Background
Methods
Serum preparation and cytokine detection
Statistical analyses
Results
n (%) or median (IQR) | |
---|---|
Total, n | 74 (100) |
Gender
| |
Male | 37 (50.0) |
Female | 37 (50.0) |
Age [years]
| 67.1 (58.7 - 70.7) |
Location of the tumor
| |
Pancreatic head | 54 (73.0) |
Pancreatic body | 14 (18.9) |
Pancreatic tail | 6 (8.1) |
CEA level [μg/l]
| 2.9 (1.5 - 5.5) |
CA 19-9 level [μg/l]
| 137.9 (33.8 - 558.9) |
Tumor size
| |
T1/2 | 2 (2.7) |
T3 | 72 (97.3) |
Lymph node status
| |
Positive | 54 (73.0) |
Negative | 20 (27.0) |
Resection margin status
| |
R0 | 27 (36.5) |
R1 | 47 (63.5) |
Tumor differentiation
| |
Moderate (G2) | 48 (68.6) |
Poor (G3) | 22 (31.4) |
Adjuvant therapy
| |
Yes | 49 (66.2) |
No | 25 (33.8) |
Expression of circulating angiogenic cytokines in pancreatic cancer and control groups
Correlation of CAC in patients with primary pancreatic cancer
VEGF | VEGFR-1 | PlGF | PDGF-A | PDGF-B | Ang-1 | EGF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGF
| 1 | 0.135 | 0.234 |
0.437
| 0.275 |
0.401
| 0.271 |
0.25
|
0.04
|
< 0.0001
|
0.02
|
0.0005
|
0.02
| ||
VEGFR-1
| 0.135 | 1 | 0.164 | 0.201 | 0.270 | 0.292 | 0.066 |
0.25
|
0.16
|
0.08
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.57
| ||
PlGF
| 0.234 | 0.164 | 1 | 0.299 | 0.229 | 0.153 | 0.134 |
0.04
|
0.16
|
0.01
|
0.05
|
0.19
|
0.25
| ||
PDGF-A
|
0.437
| 0.201 | 0.299 | 1 |
0.450
|
0.755
|
0.429
|
< 0.0001
|
0.08
|
0.01
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
0.0001
| ||
PDGF-B
| 0.275 | 0.270 | 0.229 |
0.450
| 1 |
0.491
| 0.206 |
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.05
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
0.08
| ||
Ang-1
|
0.401
| 0.292 | 0.153 |
0.755
|
0.491
| 1 |
0.578
|
0.0005
|
0.01
|
0.19
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
| ||
EGF
| 0.271 | 0.066 | 0.134 |
0.429
| 0.206 |
0.578
| 1 |
0.02
|
0.57
|
0.25
|
0.0001
|
0.08
|
< 0.0001
|
Association of CAC with clinicopathologic parameters in patients with primary pancreatic cancer
VEGF | VEGFR1 | PlGF | PDGF-A | PDGF-B | Ang-1 | EGF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years]
| |||||||
< 65 | 38.8 (12.6, 53.6) | 86.7 (65.6, 121.9) | 11.6 (9.7, 14,7) | 2349.2 (1971.9, 3214.9) | 7823.3 (5763.4, 10002.4) | 32082.5 (27097.9, 40061.8) | 261.4 (137.3, 404.4) |
≥ 65 | 30.3 (15.8, 67.8) | 76.2 (63.2, 102.8) | 11.3 (8.6, 13.9) | 2256.1 (1805.9, 3159.1) | 7624.3 (4909.1, 11280.5) | 27874.6 (20839.6, 34988.1) | 229.3 (122.1, 339.6) |
Gender
| |||||||
Male | 33.7 (12.6, 54.1) | 76.5 (64.3, 98.5) | 12.1 (9.4, 14.6) | 2329.9 (1913.3, 3286.0) | 7461.2 (5336.6, 11665.4) | 29589.7 (23901.5, 39920.1) | 276.1 (152.5, 356.3) |
Female | 29.8 (15.6, 59.0) | 85.6 (63.3, 123.3) | 11.3 (7.8, 14.1) | 2342.7 (1798.8, 3162.7) | 7691.8 (5627.9, 9768.8) | 28157.4 (21420.4, 34759.1) | 185.1 (102.3, 373.2) |
CA 19-9 level [μg/l]
| |||||||
< 37 | 29.2 (13.9, 47.9) | 76.6 (68.7, 99.2) | 10.0 (7.4, 14.8) | 2224.5 (1889.7, 3077.1) | 7685.5 (5662.1, 9890.9) | 25991.6 (20353.1, 31308.6) | 197.7 (92.6, 283.8) |
≥ 37 | 36.9 (13.9, 73.3) | 79.0 (63.3, 114.2) | 12.1 (9.3, 14.3) | 2342.7 (1840.9, 3342.9) | 7556.8 (4851.8, 10790.6) | 30517.1 (22698.9, 39237.5) | 283.4 (130.6, 400.7) |
Lymph node status
| |||||||
Positive |
39.6 (17.4, 68.7)*
|
84.3 (68.9, 120.7)
§
| 12.1 (9.3, 14.4) |
2370.2 (1888.7, 3417.9)*
|
8658.4 (6787.3, 11406.9)
#
|
30907.3 (25670.3, 41267.9)
§
|
286.1 (146.8, 391.3)*
|
negative |
21.3 (8.3, 40.7)
|
67.2 (56.9, 85.1)
| 10.2 (8.2, 14.3) |
2096.8 (1795.8, 2623.6)
|
5627.9 (4566.7, 7215.9)
|
24700.5 (16330.9, 31600.9)
|
171.6 (84.1, 253.2)
|
Tumor differentiation
| |||||||
Moderate (G2) | 31.6 (12.8, 55.3) | 78.8 (63.1, 119.7) | 10.6 (8.5, 13.7) | 2336.3 (1869.7, 2850.1) | 7693.9 (5448.5, 10587.1) | 28568.6 (21839.1, 34451.8) | 224.8 (133.4, 333.3) |
Poor (G3) | 39.0 (21.2, 66.7) | 80.4 (67.7, 100.6) | 12.6 (10.1, 15.8) | 2561.1 (1853.7, 3491.3) | 7756.3 (4608.0, 11545.1) | 33120.3 (22580.3, 40538.4) | 282.5 (112.2, 472.8) |
Prognostic significance of CAC in patients with primary pancreatic cancer
n (%) | Cancer-specific survival n (%) |
PValue* | |
---|---|---|---|
Total
| 74 (100) | - | - |
Gender
| 0.72 | ||
Male | 37 (50.0) | 19 (51.3) | |
Female | 37 (50.0) | 14 (37.8) | |
Age [years]
| 0.22 | ||
< 65 | 30 (40.5) | 14 (46.7) | |
≥ 65 | 44 (59.5) | 19 (43.2) | |
Location of the tumor
| 0.74 | ||
Pancreatic head | 54 (73.0) | 25 (46.3) | |
Pancreatic body | 14 (18.9) | 4 (28.6) | |
Pancreatic tail | 6 (8.1) | 4 (66.7) | |
CA 19-9 level
| 0.38 | ||
< 37 [μg/l] | 20 (27.4) | 8 (40.0) | |
≥ 37 [μg/l] | 53 (72.6) | 25 (47.2) | |
CEA level
| 0.59 | ||
< 2.5 [μg/l] | 33 (45.2) | 14 (42.4) | |
≥ 2.5 [μg/l] | 40 (54.8) | 19 (47.5) | |
Lymph node status
| 0.13 | ||
N0 | 54 (73.0) | 26 (48.1) | |
N1 | 20 (27.0) | 7 (35.0) | |
Tumor differentiation
| 0.02 | ||
Moderate (G2) | 48 (68.6) | 20 (41.7) | |
Poor (G3) | 22 (31.4) | 12 (54.5) | |
Resection margin status
| 0.08 | ||
R0 | 27 (36.5) | 8 (29.6) | |
R1 | 47 (63.5) | 25 (53.2) | |
VEGF
| 0.19 | ||
≥ 32.1 | 37 (50.0) | 14 (37.8) | |
< 32.1 | 37 (50.0) | 19 (51.3) | |
VEGFR-1
| 0.51 | ||
≥ 78.5 | 37 (50.0) | 15 (40.5) | |
< 78.5 | 37 (50.0) | 18 (48.6) | |
PlGF
| 0.84 | ||
≥ 11.4 | 37 (50.0) | 18 (48.6) | |
< 11.4 | 37 (50.0) | 15 (40.5) | |
PDGF-AA
| 0.53 | ||
≥ 2336.3 | 37 (50.0) | 19 (51.3) | |
< 2336.3 | 37 (50.0) | 14 (37.8) | |
PDGF-BB
| 0.10 | ||
≥ 7624.3 | 37 (50.0) | 13 (35.1) | |
< 7624.3 | 37 (50.0) | 20 (54.1) | |
Ang-1
| 0.53 | ||
≥ 29202.1 | 37 (50.0) | 15 (40.5) | |
< 29202.1 | 37 (50.0) | 18 (48.7) | |
EGF
| 0.26 | ||
≥ 234.2 | 37 (50.0) | 17 (45.9) | |
< 234.2 | 37 (50.0) | 16 (43.2) |
Variable | Category | Hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resection margin status
| R1 vs. R0 | 1.86 | 0.69 - 5.04 | 0.22 |
Lymph node status
| Positive vs. negative | 2.09 | 0.68 - 6.46 | 0.19 |
Tumor differentiation
| Poor (G3) vs. moderate (G2) | 2.27 | 0.97 - 5.32 | 0.06 |
VEGF [pg/ml] | ≥ 32.1 vs. < 32.1 | 0.24 | 0.09 - 0.57 | 0.002 |
VEGFR-1 [pg/ml] | ≥ 78.5 vs. < 78.5 | 1.52 | 0.63 - 3.64 | 0.35 |
PlGF [pg/ml] | ≥ 11.4 vs. < 11.4 | 0.87 | 0.35 - 2.12 | 0.76 |
PDGF-AA [pg/ml] | ≥ 2336.3 vs. < 2336.3 | 4.58 | 1.43 - 14.69 | 0.01 |
PDGF-BB [pg/ml] | ≥ 7624.3 vs. < 7624.3 | 0.36 | 0.15 - 0.88 | 0.02 |
Ang-1 [pg/ml] | ≥ 29202.1 vs. < 29202.1 | 0.30 | 0.10 - 0.93 | 0.04 |
EGF [pg/ml] | ≥ 234.2 vs. < 234.2 | 1.92 | 0.81 - 4.54 | 0.14 |