Background
Methods
Audit area selection
Environment Type | IMD Decilesa
| Rural/Urban Classifications |
---|---|---|
Urban Affluent | urban IMD deciles 8–10 | A1, B1, C1, C2 |
Urban Middle Affluence | urban IMD deciles 4–7 | A1, B1, C1, C2 |
Urban Deprived | urban IMD deciles 1–3 | A1, B1, C1, C2 |
Rural Affluent | rural IMD deciles 8–10 | D1, D2, E1, E2 |
Rural Middle Affluence | rural IMD deciles 4–7 | D1, D2, E1, E2 |
Rural Deprived | rural IMD deciles 1–3 | D1, D2, E1, E2 |
Street audits
Secondary data
POI classification codes (classification name) | FSA classification namesa
|
---|---|
1020013 (cafés, snack bars and tea rooms) 1020025 (internet cafés) 9470699 (convenience stores and independent supermarkets) 10540737 (petrol and fuel stations) 1020043 (restaurants) 1020034 (pubs) 1010006 (hotels, motels, country houses and inns) 9470662 (butchers) 9470665 (delicatessens) 9470666 (fishmongers) 9470668(green and new age goods) 9470669 (grocers, farm shops and pick your own) 9470670 (herbs and spices) 9470672 (organic, health, gourmet and kosher foods) 7400524 (baking and confectionery) 9470663 (confectioners) 9470819 (supermarkets) 9470667 (frozen foods) 1020018 (fast food and takeaway outlets) 1020019 (fast food delivery services) 1020020 (fish and chip shops) 9470661 (bakeries) 4250312 (nightclubs) 9470705 (markets) | “Pub/Club” “Restaurant/Café/Canteen” “Retailers – Supermarkets/Hypermarkets” “Retailers – Smaller” “Retailers”b
“Retailers – Other” “Takeaway” “Primary Producer” “Distributors/Transporters” “Manufacturers/Packers” “Hotel /Guest House” |
Data matching
Agreement between POI-derived and audit-derived classifications
Classification Name | POI Codes |
---|---|
Restaurant | 1,020,043 (restaurants) 1,020,034 (pubs – manual Google search to identify those serving food) 1,010,006 (hotels, motels, country houses and inns) |
Pub | 1,020,034 (pubs) 4,250,312 (nightclubs) |
Café | 1,020,013 (cafés, snack bars and tea rooms) 1,020,025 (internet cafés) |
Fast Food | 1,020,018 (fast food and takeaway outlets) 1,020,019 (fast food delivery services) 1,020,020 (fish and chip shops) 9,470,661 (bakeries) |
Supermarket | 9,470,699 (convenience stores and independent supermarkets)a
9,470,819 (supermarkets) 9,470,667 (frozen foods) |
Convenience | 9,470,699 (convenience stores and independent supermarkets)a
10,540,737 (petrol and fuel stations) |
Specialty | 9,470,662 (butchers) 9,470,665 (delicatessens) 9,470,666 (fishmongers) 9,470,668 (green and new age goods) 9,470,669 (grocers, farm shops and pick your own), 9,470,670 (herbs and spices) 9,470,672 (organic, health, gourmet and kosher foods), 7,400,524 (baking and confectionery) 9,470,663 (confectioners) |
Statistical analyses
Results
Inter-rater agreement
Overall agreement with audits
Counts of outlets
Environment/Outlet Type | Audits | POI | FSA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Count | PPV | Sens | Count | PPV | Sens | |
Total | 1172 | 1100 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 1082 | 0.91 | 0.84 |
Urban | 742 | 729 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 680 | 0.91 | 0.83 |
Deprived | 249 | 244 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 225 | 0.91 | 0.82 |
Middle | 342 | 344 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 319 | 0.90 | 0.84 |
Affluent | 151 | 141 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 136 | 0.92 | 0.83 |
Rural | 430 | 371 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 402 | 0.92 | 0.86 |
Deprived | 173 | 161 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 172 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
Middle | 135 | 114 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 122 | 0.91 | 0.82 |
Affluent | 122 | 96 | 0.97 | 0.76 | 108 | 0.95 | 0.84 |
Restaurant | 306 | 288 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 283 | 0.95 | 0.88 |
Pub | 63 | 69 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 66 | 0.73 | 0.76 |
Café | 194 | 152 | 0.87 | 0.68 | 175 | 0.89 | 0.80 |
Fast Food | 299 | 299 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 280 | 0.96 | 0.90 |
Supermarket | 81 | 88 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 76 | 0.97 | 0.91 |
Convenience | 115 | 103 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 111 | 0.80 | 0.77 |
Specialist | 114 | 101 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 91 | 0.92 | 0.74 |
PPV and sensitivities
Variation by environment and outlet type
POI data
Environment/Outlet Type | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Urban | REF | REF | |||||||
Rural |
2.07
1
|
1.18
|
4.02
| 1.31 | 0.69 | 2.61 | |||
Deprived | REF | REF | |||||||
Middle | 1.08 | 0.58 | 2.05 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 1.41 | |||
Affluent |
2.63
3
|
1.34
|
5.43
| 1.80 | 0.85 | 3.81 | |||
Restaurant | REF | ||||||||
Pub |
0.19
3
|
0.09
|
0.37
| ||||||
Café | 0.67 | 0.36 | 1.28 | ||||||
Fast Food | 0.66 | 0.37 | 1.16 | ||||||
Supermarket |
0.42
1
|
0.21
|
0.88
| ||||||
Convenience |
0.39
2
|
0.19
|
0.80
| ||||||
Speciality | 0.56 | 0.27 | 1.21 | ||||||
Rural × Middle | 2.69 | 0.89 | 8.40 | ||||||
Rural × Affluent | 2.71 | 0.68 | 13.81 |
Environment/Outlet Type | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Urban | REF | REF | |||||||
Rural | 0.80 | 0.59 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.58 | 1.61 | |||
Deprived | REF | REF | |||||||
Middle | 1.00 | 0.71 | 1.39 | 1.07 | 0.67 | 1.70 | |||
Affluent | 1.02 | 0.70 | 1.51 | 1.31 | 0.75 | 2.34 | |||
Restaurant | REF | ||||||||
Pub |
0.42
2
|
0.22
|
0.81
| ||||||
Café |
0.36
3
|
0.23
|
0.56
| ||||||
Fast Food | 1.16 | 0.72 | 1.89 | ||||||
Supermarket | 1.37 | 0.65 | 3.15 | ||||||
Convenience |
0.52
1
|
0.30
|
0.90
| ||||||
Speciality |
0.55
1
|
0.32
|
0.98
| ||||||
Rural x Middle | 0.91 | 0.43 | 1.89 | ||||||
Rural x Affluent | 0.60 | 0.27 | 1.33 |
FSA data
Environment/ Outlet Type | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Urban | REF | REF | |||||||
Rural | 1.22 | 0.79 | 1.94 | 1.40 | 0.64 | 3.19 | |||
Deprived | REF | REF | |||||||
Middle | 0.95 | 0.59 | 1.51 | 0.99 | 0.45 | 2.10 | |||
Affluent | 1.42 | 0.78 | 2.69 | 1.23 | 0.53 | 2.94 | |||
Restaurant | REF | ||||||||
Pub |
0.13
3
|
0.06
|
0.28
| ||||||
Café |
0.43
1
|
0.20
|
0.88
| ||||||
Fast Food | 1.15 | 0.51 | 2.67 | ||||||
Supermarket | 1.97 | 0.52 | 12.93 | ||||||
Convenience |
0.20
3
|
0.09
|
0.42
| ||||||
Speciality | 0.62 | 0.24 | 1.76 | ||||||
Rural × Middle | 0.90 | 0.27 | 3.00 | ||||||
Rural × Affluent | 1.45 | 0.37 | 6.16 |
Environment/Outlet Type | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3 (urban only) | Model 3 (rural only) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||||
Urban | REF | REF | |||||||||||||
Rural | 1.27 | 0.86 | 1.88 |
2.23
1
|
1.21
|
4.28
| |||||||||
Deprived | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||||||||
Middle | 0.87 | 0.53 | 1.38 | 1.09 | 0.66 | 1.87 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 1.96 |
0.49
1
|
0.24
|
0.97
| |||
Affluent | 0.85 | 0.52 | 1.36 | 1.01 | 0.57 | 1.77 | 0.94 | 0.49 | 1.77 | 0.60 | 0.29 | 1.26 | |||
Restaurant | REF | REF | REF | ||||||||||||
Pub |
0.41
2
|
0.21
|
0.82
|
0.24
3
|
0.10
|
0.56
| 1.26 | 0.37 | 5.85 | ||||||
Café |
0.56
1
|
0.34
|
0.92
|
0.47
1
|
0.25
|
0.89
| 0.76 | 0.33 | 1.75 | ||||||
Fast Food | 1.17 | 0.69 | 1.98 | 0.92 | 0.47 | 1.79 | 1.75 | 0.73 | 4.40 | ||||||
Supermarket | 1.45 | 0.64 | 3.73 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 2.85 | 4.13 | 0.77 | 76.60 | ||||||
Convenience |
0.46
2
|
0.26
|
0.83
|
0.36
2
|
0.17
|
0.77
| 0.68 | 0.27 | 1.75 | ||||||
Speciality |
0.38
3
|
0.21
|
0.67
|
0.27
3
|
0.13
|
0.56
| 0.68 | 0.27 | 1.76 | ||||||
Rural x Middle |
0.43
1
|
0.17
|
0.98
| ||||||||||||
Rural x Affluent | 0.53 | 0.21 | 1.30 |