Introduction
Methods
Student setting
Study participants
Procedures
Sampling
Instruments/Measures
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1. A Researcher designed questionnaire to document demographic data. This was assessed using 3 self-reported questions: (1) ‘‘Gender?’’ (Male/Female/Other); (2) “Age? (in years)”; (3) ‘‘In what form (high school grade) are you?’’.
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2. Bullying questionnaire: The survey comprised a self-administered questionnaire that was adopted by a consortium of experts for use in this study. It has been used in similar surveys of adolescents in 13 European and Asian countries, and explored how traditional bullying and cyberbullying were linked to mental health in youth [5, 28‐31]. The widespread use of the tool in cross-cultural studies has been supported by its recognition of the significant overlap that exists between traditional victimization and cyber victimization, as well as resulting psychiatric symptoms.
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3. The face-to-face bullying experiences were assessed using 11 questions, with 1 question having (yes/no) response: “I have a sibling(s) (half-siblings or similar)” and 10 questions having 4 responses ('Not at all,’ ‘Less than once a week,’ ‘More than once a week,’ ‘Most days’): “How often have you been bullied in school in the past six months?”; “How often have you been bullied outside of school in the past six months?”; “How often have you been bullying others in school in the past six months?”; “How often have you been bullying others outside of school in the past six months?”; “Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? - Girls?”; “Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? - Boys?”; “Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? - Adults?”; “Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? - A group (e.g., a group of friends, a class, etc.)?”; “How often have you been bullied by a sibling at home in the past six months?”; “How often have you been bullying your sibling at home in the past six months?”
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4. Cyberbullying experiences were assessed using 8 questions, with each question having 4 responses ('Never,' 'Less than once a week,' 'More than once a week,' 'Almost every day'): "During the past six months, how often have you been cyberbullied?"; "During the past six months, how often have you cyberbullied others?"; "By who have you been cyberbullied? - Girls?"; "By who have you been cyberbullied? - Boys?”; “By who have you been cyberbullied? - Adult women?”; “By who have you been cyberbullied? - Adult men?”; “By who have you been cyberbullied? - Person unknown to you?”; “By who have you been cyberbullied? - A group (e.g., a group of friends, a class, etc.)?".
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5. Measure of suicidality- Again the measures of suicidality were part of the consensus agreed upon by the consortium of experts for this study as already explained. This documented suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts. Five questions were asked: (1) “Have you thought seriously about committing suicide?” (‘No, I have not,’ ‘Yes, once,’ ‘Yes, more than once’). For this analysis, the response options were dichotomized into ‘‘No’’ and ‘‘Yes’’; (2) “Have you tried committing suicide?” (‘No, I have not,’ ‘Yes, once,’ ‘Yes, more than once’). For this analysis, the response options were dichotomized into ‘‘No’’and ‘‘Yes’’; (3) “If yes in question 1 above, did you think of a possible way to commit suicide?” (yes/no); (4) “If yes in question 3 above, how?” (list the methods); (5) “If yes in question 2 above, what methods did you use?”. This tool simply asks for the presence or absence of different aspects of suicidality. The questions were added by the Kenyan site to the questionnaire adopted through the process of consultation with all the PIs in the different countries. The questions were borrowed from one of the Kenyan studies [24].
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Internal consistency
Social demographics
Variable | Category | n (%) |
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Gender | Female | 862 (33.2) |
Male | 1,728 (66.6) | |
Other | 6 (0.2) | |
Age (Years) | Mean (SD) | 16.13 (1.38) |
Median (IQR) | 16.00 (15.00, 17.00) | |
Range | 13.00, 23.00 | |
Form (high school grade) | 1 | 869 (33.5) |
2 | 646 (24.9) | |
3 | 729 (28.1) | |
4 | 352 (13.6) | |
Location of School | Rural | 1,627 (61.3) |
Urban | 1,025 (38.7) |
Multicollinearity results
Variables | Collinearity assessment results |
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VIF | |
Bullying victim in school | 1.064 |
Bullying victim out of school | 1.246 |
Bullying victim Home (Bullied by siblings) | 1.214 |
Cyberbully Victim | 2.219 |
Bully in school | 1.813 |
Bully Out of school | 1.825 |
Bully at Home (Bullying siblings) | 2.268 |
Cyber Bully | 2.073 |
Being a bully and victim (face-to-face) | 3.231 |
Being a cyber-bully and victim | 3.172 |
Gender | 1.105 |
Goodness of fit
Contingency Table for Hosmer and Lemeshow Test | ||||||
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Suicidality_composite = No | Suicidality_composite = Yes | Total | ||||
Observed | Expected | Observed | Expected | |||
Step 1 | 1 | 73 | 65.61 | 55 | 62.39 | 128 |
2 | 283 | 275.167 | 279 | 286.833 | 562 | |
3 | 82 | 95.429 | 139 | 125.571 | 221 | |
4 | 159 | 154.773 | 223 | 227.227 | 382 | |
5 | 78 | 80.649 | 131 | 128.351 | 209 | |
6 | 58 | 71.636 | 158 | 144.364 | 216 | |
7 | 64 | 58.429 | 150 | 155.571 | 214 | |
8 | 43 | 38.309 | 173 | 177.691 | 216 | |
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test | ||||||
Step | Chi-square | df | Sig | |||
1 | 11.119 | 6 | 0.085 |
Bullying and suicidality
Different aspects and severity of face-to-face bullying and their associations with suicidality
A. Prevalence | B. Suicidality | C. Associations | D. Predictors | |||||||||
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Experiences of Being Bullied | Category | Overall | Total | Suicide Thought† | Suicide Plan† | Suicide Attempt† | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||
(N = 2652) | (N = 2534) | (n = 680) | (n = 377) | (n = 397) | Suicide Thought | Suicide Plan | Suicide Attempt | Suicide Thought | Suicide Plan | Suicide Attempt | ||
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||||||
(i) How often have you been bullied in school in the past six months? | Not at all | 441 (18.0%) | 438 (18.1%) | 128 (29.2%) | 60 (13.7%) | 80 (18.3%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 138 (5.6%) | 136 (5.6%) | 61 (44.9%) | 30 (22.1%) | 34 (25%) | 1.97 (1.32–2.93)*** | 1.78 (1.08–2.89)* | 1.49 (0.94–2.34) | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | 0.84 (0.40–1.68) | 0.81 (0.41–1.58) | |
More than once a week | 201 (8.2%) | 198 (8.2%) | 55 (27.8%) | 28 (14.1%) | 31 (15.7%) | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 1.04 (0.63–1.67) | 0.83 (0.52–1.30) | 0.70 (0.42–1.15) | 0.70 (0.35–1.34) | 0.76 (0.40–1.41) | |
Most days | 1667 (68.1%) | 1647 (68.1%) | 407 (24.7%) | 246 (14.9%) | 229 (13.9%) | 0.79 (0.63–1.01) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 0.72 (0.55–0.96)* | 0.93 (0.69–1.27) | 1.36 (0.92–2.05) | 1.09 (0.74–1.62) | |
(ii) How often have you been bullied outside of school in the past six months? | Not at all | 1929 (78.8%) | 1907 (78.8%) | 446 (23.4%) | 246 (12.9%) | 233 (12.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 323 (13.2%) | 321 (13.3%) | 131 (40.8%) | 73 (22.7%) | 90 (28%) | 2.26 (1.76–2.89)*** | 1.99 (1.48–2.65)*** | 2.80 (2.11–3.69)*** | 1.28 (0.89–1.83) | 1.36 (0.87–2.08) | 1.85 (1.21–2.80)** | |
More than once a week | 103 (4.2%) | 100 (4.1%) | 46 (46%) | 26 (26%) | 32 (32%) | 2.79 (1.85–4.19)*** | 2.37 (1.46–3.73)*** | 3.38 (2.15–5.22)*** | 1.19 (0.66–2.12) | 1.65 (0.84–3.14) | 1.59 (0.81–3.03) | |
Most days | 92 (3.8%) | 92 (3.8%) | 30 (32.6%) | 20 (21.7%) | 21 (22.8%) | 1.59 (1.00–2.46)* | 1.88 (1.10–3.07)* | 2.13 (1.25–3.46)** | 0.91 (0.47–1.68) | 1.11 (0.53–2.22) | 1.05 (0.50–2.11) | |
(iii) How often have you been bullying others in school in the past six months? | Not at all | 2045 (83.7%) | 2023 (83.7%) | 481 (23.8%) | 263 (13%) | 255 (12.6%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 197 (8.1%) | 193 (8.0%) | 76 (39.4%) | 39 (20.2%) | 45 (23.3%) | 2.08 (1.53–2.82)*** | 1.69 (1.15–2.44)** | 2.11 (1.46–2.99)*** | 1.18 (0.76–1.82) | 1.18 (0.68–1.99) | 1.02 (0.59–1.72) | |
More than once a week | 123 (5.0%) | 123 (5.1%) | 63 (51.2%) | 40 (32.5%) | 47 (38.2%) | 3.37 (2.33–4.87)*** | 3.23 (2.15–4.78)*** | 4.29 (2.90–6.29)*** | 1.70 (0.97–2.98) | 1.70 (0.90–3.15) | 1.81 (0.97–3.33) | |
Most days | 79 (3.2%) | 78 (3.2%) | 33 (42.3%) | 22 (28.2%) | 26 (33.3%) | 2.35 (1.47–3.72)*** | 2.63 (1.55–4.32)*** | 3.47 (2.10–5.60)*** | 1.18 (0.60–2.25) | 1.32 (0.61–2.73) | 1.50 (0.72–3.04) | |
(iv) How often have you been bullying others outside of school in the past six months? | Not at all | 2047 (84.0%) | 2024 (84.0%) | 487 (24.1%) | 270 (13.3%) | 263 (13%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 197 (8.1%) | 196 (8.1%) | 69 (35.2%) | 28 (14.3%) | 35 (17.9%) | 1.71 (1.25–2.33)*** | 1.08 (0.70–1.62) | 1.46 (0.97–2.12) | 1.10 (0.71–1.69) | 0.84 (0.48–1.42) | 0.75 (0.42–1.30) | |
More than once a week | 82 (3.4%) | 81 (3.3%) | 36 (44.4%) | 22 (27.2%) | 27 (33.3%) | 2.52 (1.60–3.95)*** | 2.42 (1.43–3.96)*** | 3.35 (2.05–5.36)*** | 1.20 (0.65–2.20) | 1.14 (0.55–2.27) | 1.70 (0.86–3.29) | |
Most days | 111 (4.6%) | 109 (4.5%) | 53 (48.6%) | 38 (34.9%) | 47 (43.1%) | 2.99 (2.02–4.41)*** | 3.48 (2.28–5.23)*** | 5.08 (3.39–7.56)*** | 1.72 (0.95–3.10) | 1.90 (0.98–3.61) | 2.49 (1.31–4.69)** | |
(v) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Girls | Not at all | 1960 (86.7%) | 1935 (86.8%) | 475 (24.5%) | 266 (13.7%) | 259 (13.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 130 (5.8%) | 127 (5.7%) | 47 (37%) | 21 (16.5%) | 32 (25.2%) | 1.81 (1.23–2.62)** | 1.24 (0.75–1.98) | 2.18 (1.41–3.29)*** | 0.66 (0.38–1.11) | 0.43 (0.20–0.83)* | 0.70 (0.37–1.28) | |
More than once a week | 45 (2.0%) | 45 (2.0%) | 24 (53.3%) | 12 (26.7%) | 11 (24.4%) | 3.51 (1.94–6.42)*** | 2.28 (1.12–4.36)* | 2.09 (1.00–4.05)* | 1.53 (0.71–3.30) | 0.78 (0.31–1.82) | 0.58 (0.22–1.40) | |
Most days | 125 (5.5%) | 123 (5.5%) | 55 (44.7%) | 35 (28.5%) | 42 (34.1%) | 2.49 (1.71–3.60)*** | 2.50 (1.63–3.74)*** | 3.36 (2.24–4.95)*** | 1.07 (0.62–1.83) | 1.08 (0.58–1.95) | 1.09 (0.59–1.97) | |
(vi) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Boys | Not at all | 1762 (77.1%) | 1740 (77.1%) | 397 (22.8%) | 219 (12.6%) | 217 (12.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 271 (11.9%) | 270 (12.0%) | 109 (40.4%) | 54 (20%) | 64 (23.7%) | 2.29 (1.75–2.99)*** | 1.74 (1.24–2.40)** | 2.18 (1.58–2.97)*** | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) | 0.90 (0.55–1.45) | 0.85 (0.52–1.37) | |
More than once a week | 101 (4.4%) | 99 (4.4%) | 52 (52.5%) | 33 (33.3%) | 32 (32.3%) | 3.74 (2.48–5.65)*** | 3.47 (2.21–5.36)*** | 3.35 (2.13–5.19)*** | 2.36 (1.33–4.20)** | 2.04 (1.07–3.83)* | 1.66 (0.86–3.13) | |
Most days | 150 (6.6%) | 148 (6.6%) | 55 (37.2%) | 34 (23%) | 39 (26.4%) | 2.00 (1.40–2.83)*** | 2.07 (1.36–3.08)*** | 2.51 (1.68–3.69)*** | 1.22 (0.73–2.03) | 1.12 (0.61–2.00) | 1.10 (0.60–1.98) | |
(vii) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Adults | Not at all | 1873 (83.8%) | 1847 (83.8%) | 438 (23.7%) | 241 (13%) | 232 (12.6%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 154 (6.9%) | 153 (6.9%) | 61 (39.9%) | 33 (21.6%) | 37 (24.2%) | 2.13 (1.51–2.99)*** | 1.83 (1.20–2.73)** | 2.22 (1.48–3.27)*** | 1.33 (0.83–2.12) | 1.39 (0.80–2.37) | 1.29 (0.74–2.19) | |
More than once a week | 92 (4.1%) | 90 (4.1%) | 48 (53.3%) | 31 (34.4%) | 43 (47.8%) | 3.68 (2.40–5.66)*** | 3.50 (2.20–5.48)*** | 6.37 (4.11–9.85)*** | 1.41 (0.75–2.63) | 1.46 (0.72–2.91) | 2.95 (1.52–5.73)** | |
Most days | 116 (5.2%) | 114 (5.2%) | 42 (36.8%) | 24 (21.1%) | 27 (23.7%) | 1.88 (1.25–2.77)** | 1.78 (1.09–2.80)* | 2.16 (1.35–3.35)*** | 1.05 (0.59–1.82) | 1.16 (0.59–2.16) | 1.16 (0.60–2.17) | |
(viii) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)?—A group (e.g. a group of friends, a class etc.) | Not at all | 1623 (76.8%) | 1604 (76.8%) | 368 (22.9%) | 196 (12.2%) | 195 (12.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 212 (10.0%) | 208 (10.0%) | 89 (42.8%) | 53 (25.5%) | 54 (26%) | 2.51 (1.86–3.38)*** | 2.46 (1.73–3.45)*** | 2.53 (1.78–3.56)*** | 1.38 (0.92–2.08) | 1.93 (1.19–3.09)** | 1.90 (1.17–3.05)** | |
More than once a week | 115 (5.4%) | 115 (5.5%) | 53 (46.1%) | 31 (27%) | 35 (30.4%) | 2.87 (1.95–4.22)*** | 2.65 (1.69–4.07)*** | 3.16 (2.05–4.80)*** | 1.21 (0.69–2.11) | 1.92 (1.01–3.59)* | 1.90 (1.00–3.55)* | |
Most days | 164 (7.8%) | 162 (7.8%) | 75 (46.3%) | 47 (29%) | 55 (34%) | 2.90 (2.08–4.03)*** | 2.94 (2.01–4.23)*** | 3.71 (2.58–5.29)*** | 1.17 (0.72–1.87) | 1.35 (0.77–2.32) | 1.68 (0.97–2.85) | |
(ix) I have sibling(s) (half-siblings or similar) | No | 969 (44.0%) | 956 (43.9%) | 213 (22.3%) | 114 (11.9%) | 134 (14%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1233 (56.0%) | 1220 (56.1%) | 380 (31.1%) | 215 (17.6%) | 204 (16.7%) | 1.58 (1.30–1.92)*** | 1.58 (1.24–2.02)*** | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 1.41 (1.11–1.78)** | 1.33 (1.00–1.79) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | |
(x) How often have you been bullied by a sibling at home in the past six months | Not at all | 2132 (88.0%) | 2109 (87.9%) | 511 (24.2%) | 285 (13.5%) | 295 (14%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 166 (6.9%) | 165 (6.9%) | 74 (44.8%) | 35 (21.2%) | 43 (26.1%) | 2.54 (1.84–3.51)*** | 1.72 (1.15–2.53)** | 2.17 (1.49–3.11)*** | 2.15 (1.40–3.29)*** | 1.41 (0.82–2.35) | 1.85 (1.11–3.04)* | |
More than once a week | 60 (2.5%) | 59 (2.5%) | 28 (47.5%) | 14 (23.7%) | 11 (18.6%) | 2.82 (1.67–4.76)*** | 1.99 (1.04–3.58)* | 1.41 (0.69–2.64) | 2.08 (1.03–4.18)* | 1.05 (0.42–2.42) | 0.68 (0.23–1.71) | |
Most days | 66 (2.7%) | 65 (2.7%) | 32 (49.2%) | 23 (35.4%) | 20 (30.8%) | 3.03 (1.84–4.99)*** | 3.50 (2.05–5.86)*** | 2.73 (1.56–4.63)*** | 1.85 (0.92–3.69) | 2.07 (0.96–4.34) | 1.74 (0.77–3.79) | |
(xi) How often have you been bullying your sibling at home in the past six months? | Not at all | 1927 (79.6%) | 1904 (79.5%) | 434 (22.8%) | 252 (13.2%) | 255 (13.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 275 (11.4%) | 274 (11.4%) | 112 (40.9%) | 49 (17.9%) | 62 (22.6%) | 2.34 (1.80–3.04)*** | 1.43 (1.01–1.98)* | 1.89 (1.38–2.57)*** | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 0.92 (0.57–1.45) | 1.01 (0.63–1.58) | |
More than once a week | 118 (4.9%) | 117 (4.9%) | 59 (50.4%) | 33 (28.2%) | 36 (30.8%) | 3.45 (2.36–5.03)*** | 2.58 (1.67–3.90)*** | 2.87 (1.88–4.32)*** | 0.93 (0.53–1.62) | 0.83 (0.42–1.58) | 0.87 (0.44–1.65) | |
Most days | 102 (4.2%) | 101 (4.2%) | 40 (39.6%) | 25 (24.8%) | 20 (19.8%) | 2.22 (1.46–3.34)*** | 2.16 (1.32–3.41)** | 1.60 (0.94–2.60) | 1.04 (0.58–1.84) | 0.95 (0.48–1.81) | 0.54 (0.25–1.11) | |
(xii) Being a bully and also a victim | No | 1795 (71.5%) | 1771(71.4%) | 389 (22.0%) | 212 (12%) | 216 (12.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 717 (28.5%) | 710 (28.6%) | 279 (39.3%) | 158 (22.3%) | 168 (23.7%) | 2.30(1.91–2.80)*** | 2.11 (1.67–2.643)* | 2.231 (1.80–2.80)*** | 0.91 (0.48–1.70) | 1.41 (0.58–3.42) | 1.39 (0.61–3.16) |
Different aspects and severity of sibling bullying and their associations with suicidality
Different aspects and severity of cyberbullying and their associations with suicidality
A. Prevalence | B. Suicidality | C. Associations | D. Predictors | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyber bullying | Category | Overall | Total | Suicide Thought† | Suicide Plan† | Suicide Attempt† | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||
(N = 2652) | (N = 2534) | (n = 680) | (n = 377) | (n = 397) | Suicide Thought | Suicide Plan | Suicide Attempt | Suicide Thought | Suicide Plan | Suicide Attempt | ||
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||||||
(i) During the past six months, how often have you been cyber bullied? | Never | 2073 (84.7%) | 2042 (84.6%) | 474 (23.2%) | 253 (12.4%) | 265 (13%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 223 (9.1%) | 222 (9.2%) | 95 (42.8%) | 59 (26.6%) | 54 (24.3%) | 2.47 (1.86–3.29)*** | 2.56 (1.84–3.53)*** | 2.16 (1.53–2.99)*** | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 1.59 (1.02–2.47)* | 1.23 (0.77–1.92) | |
More than once a week | 93 (3.8%) | 92 (3.8%) | 45 (48.9%) | 26 (28.3%) | 28 (30.4%) | 3.17 (2.07–4.83)*** | 2.79 (1.71–4.42)*** | 2.93 (1.82–4.61)*** | 1.34 (0.77–2.32) | 1.39 (0.74–2.56) | 1.29 (0.69–2.36) | |
Almost every day | 58 (2.4%) | 57 (2.4%) | 31 (54.4%) | 20 (35.1%) | 24 (42.1%) | 3.94 (2.32–6.75)*** | 3.82 (2.15–6.62)*** | 4.88 (2.81–8.35)*** | 1.65 (0.83–3.31) | 1.91 (0.90–3.95) | 1.85 (0.88–3.80) | |
(ii) During the past six months, how often have you cyber bullied others? | Never | 1993 (82.6%) | 1967 (82.7%) | 453 (23%) | 250 (12.7%) | 244 (12.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 210 (8.71%) | 208 (8.74%) | 80 (38.5%) | 43 (20.7%) | 54 (26%) | 2.09 (1.55–2.81)*** | 1.79 (1.24–2.55)** | 2.48 (1.75–3.45)*** | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 1.20 (0.75–1.88) | 1.11 (0.70–1.75) | |
More than once a week | 103 (4.27%) | 102 (4.29%) | 52 (51%) | 25 (24.5%) | 29 (28.4%) | 3.48 (2.32–5.20)*** | 2.23 (1.37–3.52)*** | 2.81 (1.76–4.36)*** | 1.58 (0.94–2.64) | 1.09 (0.60–1.95) | 1.06 (0.58–1.88) | |
Almost every day | 106 (4.39%) | 102 (4.29%) | 48 (47.1%) | 29 (28.4%) | 37 (36.3%) | 2.97 (1.98–4.44)*** | 2.73 (1.72–4.24)*** | 4.02 (2.61–6.12)*** | 1.29 (0.74–2.20) | 1.00 (0.53–1.85) | 1.31 (0.71–2.35) | |
(iii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Girls | Never | 1986 (85.9%) | 1959 (86.0%) | 471 (24%) | 258 (13.2%) | 261 (13.3%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 177 (7.66%) | 173 (7.59%) | 77 (44.5%) | 46 (26.6%) | 51 (29.5%) | 2.53 (1.84–3.48)*** | 2.39 (1.65–3.41)*** | 2.72 (1.90–3.85)*** | 1.12 (0.71–1.75) | 1.29 (0.77–2.13) | 0.91 (0.54–1.53) | |
More than once a week | 44 (1.90%) | 43 (1.89%) | 16 (37.2%) | 8 (18.6%) | 7 (16.3%) | 1.87 (0.98–3.47)* | 1.51 (0.64–3.12) | 1.27 (0.51–2.70) | 0.72 (0.32–1.55) | 0.52 (0.17–1.33) | 0.41 (0.15–1.01) | |
Almost every day | 104 (4.50%) | 103 (4.52%) | 55 (53.4%) | 36 (35%) | 40 (38.8%) | 3.62 (2.43–5.42)*** | 3.54 (2.29–5.39)*** | 4.13 (2.70–6.24)*** | 1.64 (0.92–2.95) | 1.63 (0.86–3.06) | 1.15 (0.60–2.16) | |
(iv) By who have you been cyber bullied? – Boys | Never | 1880 (81.8%) | 1853 (81.8%) | 422 (22.8%) | 234 (12.6%) | 229 (12.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 215 (9.35%) | 213 (9.40%) | 96 (45.1%) | 52 (24.4%) | 63 (29.6%) | 2.78 (2.08–3.72)*** | 2.23 (1.58–3.12)*** | 2.98 (2.14–4.11)*** | 1.60 (1.08–2.36)* | 1.19 (0.74–1.88) | 1.63 (1.03–2.54)* | |
More than once a week | 107 (4.65%) | 105 (4.64%) | 48 (45.7%) | 32 (30.5%) | 33 (31.4%) | 2.86 (1.91–4.25)*** | 3.03 (1.94–4.66)*** | 3.25 (2.08–4.98)*** | 1.14 (0.65–1.98) | 1.17 (0.62–2.17) | 1.37 (0.73–2.53) | |
Almost every day | 97 (4.22%) | 94 (4.15%) | 46 (48.9%) | 30 (31.9%) | 36 (38.3%) | 3.25 (2.13–4.94)*** | 3.24 (2.03–5.07)*** | 4.40 (2.82–6.79)*** | 1.11 (0.59–2.08) | 1.19 (0.58–2.38) | 1.36 (0.68–2.67) | |
(v) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Adult women | Never | 2038 (89.9%) | 2009 (89.9%) | 495 (24.6%) | 277 (13.8%) | 269 (13.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 100 (4.41%) | 97 (4.34%) | 43 (44.3%) | 21 (21.6%) | 33 (34%) | 2.44 (1.60–3.68)*** | 1.73 (1.02–2.80)* | 3.34 (2.13–5.14)*** | 1.11 (0.64–1.91) | 0.77 (0.39–1.45) | 1.54 (0.84–2.76) | |
More than once a week | 68 (3.00%) | 68 (3.04%) | 39 (57.4%) | 20 (29.4%) | 30 (44.1%) | 4.11 (2.53–6.77)*** | 2.61 (1.49–4.39)*** | 5.11 (3.09–8.37)*** | 1.53 (0.80–2.94) | 1.15 (0.55–2.32) | 1.93 (0.98–3.78) | |
Almost every day | 60 (2.65%) | 60 (2.69%) | 29 (48.3%) | 24 (40%) | 24 (40%) | 2.86 (1.70–4.80)*** | 4.17 (2.42–7.06)*** | 4.31 (2.50–7.30)*** | 0.82 (0.40–1.66) | 1.91 (0.90–3.98) | 1.27 (0.59–2.67) | |
(vi) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Adult men | Never | 2033 (89.5%) | 2005 (89.5%) | 488 (24.3%) | 277 (13.8%) | 263 (13.1%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 114 (5.02%) | 113 (5.04%) | 54 (47.8%) | 30 (26.5%) | 44 (38.9%) | 2.85 (1.94–4.17)*** | 2.25 (1.44–3.45)*** | 4.22 (2.82–6.28)*** | 1.22 (0.72–2.06) | 1.13 (0.62–2.03) | 1.67 (0.94–2.91) | |
More than once a week | 54 (2.38%) | 52 (2.32%) | 30 (57.7%) | 15 (28.8%) | 23 (44.2%) | 4.24 (2.43–7.50)*** | 2.53 (1.33–4.58)** | 5.25 (2.97–9.20)*** | 2.31 (1.10–5.00)* | 1.17 (0.51–2.56) | 2.40 (1.11–5.11)* | |
Almost every day | 70 (3.08%) | 70 (3.12%) | 34 (48.6%) | 20 (28.6%) | 26 (37.1%) | 2.94 (1.81–4.75)*** | 2.50 (1.43–4.19)*** | 3.91 (2.34–6.42)*** | 1.40 (0.73–2.70) | 0.98 (0.45–2.05) | 1.67 (0.83–3.30) | |
(vii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Person unknown to you | Never | 1898 (82.7%) | 1871 (82.6%) | 435 (23.2%) | 236 (12.6%) | 241 (12.9%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 199 (8.67%) | 196 (8.66%) | 76 (38.8%) | 43 (21.9%) | 45 (23%) | 2.09 (1.53–2.83)*** | 1.95 (1.34–2.78)*** | 2.02 (1.39–2.87)*** | 1.23 (0.82–1.83) | 1.18 (0.73–1.88) | 1.09 (0.67–1.74) | |
More than once a week | 94 (4.09%) | 93 (4.11%) | 48 (51.6%) | 32 (34.4%) | 35 (37.6%) | 3.52 (2.31–5.37)*** | 3.63 (2.30–5.65)*** | 4.08 (2.61–6.31)*** | 1.32 (0.75–2.29) | 1.80 (0.97–3.28) | 1.30 (0.70–2.38) | |
Almost every day | 105 (4.57%) | 104 (4.59%) | 50 (48.1%) | 32 (30.8%) | 33 (31.7%) | 3.06 (2.05–4.56)*** | 3.08 (1.96–4.73)*** | 3.14 (2.01–4.82)*** | 1.31 (0.78–2.19) | 1.71 (0.96–2.99) | 1.21 (0.68–2.11) | |
(viii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—A group (e.g. a group of friends, a class etc.) | Never | 1857 (83.2%) | 1829 (83.1%) | 431 (23.6%) | 236 (12.9%) | 236 (12.9%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 158 (7.08%) | 156 (7.09%) | 68 (43.6%) | 38 (24.4%) | 46 (29.5%) | 2.51 (1.79–3.50)*** | 2.17 (1.46–3.18)*** | 2.82 (1.93–4.06)*** | 1.28 (0.82–1.99) | 1.23 (0.73–2.04) | 1.28 (0.76–2.12) | |
More than once a week | 97 (4.34%) | 96 (4.36%) | 45 (46.9%) | 27 (28.1%) | 29 (30.2%) | 2.86 (1.88–4.33)*** | 2.64 (1.63–4.16)*** | 2.92 (1.83–4.57)*** | 1.17 (0.67–2.03) | 1.24 (0.65–2.30) | 1.25 (0.67–2.30) | |
Almost every day | 121 (5.42%) | 120 (5.45%) | 60 (50%) | 36 (30%) | 46 (38.3%) | 3.24 (2.23–4.72)*** | 2.89 (1.89–4.34)*** | 4.20 (2.82–6.19)*** | 1.53 (0.90–2.59) | 1.25 (0.69–2.25) | 1.75 (0.98–3.08) | |
(ix) Being a cyber bully and also a victim | No | 2193 (91.4%) | 2163 (91.4%) | 534(24.7%) | 292(13.5%) | 299 (13.8%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 206 (8.6%) | 203 (8.6%) | 92 (45.3%) | 52 (25.6%) | 60(29.6%) | 2.528 (1.90–3.40)*** | 2.20 (1.60–3.1)*** | 2.62 (1.90–3.60)*** | 0.427(0.25–0.72) | 0.444 (0.24–0.84) | 0.43 (0.24–0.80) |
Different combinations of suicidality in face-to-face bullying
A. Experience | B. Pathways | C. Association | D. Predictors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiences of Being Bullied | Category | Total (N = 2,534) | Thoughts + Plans + Attempts† | Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts† | No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts† | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||
(n = 253) | (n = 96) | (n = 48) | Thoughts + Plans + Attempts | Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | Thoughts + Plans + Attempts | Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | |||
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||||||
(i) How often have you been bullied in school in the past six months? | Not at all | 438 (18.1%) | 43 (9.8%) | 26 (5.9%) | 11 (2.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 136 (5.62%) | 22 (16.2%) | 9 (6.6%) | 3 (2.2%) | 1.77 (1.00–3.06)* | 1.12 (0.49–2.37) | 0.88 (0.20–2.85) | 0.88 (0.37–1.98) | 1.23 (0.42–3.34) | 0.29 (0.01–2.23) | |
More than once a week | 198 (8.19%) | 20 (10.1%) | 8 (4%) | 3 (1.5%) | 1.03 (0.58–1.78) | 0.67 (0.28–1.44) | 0.60 (0.13–1.94) | 0.83 (0.37–1.77) | 0.92 (0.31–2.46) | 0.70 (0.09–3.70) | |
Most days | 1,647 (68.1%) | 156 (9.5%) | 46 (2.8%) | 27 (1.6%) | 0.96 (0.68–1.39) | 0.46 (0.28–0.75)** | 0.65 (0.33–1.37) | 1.38 (0.86–2.30) | 0.72 (0.38–1.42) | 1.23 (0.47–3.62) | |
(ii) How often have you been bullied outside of school in the past six months? | Not at all | 1,907 (78.8%) | 155 (8.1%) | 55 (2.9%) | 23 (1.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 321 (13.3%) | 53 (16.5%) | 20 (6.2%) | 17 (5.3%) | 2.24 (1.58–3.11)*** | 2.24 (1.29–3.72)** | 4.58 (2.38–8.63)*** | 1.59 (0.96–2.60) | 1.11 (0.49–2.41) | 4.97 (1.80–13.3)** | |
More than once a week | 100 (4.13%) | 20 (20%) | 8 (8%) | 4 (4%) | 2.83 (1.65–4.65)*** | 2.93 (1.26–6.00)** | 3.41 (0.99–9.09)* | 1.66 (0.77–3.44) | 1.09 (0.30–3.29) | 1.87 (0.22–9.96) | |
Most days | 92 (3.80%) | 16 (17.4%) | 4 (4.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2.38 (1.31–4.08)** | 1.53 (0.46–3.84) | 0.90 (0.05–4.34) | 1.39 (0.60–2.99) | 0.73 (0.11–2.79) | 0.62 (0.03–4.61) | |
(iii) How often have you been bullying others in school in the past six months? | Not at all | 2,023 (83.7%) | 162 (8%) | 63 (3.1%) | 30 (1.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 193 (7.99%) | 28 (14.5%) | 11 (5.7%) | 6 (3.1%) | 1.95 (1.24–2.96)** | 1.88 (0.92–3.49) | 2.13 (0.79–4.84) | 1.33 (0.71–2.42) | 0.65 (0.21–1.75) | 0.83 (0.16–3.19) | |
More than once a week | 123 (5.09%) | 32 (26%) | 9 (7.3%) | 6 (4.9%) | 4.04 (2.59–6.17)*** | 2.46 (1.12–4.82)* | 3.41 (1.26–7.80)** | 1.91 (0.93–3.76) | 1.56 (0.53–4.12) | 0.58 (0.10–2.65) | |
Most days | 78 (3.23%) | 19 (24.4%) | 4 (5.1%) | 3 (3.8%) | 3.70 (2.10–6.24)*** | 1.68 (0.50–4.21) | 2.66 (0.63–7.68) | 1.69 (0.72–3.74) | 0.96 (0.19–3.50) | 1.73 (0.29–7.97) | |
(iv) How often have you been bullying others outside of school in the past six months? | Not at all | 2,024 (84.0%) | 174 (8.6%) | 60 (3%) | 29 (1.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 196 (8.13%) | 16 (8.2%) | 12 (6.1%) | 7 (3.6%) | 0.95 (0.53–1.57) | 2.13 (1.08–3.90)* | 2.55 (1.02–5.58)* | 0.70 (0.34–1.33) | 1.04 (0.37–2.56) | 0.98 (0.19–3.71) | |
More than once a week | 81 (3.36%) | 19 (23.5%) | 5 (6.2%) | 3 (3.7%) | 3.26 (1.86–5.47)*** | 2.15 (0.74–5.03) | 2.65 (0.62–7.65) | 1.61 (0.74–3.37) | 1.22 (0.33–3.84) | 2.94 (0.48–14.2) | |
Most days | 109 (4.52%) | 31 (28.4%) | 10 (9.2%) | 6 (5.5%) | 4.23 (2.68–6.53)*** | 3.31 (1.55–6.38)*** | 4.01 (1.48–9.24)** | 1.87 (0.90–3.82) | 1.89 (0.58–5.58) | 3.32 (0.76–13.0) | |
(v) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Girls | Not at all | 1,935 (86.8%) | 166 (8.6%) | 65 (3.4%) | 28 (1.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 127 (5.70%) | 19 (15%) | 10 (7.9%) | 3 (2.4%) | 1.87 (1.09–3.06)* | 2.46 (1.16–4.70)* | 1.65 (0.39–4.73) | 0.61 (0.28–1.25) | 0.76 (0.23–2.08) | 1.57 (0.31–5.83) | |
More than once a week | 45 (2.02%) | 9 (20%) | 2 (4.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2.66 (1.19–5.39)* | 1.34 (0.22–4.47) | 0.00 (0.00–3,480,318) | 0.83 (0.29–2.08) | 0.35 (0.02–2.01) | 0.00 (0.00–392,669,485,947,819,905,046,668,824) | |
Most days | 123 (5.52%) | 25 (20.3%) | 10 (8.1%) | 7 (5.7%) | 2.72 (1.67–4.27)*** | 2.55 (1.20–4.87)** | 4.11 (1.62–9.11)** | 0.89 (0.42–1.76) | 0.72 (0.18–2.16) | 3.48 (0.98–11.0)* | |
(vi) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Boys | Not at all | 1,740 (77.1%) | 136 (7.8%) | 54 (3.1%) | 27 (1.6%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 270 (12.0%) | 39 (14.4%) | 17 (6.3%) | 8 (3%) | 1.99 (1.34–2.89)*** | 2.10 (1.16–3.60)** | 1.94 (0.81–4.12) | 0.96 (0.54–1.66) | 1.05 (0.42–2.46) | 0.43 (0.10–1.56) | |
More than once a week | 99 (4.39%) | 23 (23.2%) | 5 (5.1%) | 4 (4%) | 3.57 (2.13–5.79)*** | 1.66 (0.57–3.87) | 2.67 (0.78–7.00) | 1.99 (0.96–4.00) | 0.77 (0.18–2.62) | 1.01 (0.17–4.58) | |
Most days | 148 (6.56%) | 25 (16.9%) | 10 (6.8%) | 4 (2.7%) | 2.40 (1.48–3.76)*** | 2.26 (1.07–4.35)* | 1.76 (0.52–4.58) | 1.04 (0.51–2.05) | 0.99 (0.31–2.74) | 1.17 (0.24–4.71) | |
(vii) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)? – Adults | Not at all | 1,847 (83.8%) | 147 (8%) | 57 (3.1%) | 28 (1.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 153 (6.94%) | 23 (15%) | 10 (6.5%) | 4 (2.6%) | 2.05 (1.25–3.23)** | 2.20 (1.04–4.21)* | 1.74 (0.51–4.52) | 1.45 (0.76–2.66) | 1.12 (0.37–2.90) | 0.69 (0.13–2.76) | |
More than once a week | 90 (4.08%) | 27 (30%) | 11 (12.2%) | 5 (5.6%) | 4.96 (3.02–7.94)*** | 4.37 (2.10–8.36)*** | 3.82 (1.27–9.35)** | 1.74 (0.80–3.65) | 3.39 (1.18–9.29)* | 2.04 (0.40–9.00) | |
Most days | 114 (5.17%) | 20 (17.5%) | 5 (4.4%) | 2 (1.8%) | 2.46 (1.44–4.02)*** | 1.44 (0.49–3.34) | 1.16 (0.19–3.93) | 1.52 (0.73–3.02) | 0.56 (0.08–2.22) | 0.68 (0.09–3.35) | |
(viii) Who has bullied you (at school, outside of school)?—A group (e.g. a group of friends, a class etc.) | Not at all | 1,604 (76.8%) | 122 (7.6%) | 50 (3.1%) | 23 (1.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 208 (9.96%) | 36 (17.3%) | 11 (5.3%) | 7 (3.4%) | 2.54 (1.68–3.77)*** | 1.74 (0.85–3.27) | 2.39 (0.94–5.38)* | 2.01 (1.14–3.49)* | 1.02 (0.37–2.49) | 2.61 (0.76–8.33) | |
More than once a week | 115 (5.51%) | 23 (20%) | 9 (7.8%) | 3 (2.6%) | 3.04 (1.82–4.90)*** | 2.64 (1.19–5.26)** | 1.84 (0.43–5.39) | 2.00 (0.96–4.03) | 1.63 (0.49–4.76) | 0.85 (0.09–5.08) | |
Most days | 162 (7.75%) | 36 (22.2%) | 14 (8.6%) | 5 (3.1%) | 3.47 (2.27–5.21)*** | 2.94 (1.53–5.31)*** | 2.19 (0.73–5.40) | 1.40 (0.73–2.61) | 1.99 (0.75–4.85) | 1.15 (0.25–4.24) | |
(ix) I have sibling(s) (half-siblings or similar) | No | 956 (43.9%) | 76 (7.9%) | 35 (3.7%) | 23 (2.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1,220 (56.1%) | 138 (11.3%) | 46 (3.8%) | 20 (1.6%) | 1.48 (1.10–1.99)** | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | 0.68 (0.37–1.24) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | 1.03 (0.61–1.76) | 0.39 (0.17–0.88)* | |
(x) How often have you been bullied by a sibling at home in the past six months | Not at all | 2,109 (87.9%) | 190 (9%) | 73 (3.5%) | 32 (1.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 165 (6.88%) | 23 (13.9%) | 10 (6.1%) | 10 (6.1%) | 1.64 (1.00–2.56)* | 1.80 (0.86–3.40) | 4.19 (1.92–8.38)*** | 1.27 (0.66–2.32) | 2.09 (0.87–4.64) | 2.98 (0.90–8.67) | |
More than once a week | 59 (2.46%) | 9 (15.3%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.82 (0.82–3.58) | 0.98 (0.16–3.22) | 0.00 (0.00–51,114,092,156) | 0.70 (0.19–2.01) | 1.21 (0.18–4.75) | 0.00 (0.00–456,310,851,852,091,581,802,446) | |
Most days | 65 (2.71%) | 17 (26.2%) | 2 (3.1%) | 1 (1.5%) | 3.58 (1.96–6.22)*** | 0.89 (0.14–2.91) | 1.01 (0.06–4.83) | 2.06 (0.86–4.66) | 0.79 (0.11–3.38) | 1.08 (0.05–8.43) | |
(xi) How often have you been bullying your sibling at home in the past six months? | Not at all | 1,904 (79.5%) | 168 (8.8%) | 57 (3%) | 30 (1.6%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 274 (11.4%) | 33 (12%) | 20 (7.3%) | 9 (3.3%) | 1.41 (0.94–2.08) | 2.55 (1.47–4.25)*** | 2.12 (0.94–4.34) | 0.84 (0.47–1.44) | 1.22 (0.53–2.60) | 1.38 (0.41–4.07) | |
More than once a week | 117 (4.88%) | 25 (21.4%) | 8 (6.8%) | 3 (2.6%) | 2.81 (1.72–4.43)*** | 2.38 (1.03–4.84)* | 1.64 (0.39–4.70) | 0.90 (0.41–1.85) | 0.84 (0.25–2.43) | 0.81 (0.13–4.06) | |
Most days | 101 (4.22%) | 16 (15.8%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 1.95 (1.08–3.31)* | 0.99 (0.24–2.75) | 0.62 (0.03–2.96) | 0.56 (0.22–1.24) | 0.89 (0.19–2.94) | 0.35 (0.02–2.52) |
Different combinations of suicidality in cyberbullying
A. Experience | B. Pathways | C. Association | D. Predictors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyber bullying | Category | Total (N = 2,534) | Thoughts + Plans + Attempts† | Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts† | No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts† | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||
(n = 253) | (n = 96) | (n = 48) | Suicide—Thoughts + Plans + Attempts | Suicide—Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | Suicide—No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | Suicide—Thoughts + Plans + Attempts | Suicide—Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | Suicide—No Thoughts + No Plans + Attempts | |||
COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||||||
(i) During the past six months, how often have you been cyber bullied? | Never | 2,042 (84.6%) | 168 (8.2%) | 59 (2.9%) | 38 (1.9%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 222 (9.20%) | 37 (16.7%) | 13 (5.9%) | 4 (1.8%) | 2.23 (1.50–3.25)*** | 2.09 (1.08–3.75)* | 0.97 (0.29–2.44) | 1.42 (0.84–2.37) | 0.82 (0.33–1.90) | 0.95 (0.19–3.40) | |
More than once a week | 92 (3.81%) | 16 (17.4%) | 10 (10.9%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2.35 (1.30–4.01)** | 4.10 (1.92–7.97)*** | 1.17 (0.19–3.91) | 1.17 (0.54–2.38) | 1.75 (0.63–4.56) | 0.78 (0.10–3.76) | |
Almost every day | 57 (2.36%) | 17 (29.8%) | 6 (10.5%) | 1 (1.8%) | 4.74 (2.57–8.41)*** | 3.95 (1.47–8.92)** | 0.94 (0.05–4.47) | 2.50 (1.12–5.40)* | 1.26 (0.31–4.21) | 0.17 (0.01–1.52) | |
(ii) During the past six months, how often have you cyber bullied others? | Never | 1,967 (82.7%) | 163 (8.3%) | 52 (2.6%) | 29 (1.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 208 (8.74%) | 28 (13.5%) | 15 (7.2%) | 11 (5.3%) | 1.72 (1.10–2.61)* | 2.86 (1.53–5.06)*** | 3.73 (1.76–7.38)*** | 0.93 (0.53–1.59) | 1.09 (0.46–2.42) | 2.37 (0.69–7.09) | |
More than once a week | 102 (4.29%) | 18 (17.6%) | 10 (9.8%) | 1 (1%) | 2.37 (1.35–3.96)** | 4.00 (1.87–7.81)*** | 0.66 (0.04–3.14) | 1.04 (0.52–1.99) | 1.46 (0.51–3.82) | 0.32 (0.01–2.21) | |
Almost every day | 102 (4.29%) | 23 (22.5%) | 10 (9.8%) | 4 (3.9%) | 3.22 (1.93–5.19)*** | 4.00 (1.87–7.81)*** | 2.73 (0.80–7.10) | 1.20 (0.59–2.35) | 2.00 (0.71–5.23) | 0.49 (0.06–2.46) | |
(iii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Girls | Never | 1,959 (86.0%) | 167 (8.5%) | 59 (3%) | 35 (1.8%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 173 (7.59%) | 30 (17.3%) | 17 (9.8%) | 4 (2.3%) | 2.25 (1.45–3.40)*** | 3.51 (1.94–6.04)*** | 1.30 (0.39–3.30) | 0.95 (0.51–1.71) | 1.20 (0.47–2.87) | 0.40 (0.05–1.89) | |
More than once a week | 43 (1.89%) | 5 (11.6%) | 2 (4.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1.41 (0.48–3.32) | 1.57 (0.25–5.28) | 0.00 (0.00–1,157,168) | 0.52 (0.16–1.44) | 0.59 (0.08–2.60) | 0.00 (0.00–76,892,936,493) | |
Almost every day | 103 (4.52%) | 25 (24.3%) | 10 (9.7%) | 5 (4.9%) | 3.44 (2.10–5.47)*** | 3.46 (1.62–6.70)*** | 2.80 (0.95–6.71)* | 1.08 (0.51–2.21) | 1.16 (0.36–3.37) | 1.06 (0.22–4.80) | |
(iv) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Boys | Never | 1,853 (81.8%) | 148 (8%) | 49 (2.6%) | 32 (1.7%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 213 (9.40%) | 39 (18.3%) | 19 (8.9%) | 5 (2.3%) | 2.58 (1.74–3.76)*** | 3.61 (2.03–6.15)*** | 1.37 (0.46–3.25) | 1.43 (0.84–2.41) | 2.50 (1.12–5.40)* | 0.54 (0.08–2.36) | |
More than once a week | 105 (4.64%) | 21 (20%) | 8 (7.6%) | 4 (3.8%) | 2.88 (1.70–4.70)*** | 3.04 (1.30–6.25)** | 2.25 (0.66–5.82) | 1.12 (0.53–2.29) | 1.37 (0.44–4.02) | 3.34 (0.56–16.5) | |
Almost every day | 94 (4.15%) | 24 (25.5%) | 8 (8.5%) | 4 (4.3%) | 3.95 (2.37–6.38)*** | 3.42 (1.46–7.08)** | 2.53 (0.74–6.55) | 1.12 (0.50–2.44) | 1.50 (0.44–4.80) | 2.23 (0.34–12.9) | |
(v) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Adult women | Never | 2,009 (89.9%) | 177 (8.8%) | 61 (3%) | 31 (1.5%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 97 (4.34%) | 19 (19.6%) | 11 (11.3%) | 3 (3.1%) | 2.52 (1.45–4.17)*** | 4.08 (1.98–7.75)*** | 2.04 (0.48–5.83) | 1.18 (0.57–2.32) | 1.83 (0.67–4.63) | 2.14 (0.27–10.8) | |
More than once a week | 68 (3.04%) | 16 (23.5%) | 12 (17.6%) | 2 (2.9%) | 3.18 (1.73–5.57)*** | 6.84 (3.35–13.0)*** | 1.93 (0.31–6.57) | 1.21 (0.54–2.62) | 2.16 (0.76–5.85) | 2.84 (0.32–16.7) | |
Almost every day | 60 (2.69%) | 17 (28.3%) | 2 (3.3%) | 5 (8.3%) | 4.09 (2.23–7.20)*** | 1.10 (0.18–3.64) | 5.80 (1.92–14.3)*** | 1.42 (0.60–3.23) | 0.13 (0.01–1.04) | 8.43 (1.43–41.4)* | |
(vi) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Adult men | Never | 2,005 (89.5%) | 174 (8.7%) | 57 (2.8%) | 32 (1.6%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 113 (5.04%) | 27 (23.9%) | 11 (9.7%) | 6 (5.3%) | 3.30 (2.05–5.17)*** | 3.69 (1.79–6.98)*** | 3.46 (1.28–7.89)** | 1.71 (0.90–3.18) | 0.99 (0.32–2.72) | 2.61 (0.53–11.3) | |
More than once a week | 52 (2.32%) | 11 (21.2%) | 10 (19.2%) | 2 (3.8%) | 2.82 (1.36–5.40)** | 8.14 (3.70–16.4)*** | 2.47 (0.39–8.45) | 1.49 (0.60–3.50) | 5.63 (1.84–16.3)** | 0.00 (0.00–2,164,986,805,448) | |
Almost every day | 70 (3.12%) | 15 (21.4%) | 8 (11.4%) | 3 (4.3%) | 2.87 (1.54–5.06)*** | 4.41 (1.88–9.15)*** | 2.76 (0.65–7.96) | 1.21 (0.52–2.68) | 2.41 (0.80–6.83) | 0.91 (0.12–5.11) | |
(vii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—Person unknown to you | Never | 1,871 (82.6%) | 154 (8.2%) | 56 (3%) | 31 (1.7%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 196 (8.66%) | 28 (14.3%) | 13 (6.6%) | 4 (2%) | 1.86 (1.18–2.82)** | 2.30 (1.19–4.16)** | 1.24 (0.36–3.17) | 1.07 (0.60–1.85) | 1.02 (0.43–2.26) | 1.22 (0.25–4.42) | |
More than once a week | 93 (4.11%) | 22 (23.7%) | 9 (9.7%) | 4 (4.3%) | 3.45 (2.04–5.64)*** | 3.47 (1.56–6.93)*** | 2.67 (0.78–6.92) | 1.47 (0.72–2.88) | 0.78 (0.25–2.15) | 1.10 (0.14–5.55) | |
Almost every day | 104 (4.59%) | 23 (22.1%) | 5 (4.8%) | 5 (4.8%) | 3.17 (1.90–5.10)*** | 1.64 (0.56–3.80) | 3.00 (1.01–7.24)* | 1.47 (0.76–2.73) | 0.59 (0.18–1.63) | 1.74 (0.35–6.88) | |
(viii) By who have you been cyber bullied?—A group (e.g., a group of friends, a class etc.) | Never | 1,829 (83.1%) | 149 (8.1%) | 56 (3.1%) | 31 (1.7%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than once a week | 156 (7.09%) | 28 (17.9%) | 15 (9.6%) | 3 (1.9%) | 2.47 (1.56–3.79)*** | 3.37 (1.80–5.96)*** | 1.14 (0.27–3.23) | 1.55 (0.85–2.76) | 1.06 (0.40–2.58) | 0.25 (0.01–1.62) | |
More than once a week | 96 (4.36%) | 21 (21.9%) | 6 (6.3%) | 2 (2.1%) | 3.16 (1.85–5.18)*** | 2.11 (0.80–4.66) | 1.23 (0.20–4.16) | 1.74 (0.85–3.44) | 0.71 (0.22–2.02) | 0.47 (0.02–3.19) | |
Almost every day | 120 (5.45%) | 28 (23.3%) | 10 (8.3%) | 8 (6.7%) | 3.43 (2.14–5.35)*** | 2.88 (1.35–5.56)** | 4.14 (1.74–8.81)*** | 1.71 (0.87–3.29) | 1.30 (0.46–3.47) | 1.38 (0.31–5.27) |