 (42.5%) | 242 (70.6%) | 86 (45.3%) | 146 (70.2%) | 567 (47.1%) | 894 (71.1%) |
Fall from height | 11 (7.2%) | 13 (8.6%) | 39 (8.0%) | 32 (5.8%) | 39 (10.4%) | 31 (9.0%) | 22 (11.6%) | 16 (7.7%) | 111 (9.2%) | 92 (7.3%) |
Unspecified fall | 12 (7.9%) | 21 (13.9%) | 39 (8.0%) | 64 (11.5%) | 25 (6.7%) | 27 (7.9%) | 10 (5.3%) | 13 (6.2%) | 86 (7.1%) | 125 (9.9%) |
Bicycle | 26 (17.1%) | 7 (4.6%) | 120 (24.6%) | 35 (6.3%) | 104 (27.8%) | 27 (7.9%) | 36 (18.9%) | 24 (11.5%) | 286 (23.8%) | 93 (7.4%) |
Motorbike | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.7%) | 10 (2.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 10 (2.7%) | 1 (0.3%) | 8 (4.2%) | 0 (0%) | 30 (2.5%) | 3 (0.2%) |
Stress fracture | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) |
Other cause | 23 (15.1%) | 5 (3.3%) | 35 (7.2%) | 21 (3.8%) | 37 (9.9%) | 15 (4.4%) | 28 (14.7%) | 7 (3.4%) | 123 (10.2%) | 48 (3.8%) |
Type | ||||||||||
Low energy | 123 (80.9%) | 140 (92.7%) | 386 (79.1%) | 506 (91.0%) | 292 (78.1%) | 303 (88.3%) | 136 (71.6%) | 181 (87.0%) | 937 (77.8%) | 1130 (89.8%) |
High energy | 14 (9.2%) | 5 (3.3%) | 50 (10.2%) | 11 (2.0%) | 53 (14.2%) | 14 (4.1%) | 38 (20.0%) | 6 (2.9%) | 155 (12.9%) | 36 (2.9%) |
Unknown | 9 (5.9%) | 2 (1.3%) | 29 (5.9%) | 15 (2.7%) | 17 (4.5%) | 8 (2.3%) | 9 (4.7%) | 5 (2.4%) | 64 (5.3%) | 30 (2.4%) |
Not applicable | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) |
Missing | 6 (3.9%) | 4 (2.6%) | 22 (4.5%) | 23 (4.1%) | 12 (3.2%) | 18 (5.2%) | 7 (3.7%) | 14 (6.7%) | 47 (3.9%) | 59 (4.7%) |
≤ 65 years | > 65 years | Overall | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (N = 649) | Male (N = 555) | Female (N = 941) | Male (N = 317) | Female (N = 1590) | Male (N = 872) | |
Type of injury | ||||||
High energy | 67 (10.3%) | 88 (15.9%) | 23 (2.4%) | 13 (4.1%) | 90 (5.7%) | 101 (11.6%) |
Low energy | 531 (81.8%) | 406 (73.2%) | 858 (91.2%) | 272 (85.8%) | 1389 (87.4%) | 678 (77.8%) |
Not applicable | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) |
Unknown | 26 (4.0%) | 38 (6.8%) | 19 (2.0%) | 11 (3.5%) | 45 (2.8%) | 49 (5.6%) |
Missing | 24 (3.7%) | 23 (4.1%) | 39 (4.1%) | 20 (6.3%) | 63 (4.0%) | 43 (4.9%) |
Fracture classification
Treatment
Proximal olecranon fracture (avulsion) | Central olecranon fracture (simple) | Central olecranon fracture (comminuted) | Distal olecranon fracture (unstable joint) | Overall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 65 (N = 152) | > 65 (N = 151) | ≤ 65 (N = 488) | > 65 (N = 556) | ≤ 65 (N = 374) | > 65 (N = 343) | ≤ 65 (N = 190) | > 65 (N = 208) | ≤ 65 (N = 1204) | > 65 (N = 1258) | |
Treatment | ||||||||||
Non-operative | 80 (52.6%) | 98 (64.9%) | 111 (22.7%) | 221 (39.7%) | 27 (7.2%) | 70 (20.4%) | 14 (7.4%) | 50 (24.0%) | 232 (19.3%) | 439 (34.9%) |
Tension band wiring | 47 (30.9%) | 36 (23.8%) | 261 (53.5%) | 250 (45.0%) | 132 (35.3%) | 117 (34.1%) | 49 (25.8%) | 64 (30.8%) | 489 (40.6%) | 467 (37.1%) |
Screw fixation | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (0.6%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | 7 (0.6%) | 4 (0.3%) |
Plate fixation | 5 (3.3%) | 6 (4.0%) | 66 (13.5%) | 40 (7.2%) | 176 (47.1%) | 127 (37.0%) | 95 (50.0%) | 67 (32.2%) | 342 (28.4%) | 240 (19.1%) |
Combined fixation | 6 (3.9%) | 2 (1.3%) | 13 (2.7%) | 9 (1.6%) | 15 (4.0%) | 8 (2.3%) | 9 (4.7%) | 8 (3.8%) | 43 (3.6%) | 27 (2.1%) |
Missing | 13 (8.6%) | 8 (5.3%) | 35 (7.2%) | 36 (6.5%) | 22 (5.9%) | 19 (5.5%) | 21 (11.1%) | 18 (8.7%) | 91 (7.6%) | 81 (6.4%) |