Etiology of developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition

Many systemic and local conditions can adversely affect the cells forming the enamel of the primary dentition, resulting in abnormalities that are permanently recorded on the tooth surface as changes in translucency (opacities) or reduced enamel quantity (hypoplasia). These conditions include genetic defects, such as amelogenesis imperfecta, congenital abnormalities of the liver and kidneys, premature birth, nutritional deficiencies, infections and local trauma. Developmental defects of enamel have significant clinical implications, such as reduced esthetics, tooth sensitivity and impaired masticatory function. Importantly, developmental enamel defects are now recognized as a major risk factor for early childhood caries.