Introduction
Methodology
Study setting
Design, study population and selection criteria
Summary of the sampling technique used by the DHS
Variables
In this study, we were interested in the following variables
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Univariate and bivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Spatial analysis
Classification and regression tree (CART)
Results
Univariate descriptive analysis
Characteristics | DHS 2012 (N = 3034) | DHS 2018 (N = 4212) |
---|---|---|
Sociodemographic variables | ||
Age of mothers | ||
15–18 | 166 (5.5%) | 185 (4.4%) |
19–30 | 1,817 (60%) | 2,408 (57%) |
31–40 | 879 (29%) | 1,335 (32%) |
41–49 | 172 (5.7%) | 285 (6.8%) |
Administrative region | ||
Boké | 308 (10%) | 412 (9.8%) |
Conakry | 522 (17%) | 592 (14%) |
Faranah | 309 (10%) | 367 (8.7%) |
Kankan | 498 (16%) | 827 (20%) |
Kindia | 472 (16%) | 665 (16%) |
Labé | 225 (7.4%) | 387 (9.2%) |
Mamou | 163 (5.4%) | 309 (7.3%) |
N’Zérékoré | 538 (18%) | 652 (15%) |
Residence | ||
Rural | 2,097 (69%) | 2,788 (66%) |
Urban | 937 (31%) | 1,425 (34%) |
Religion | ||
No religion | 132 (4.3%) | 75 (1.8%) |
Christian | 277 (9.1%) | 456 (11%) |
Muslim | 2,626 (87%) | 3,681 (87%) |
Ethnic | ||
Guerzé | 166 (5.5%) | 176 (9.7%) |
Kissi | 181 (6.0%) | 102 (5.6%) |
Malinké | 1,008 (33%) | 597 (33%) |
Peulh | 955 (31%) | 508 (28%) |
Soussou | 563 (19%) | 413 (23%) |
Toma | 79 (2.6%) | - |
Others | 82 (2.7%) | 18 (1.0%) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 2,778 (92%) | 3,947 (94%) |
Single | 256 (8.4%) | 265 (6.3%) |
Number of people in the household | ||
1–5 | 858 (28%) | 1,226 (29%) |
6–10 | 1,443 (48%) | 2,194 (52%) |
> 10 | 734 (24%) | 792 (19%) |
Education of the mother | ||
Higher | 55 (1.8%) | 98 (2.3%) |
No education | 2,252 (74%) | 3,204 (76%) |
Primary | 403 (13%) | 413 (9.8%) |
Secondary | 324 (11%) | 497 (12%) |
Sex of the head of the household | ||
Female | 423 (14%) | 517 (12%) |
Male | 2,611 (86%) | 3,695 (88%) |
Age of the head of household | ||
16–25 | 88 (2.9%) | 130 (3.1%) |
26–40 | 1,138 (37%) | 1,684 (40%) |
41–60 | 1,270 (42%) | 1,837 (44%) |
> 60 | 538 (18%) | 562 (13%) |
Access to newspapers | ||
Access | 194 (6.4%) | 291 (6.9%) |
No access | 2,840 (94%) | 3,921 (93%) |
Access to the radio | ||
Access | 1,914 (63%) | 2,652 (63%) |
No access | 1,120 (37%) | 1,561 (37%) |
Access to television | ||
Access | 1,243 (41%) | 1,892 (45%) |
No access | 1,791 (59%) | 2,320 (55%) |
Number of living children | ||
1–2 | 1,214 (40%) | 1,558 (37%) |
3–4 | 981 (32%) | 1,556 (37%) |
5–7 | 745 (25%) | 968 (23%) |
> 7 | 95 (3.1%) | 130 (3.1%) |
Education of the mothers’ partner | ||
Higher | 225 (7.4%) | 327 (7.8%) |
No education | 1,948 (64%) | 2,957 (70%) |
Primary | 407 (13%) | 307 (7.3%) |
Secondary | 454 (15%) | 620 (15%) |
Currently working | ||
Yes | 2,431 (80%) | 3,057 (73%) |
No | 603 (20%) | 1155 (27%) |
Gender of the child | ||
Female | 1,445 (48%) | 2,085 (50%) |
Male | 1,589 (52%) | 2,127 (50%) |
Age of the child (years) | ||
1 | 836 (28%) | 1,067 (25%) |
2 | 696 (23%) | 968 (23%) |
3 | 751 (25%) | 1,115 (26%) |
4 | 751 (25%) | 1,062 (25%) |
Economic variable | ||
Wealth quintile | ||
Middle | 684 (23%) | 922 (22%) |
Lower | 571 (19%) | 848 (20%) |
Lowest | 555 (18%) | 755 (18%) |
Richer | 631 (21%) | 912 (22%) |
Highest | 593 (20%) | 774 (18%) |
Obstetric variables | ||
Planned current pregnancy | ||
Yes | 2,162 (71%) | 3,183 (76%) |
No | 872 (29%) | 1029 (24%) |
Moment of the 1st CPN | ||
First quarter | 1,234 (41%) | 1,411 (33%) |
Second quarter | 1,325 (44%) | 2,342 (56%) |
Third quarter | 475 (16%) | 459 (11%) |
ANCs visits number | ||
0–3 | 1,236 (41%) | 2,568 (61%) |
≥ 4 | 1,798 (59%) | 1,644 (39%) |
Composite coverage index (CCI) variables | ||
At least one antenatal care visit with a qualified provider | ||
Yes | 2,238 (74%) | 3,522 (84%) |
No | 796 (26%) | 690 (16%) |
Childbirth assisted by qualified personnel | ||
Yes | 1,395 (46%) | 2,604 (62%) |
No | 1,639 (54%) | 1,608 (38%) |
Family planning request satisfied | ||
Yes | 270 (8.9%) | 656 (16%) |
No | 2,764 (91.1%) | 3556 (84%) |
Pentavalent | ||
Yes | 1,714 (56%) | 1,700 (40%) |
No | 1,320 (44%) | 2,512 (60%) |
Vaccination against Measles | ||
Yes | 2,188 (72%) | 1,912 (45%) |
No | 846 (28%) | 2,300 (55%) |
Vaccination against BCG | ||
Yes | 2,702 (89%) | 2,840 (67%) |
No | 332 (11%) | 1372 (33%) |
Oral rehydration therapy for children with diarrhoea | ||
Yes | 1,826 (60%) | 3,360 (80%) |
No | 1,208 (40%) | 852 (40%) |
Seeking care for pneumonia | ||
Yes | 2,272 (75%) | 2,597 (62%) |
No | 762 (25%) | 1,615 (38%) |
CCI | DHS 2012 | DHS 2018 |
---|---|---|
Partial | 1,897 (62.5%) | 1,661 (39%) |
Optimal | 1,137 (37.5%) | 2,551 (61%) |
Bivariate analysis
DHS 2012 | DHS 2018 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Optimal coverage N = 1,137 | Partial coverage N = 1,897 | p-value1 | Partial coverage N = 1,661 | Optimal coverage N = 2,551 | p-value1 |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
Age of mothers | 0.3 | 0.070 | ||||
15–18 | 60 (5.3%) | 106 (5.6%) | 68 (4.1%) | 117 (4.6%) | ||
19–30 | 670 (59%) | 1,147 (60%) | 919 (55%) | 1,489 (58%) | ||
31t-40 | 327 (29%) | 552 (29%) | 541 (33%) | 794 (31%) | ||
41–49 | 80 (7.0%) | 92 (4.8%) | 132 (8.0%) | 152 (6.0%) | ||
Wealth quintile | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Highest | 52 (4.6%) | 541 (29%) | 138 (8.3%) | 636 (25%) | ||
Middle | 272 (24%) | 412 (22%) | 391 (24%) | 532 (21%) | ||
Lower | 257 (23%) | 314 (17%) | 429 (26%) | 419 (16%) | ||
Lowest | 367 (32%) | 188 (9.9%) | 487 (29%) | 268 (11%) | ||
Richer | 189 (17%) | 443 (23%) | 215 (13%) | 696 (27%) | ||
Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Married | 1,076 (95%) | 1,702 (90%) | 1,585 (95%) | 2,362 (93%) | ||
Single | 61 (5.3%) | 196 (10%) | 76 (4.6%) | 189 (7.4%) | ||
Number of household members | 0.2 | 0.6 | ||||
1–5 | 304 (27%) | 553 (29%) | 478 (29%) | 748 (29%) | ||
6–10 | 533 (47%) | 910 (48%) | 883 (53%) | 1,310 (51%) | ||
> 10 | 300 (26%) | 434 (23%) | 300 (18%) | 493 (19%) | ||
Education of the mother | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Higher | 2 (0.2%) | 53 (2.8%) | 18 (1.1%) | 81 (3.2%) | ||
No formal education | 990 (87%) | 1,262 (66%) | 1,412 (85%) | 1,792 (70%) | ||
Primary | 102 (9.0%) | 300 (16%) | 146 (8.8%) | 267 (10%) | ||
Secondary | 42 (3.7%) | 282 (15%) | 86 (5.1%) | 412 (16%) | ||
Age of the head of household | 0.3 | 0.10 | ||||
16–25 | 42 (3.7%) | 47 (2.5%) | 48 (2.9%) | 82 (3.2%) | ||
26–40 | 401 (35%) | 737 (39%) | 624 (38%) | 1,060 (42%) | ||
41–60 | 495 (44%) | 775 (41%) | 745 (45%) | 1,092 (43%) | ||
> 60 | 199 (18%) | 339 (18%) | 244 (15%) | 318 (12%) | ||
Currently working | < 0.001 | 0.014 | ||||
Yes | 964 (85%) | 1,467 (77%) | 1,110 (67%) | 1,946 (76%) | ||
No | 173 (15%) | 430 (23%) | 551 (33%) | 605 (24%) | ||
Access to newspapers | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Access | 11 (1.0%) | 183 (9.6%) | 35 (2.1%) | 256 (10%) | ||
No access | 1,125 (99%) | 1,715 (90%) | 1,626 (98%) | 2,295 (90%) | ||
Access to the radio | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Access | 644 (57%) | 1,270 (67%) | 889 (54%) | 1,763 (69%) | ||
No access | 493 (43%) | 627 (33%) | 772 (46%) | 789 (31%) | ||
Access to the TV | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Access | 274 (24%) | 969 (51%) | 475 (29%) | 1,417 (56%) | ||
No access | 863 (76%) | 929 (49%) | 1,186 (71%) | 1,134 (44%) | ||
Education of the mothers’ partner | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Higher | 24 (2.1%) | 201 (11%) | 46 (2.8%) | 281 (11%) | ||
No formal education | 900 (79%) | 1,048 (55%) | 1,327 (80%) | 1,631 (64%) | ||
Primary | 125 (11%) | 282 (15%) | 114 (6.8%) | 194 (7.6%) | ||
Secondary | 87 (7.7%) | 367 (19%) | 175 (11%) | 445 (17%) | ||
Number of living children | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
1–2 | 372 (33%) | 842 (44%) | 567 (34%) | 992 (39%) | ||
3–4 | 377 (33%) | 604 (32%) | 608 (37%) | 949 (37%) | ||
5–7 | 336 (30%) | 409 (22%) | 430 (26%) | 538 (21%) | ||
> 7 | 52 (4.6%) | 42 (2.2%) | 56 (3.4%) | 73 (2.9%) | ||
Child gender | > 0.9 | 0.10 | ||||
Female | 540 (47%) | 905 (48%) | 793 (48%) | 1,292 (51%) | ||
Male | 597 (53%) | 992 (52%) | 868 (52%) | 1,259 (49%) | ||
Obstetric variables | ||||||
Planned current pregnancy | < 0.001 | 0.10 | ||||
Yes | 856 (75%) | 1,306 (69%) | 1,231 (74%) | 1,952 (77%) | ||
No | 281 (25%) | 591 | 430 (26%) | 599 (23%) | ||
Moment of the 1st CPN | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
First quarter | 376 (33%) | 858 (45%) | 481 (29%) | 930 (36%) | ||
Second quarter | 449 (40%) | 876 (46%) | 900 (54%) | 1,442 (57%) | ||
Third quarter | 312 (27%) | 163 (8.6%) | 280 (17%) | 179 (7.0%) | ||
ANCs visits number | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
0–3 | 700 (62%) | 536 (28%) | 507 (84%) | 1,034 (85%) | ||
≥ 4 | 437 (38%) | 1,362 (72%) | 96 (16%) | 177 (15%) |
Multivariate analysis
DHS 2012 | DHS 2018 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | AOR1 | 95% CI1 | p-value | AOR1 | 95% CI1 | p-value |
Wealth quintile | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Richest | — | — | — | — | ||
Middle | 0.29 | 0.18, 0.48 | < 0.001 | 0.60 | 0.43, 0.83 | 0.003 |
Poorer | 0.25 | 0.15, 0.40 | < 0.001 | 0.45 | 0.32, 0.64 | < 0.001 |
Poorest | 0.11 | 0.07, 0.18 | < 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.19, 0.38 | < 0.001 |
Richer | 0.32 | 0.21, 0.51 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.78, 1.41 | 0.7 |
Sex of the head of the household | 0.016 | |||||
Female | — | — | — | — | ||
Male | 0.81 | 0.59, 1.12 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.90, 1.58 | 0.070 |
Mother’s level of education | ||||||
Higher | — | — | — | — | ||
No education | 0.44 | 0.10, 1.98 | 0.3 | 1.71 | 0.74, 3.95 | 0.2 |
Primary | 0.58 | 0.13, 2.63 | 0.5 | 1.49 | 0.65, 3.42 | 0.3 |
Secondary | 0.69 | 0.16, 2.95 | 0.6 | 2.30 | 0.98, 5.44 | 0.057 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | — | — | ||||
Single | 1.32 | 0.90, 1.95 | 0.2 | |||
Age of the head of household | ||||||
[16–25] | — | — | — | — | ||
[26–40] | 1.47 | 0.80, 2.70 | 0.2 | 0.82 | 0.46, 1.46 | 0.5 |
[41–60] | 1.15 | 0.62, 2.15 | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0.41, 1.33 | 0.3 |
[61 and more] | 1.10 | 0.58, 2.09 | 0.8 | 0.59 | 0.33, 1.07 | 0.083 |
Access to newspapers | ||||||
Access | — | — | — | — | ||
No access | 0.54 | 0.23, 1.30 | 0.2 | 0.54 | 0.35, 0.84 | 0.006 |
Number of living children | ||||||
[1, 2] | — | — | — | |||
[3, 4] | 0.97 | 0.77, 1.22 | 0.8 | |||
[5–7] | 0.80 | 0.62, 1.04 | 0.10 | |||
[7 and more] | 0.57 | 0.30, 1.08 | 0.084 | |||
Grossesse en cours planifiée | ||||||
No | — | — | — | — | ||
Yes | 0.82 | 0.65, 1.03 | 0.090 | 1.28 | 1.05, 1.56 | 0.013 |
Education level of the mothers’ partner | ||||||
Higher | — | — | — | — | ||
No education | 0.66 | 0.35, 1.26 | 0.2 | 0.53 | 0.35, 0.80 | 0.002 |
Primary | 0.88 | 0.44, 1.76 | 0.7 | 0.56 | 0.33, 0.97 | 0.037 |
Secondary | 1.07 | 0.53, 2.18 | 0.8 | 0.58 | 0.38, 0.88 | 0.011 |
Moment of the 1st ANC | ||||||
First quarter | — | — | — | — | ||
Second quarter | 1.60 | 1.28, 2.01 | < 0.001 | 1.17 | 0.97, 1.41 | 0.092 |
Third quarter | 0.90 | 0.67, 1.22 | 0.5 | 0.67 | 0.51, 0.89 | 0.005 |
ANCs visits number | ||||||
[0–3] | — | — | — | — | ||
[4 and more] | 2.78 | 2.24, 3.45 | < 0.001 | 2.43 | 2.03, 2.90 | < 0.001 |
Gender of the child | ||||||
Female | — | — | — | — | ||
Male | 0.81 | 0.59, 1.12 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.90, 1.58 | 0.2 |
Access to the radio | ||||||
Access | — | — | ||||
No access | 0.75 | 0.63, 0.90 | 0.002 | |||
Access to television | ||||||
Access | — | — | ||||
No access | 0.68 | 0.55, 0.84 | < 0.001 | |||
Currently working | ||||||
No | — | — | ||||
Yes | 1.87 | 1.55, 2.25 | < 0.001 |
Classification and the regression tree
Spatial analysis
DHS | Global moran index | p-value |
---|---|---|
DHS 2012 | 0.09 | < 0.01 |
DHS 2018 | 0.07 | < 0.01 |