Background
Methods
Study participants
Weight assessment
Health status
Dietary assessment
Other factors
Statistical analysis
Results
All participants n = 1157 | 5% weight loss n = 237 | weight maintenance n = 920 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female n(%) | 604(52.2) | 130(54.9) | 446(48.5) | .382a |
Age M(SD) | 76.9( 4.6) | 78.4( 4.7) | 76.6( 4.5) | < .001b |
Aged 70 n(%) | 580(50.1) | 80(33.8) | 500(54.3) | < .001a |
Aged 80 n(%) | 518(44.8) | 139(58.5) | 379(41.2) | |
Aged 90 n(%) | 59( 5.1) | 18( 7.6) | 41( 4.5) | |
Bodyweight(kg) M(SD) | 55.3( 9.8) | 55.2(10.2) | 55.3( 9.7) | .833b |
BMI < 18.5 n(%) | 87( 7.5) | 15( 6.4) | 72( 7.8) | .657a |
18.5–24.9 | 841(72.7) | 170(72.3) | 671(72.8) | |
≧25.0 | 229(19.8) | 50(21.3) | 179(19.4) | |
Living arrangemen n(%) | ||||
living alone | 219(19.0) | 44(17.4) | 178(19.4) | .046a |
married couple | 478(41.4) | 85(36.0) | 393(42.8) | |
with other | 457(39.6) | 110(46.6) | 347(37.8) | |
Financial n(%) n = 1156 | ||||
no comfort | 225(19.5) | 44(18.6) | 181(19.7) | .886a |
normal | 682(59.0) | 143(60.3) | 539(58.7) | |
comfortable | 249(24.0) | 50(21.1) | 199(21.7) | |
Education n(%) n = 1155 | ||||
≦9 years | 276(23.9) | 62(26.2) | 214(23.3) | .066a |
10–12 years | 540(46.8) | 95(40.1) | 445(48.5) | |
≧13 years | 339(29.4) | 80(33.8) | 259(28.2) | |
Currently smoking n(%) | 103( 9.1) | 13( 5.6) | 90(10.0) | .040a |
Currently drinking n(%) | 415(36.8) | 82(35.5) | 333(37.1) | .702a |
Moca-J score M(SD) | 23.2( 3.6) | 22.4( 3.5) | 23.4( 3.6) | < .001b |
Grip strength M(SD) | 24.0( 8.1) | 22.5( 8.1) | 24.3( 8.1) | .002b |
Hypertension n(%) | 830(79.6) | 185(82.2) | 645(68.0) | .304a |
Diabetes mellitus n(%) | 155(16.8) | 34(16.7) | 121(16.8) | .969a |
Cancer n(%) | 156(13.6) | 29(12.3) | 127(13.9) | .504a |
Joint diseases n(%) | 421(36.7) | 82(35.0) | 339(37.1) | .595a |
Disease count M(SD) | 3.9(2.4) | 3.7(2.2) | 3.9(2.4) | .174b |
Blood glucose(g/dl) M(SD) | 109.8(33.8) | 110.3(36.9) | 109.6(32.9) | .794b |
HbA1c % M(SD) | 5.7( 0.6) | 5.6( 0.5) | 5.6( 0.7) | .584b |
Serum albumin n(%) n = 1137 | ||||
< 3.8 g/dL | 17( 1.5) | 6( 2.6) | 11( 1.2) | .189a |
3.8–4.1 g/dL | 234(20.6) | 42(17.9) | 192(21.3) | |
≧4. 1 g/dL | 886(77.9) | 186(79.5) | 700(77.5) | |
Total protein n (%) n = 1137 | ||||
< 6.5 g/dL | 15( 1.3) | 6( 2.6) | 9( 1.0) | .008a |
6.5–8.0 g/dL | 1065(93.7) | 209(89.3) | 856(94.8) | |
≧8.0 g/dL | 57( 5.0) | 19( 8.1) | 38( 4.2) | |
Energy intake kcal M(SD) | 1969.7(608.3) | 2036.6(640.1) | 1962.6(599.1) | .059b |
Energy intake Female n(%) | ||||
< 1400 kcal | 136(22.5) | 24(18.5) | 112(23.6) | .317a |
1400–1650 kcal | 139(23.0) | 28(21.5) | 111(23.4) | |
≧1650 kcal | 329(54.8) | 78(60.0) | 251(53.0) | |
Energy intake Male n (%) | ||||
< 1800 kcal | 167(30.3) | 25(23.6) | 142(31.8) | .229a |
1800–2100 kcal | 121(21.9) | 27(25.5) | 94(21.1) | |
≧2100 kcal | 264(47.8) | 54(50.9) | 210(47.1) | |
Carbohydrates %energy n(%) | ||||
< 50%energy | 350(30.3) | 58(24.5) | 292(31.7) | .018a |
50–65%energy | 719(62.1) | 153(64.6) | 566(61.5) | |
≧65%energy | 88( 7.6) | 26(11.0) | 62( 6.7) | |
Protein %energy n(%) | ||||
< 15%energy | 406(35.1) | 89(37.6) | 317(34.5) | .606a |
15–20%energy | 594(51.3) | 479(52.1) | 115(48.5) | |
≧20%energy | 157(13.6) | 33(13.9) | 124(13.5) | |
Animal protein %energy M(SD) | 9.7( 3.4) | 9.5( 3.4) | 9.7( 3.4) | .490b |
Plant protein %energy M(SD) | 6.7( 1.1) | 6.8( 1.2) | 6.7( 1.1) | .233b |
Fat %energy n(%) | ||||
< 20%energy | 164(14.2) | 38(16.0) | 126(13.7) | .125a |
20–30%energy | 738(63.8) | 158(66.7) | 580(63.0) | |
≧30%energy | 255(22.0) | 41(17.3) | 214(23.3) | |
Animal fat%energy M(SD) | 12.3( 3.8) | 11.8( 3.9) | 12.4( 3.8) | .030b |
Plant fat %energy M(SD) | 13.5( 3.5) | 13.3( 3.4) | 13.6( 3.5) | .275b |
All participants n = 580 | 5% weight loss n = 80 | weight maintenance n = 500 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female n(%) | 309(53.3) | 37(46.3) | 272(54.4) | .186a |
Bodyweight(kg) M(SD) | 56.9( 9.7) | 60.0(10.6) | 56.4( 9.5) | .002b |
BMI < 18.5 n(%) | 33( 5.7) | 4(5.1) | 29( 5.8) | .025a |
18.5–24.9 | 422(72.8) | 48(61.5) | 374(74.5) | |
≧25.0 | 125(21.6) | 26(33.3) | 99(19.7) | |
Living arrangemen n(%) | ||||
living alone | 90(15.5) | 8(10.0) | 82(16.4) | .005a |
married couple | 252(43.5) | 26(32.5) | 226(45.3) | |
with other | 237(40.9) | 46(57.5) | 191(38.3) | |
Financial n(%) n = 579 | ||||
no comfort | 129(22.3) | 18(22.5) | 111(22.2) | .883a |
normal | 345(59.6) | 46(57.5) | 299(59.9) | |
comfortable | 105(18.1) | 16(20.0) | 89(17.8) | |
Education n(%) n = 578 | ||||
≦9 years | 113(19.6) | 17(21.3) | 96(19.3) | .825a |
10–12 years | 300(51.9) | 39(48.8) | 261(52.4) | |
≧13 years | 165(28.5) | 24(30.0) | 141(28.3) | |
Currently smoking n(%) | 85(14.9) | 8(10.0) | 77(15.7) | .236a |
Currently drinking n(%) | 234(40.3) | 36(45.0) | 198(40.2) | .463a |
Moca-J score M(SD) | 24.2( 3.1) | 23.9( 3.0) | 24.3( 3.1) | .302b |
Grip strength M(SD) | 25.8( 8.4) | 26.6( 8.6) | 25.8( 8.4) | .002b |
Hypertension n(%) | 349(60.2) | 53(66.3) | 296(59.2) | .657a |
Diabetes mellitus n(%) | 61(10.5) | 7( 8.8) | 54(10.8) | .687a |
Cancer n(%) | 73(12.7) | 7( 8.8) | 66(13.2) | .362a |
Joint diseases n(%) | 230(39.9) | 31(39.2) | 199(40.0) | .903a |
Disease count M(SD) | 4.5(2.6) | 4.6(2.9) | 4.4(2.6) | .750b |
Blood glucose(g/dl) M(SD) | 112.7(32.6) | 112.3(31.3) | 112.8(32.8) | .897b |
HbA1c % M(SD) | 5.8( 0.6) | 5.7( 0.5) | 5.8( 0.6) | .398b |
Serum albumin n(%) n = 562 | ||||
< 3.8 g/dL | 7( 1.2) | 4( 5.1) | 3( 0.6) | .004a |
3.8–4.1 g/dL | 113(20.1) | 14(17.9) | 99(20.5) | |
≧4. 1 g/dL | 442(78.6) | 60(76.9) | 382(77.5) | |
Total protein n (%) n = 562 | ||||
< 6.5 g/dL | 8( 1.4) | 2( 2.6) | 6( 1.2) | .024a |
6.5–8.0 g/dL | 528(94.0) | 68(87.2) | 460(95.0) | |
≧8.0 g/dL | 26( 4.6) | 8(10.3) | 18( 3.7) | |
Energy intake kcal M(SD) | 1958.3(594.9) | 2032.1(674.9) | 1946.5(580.9) | .232b |
Carbohydrates %energy n(%) | ||||
< 50%energy | 207(35.7) | 21(26.3) | 186(37.2) | .163a |
50–65%energy | 343(59.1) | 54(67.5) | 289(57.8) | |
≧65%energy | 30( 5.2) | 5( 6.3) | 25( 5.0) | |
Protein %energy n(%) | ||||
< 15%energy | 205(35.3) | 39(48.8) | 166(33.2) | .025a |
15–20%energy | 295(50.9) | 33(41.3) | 262(52.4) | |
≧20%energy | 80(13.8) | 8(10.0) | 72(14.4) | |
Animal protein %energy M(SD) | 9.8( 3.3) | 9.1( 3.2) | 9.9( 3.4) | .036b |
Plant protein %energy M(SD) | 6.6( 1.1) | 6.6( 1.2) | 6.7( 1.1) | .426b |
Fat %energy n(%) | ||||
< 20%energy | 67(11.6) | 9(11.3) | 58(11.6) | .096a |
20–30%energy | 380(65.6) | 60(75.0) | 320(64.0) | |
≧30%energy | 133(22.9) | 11(13.8) | 122(24.4) | |
Animal fat%energy M(SD) | 12.6( 3.8) | 11.9( 3.9) | 12.7( 3.7) | .093b |
Plant fat %energy M(SD) | 13.7( 3.5) | 13.3( 3.3) | 13.7( 3.6) | .327b |
All participants n = 518 | 5% weight loss n = 139 | weight maintenance n = 379 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female n(%) | 261(50.4) | 81(59.7) | 178(47.0) | .013a |
Bodyweight(kg) M(SD) | 54.1( 9.5) | 52.7( 8.8) | 54.6( 9.6) | .034b |
BMI < 18.5 n(%) | 44( 8.5) | 9( 6.5) | 35( 9.2) | .216a |
18.5–24.9 | 377(72.8) | 109(78.4) | 268(70.7) | |
≧25.0 | 97(18.7) | 21(15.1) | 76(20.1) | |
Living arrangemen n(%) | ||||
living alone | 108(20.9) | 29(21.0) | 79(20.9) | .853a |
married couple | 219(42.4) | 56(40.6) | 163(43.1) | |
with other | 189(36.6) | 53(38.4) | 136(36.0) | |
Financial n(%) | ||||
no comfort | 85(16.4) | 23(16.5) | 62(16.4) | .915a |
normal | 307(59.3) | 84(60.4) | 223(58.8) | |
comfortable | 126(24.3) | 32(23.0) | 94(24.8) | |
Education n(%) | ||||
≦9 years | 141(27.2) | 39(28.1) | 102(26.9) | .355a |
10–12 years | 215(41.5) | 51(36.7) | 164(43.3) | |
≧13 years | 162(31.3) | 49(35.3) | 113(29.8) | |
Currently smoking n(%) | 17( 3.3) | 4( 2.9) | 13( 3.5) | .745a |
Currently drinking n(%) | 170(33.7) | 41(30.4) | 129(34.9) | .395a |
Moca-J score M(SD) | 22.3( 3.6) | 21.9( 3.4) | 22.5( 3.7) | .088b |
Grip strength M(SD) | 22.4( 7.3) | 20.7( 7.1) | 23.0( 7.3) | .002b |
Hypertension n(%) | 436(84.2) | 118(84.9) | 318(83.9) | .784a |
Diabetes mellitus n(%) | 81(16.5) | 24(17.6) | 57(16.0) | .687a |
Cancer n(%) | 71(13.8) | 18(12.9) | 53(14.1) | .775a |
Joint diseases n(%) | 166(32.5) | 44(32.1) | 122(32.6) | .914a |
Disease count M(SD) | 3.1(1.8) | 3.1(1.8) | 3.1(1.7) | .953b |
Blood glucose(g/dl) M(SD) | 105.5(33.2) | 106.8(39.8) | 105.0(30.5) | .585b |
HbA1c % M(SD) | 5.5( 0.6) | 5.6( 0.9) | 5.5( 0.5) | .164b |
Serum albumin n(%) n = 526 | ||||
< 3.8 g/dL | 6( 1.7) | 1( 0.7) | 5( 1.3) | .592a |
3.8–4.1 g/dL | 106(20.5) | 25(18.4) | 81(21.4) | |
≧4. 1 g/dL | 404(78.3) | 112(81.2) | 292(77.2) | |
Total protein n (%) n = 526 | ||||
< 6.5 g/dL | 6( 1.2) | 3( 2.2) | 3( 0.8) | .261a |
6.5–8.0 g/dL | 481(93.2) | 125(90.6) | 356(94.2) | |
≧8.0 g/dL | 29( 5.6) | 10( 7.2) | 19( 5.0) | |
Energy intake kcal M(SD) | 1981.9(617.6) | 2033.1(632.0) | 1963.1(612.0) | .253b |
Carbohydrates %energy n(%) | ||||
< 50%energy | 124(24.0) | 29(20.9) | 95(25.1) | .112a |
50–65%energy | 342(66.0) | 90(64.7) | 252(66.5) | |
≧65%energy | 52(10.0) | 20(14.4) | 32( 8.4) | |
Protein %energy n(%) | ||||
< 15%energy | 188(36.3) | 49(35.3) | 139(36.7) | .830a |
15–20%energy | 263(50.8) | 70(50.4) | 193(50.9) | |
≧20%energy | 67(12.9) | 20(14.4) | 47(12.4) | |
Animal protein %energy M(SD) | 9.5( 3.4) | 9.5( 3.5) | 9.5( 3.3) | .806b |
Plant protein %energy M(SD) | 6.8( 1.1) | 7.0( 1.2) | 6.8( 1.1) | .080b |
Fat %energy n(%) | ||||
< 20%energy | 91(17.6) | 27(19.4) | 64(16.9) | .563a |
20–30%energy | 323(62.4) | 88(63.3) | 235(62.0) | |
≧30%energy | 104(20.1) | 24(17.3) | 80(21.1) | |
Animal fat%energy M(SD) | 11.8( 3.8) | 11.4( 3.8) | 12.0( 3.8) | .122b |
Plant fat %energy M(SD) | 13.3( 3.5) | 13.3( 3.3) | 13.3( 3.5) | .233b |
All participants n = 59 | 5% weight loss n = 18 | weight maintenance n = 41 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female n(%) | 34(57.6) | 10(55.6) | 24(58.5) | .831a |
Bodyweight(kg) MD(IQR) | 49.4(43.0–58.0) | 51.7(47.0–59.0) | 48.3(41.7–57.5) | .100b |
BMI < 18.5 n(%) | 10(16.9) | 2(11.1) | 8(19.5) | .598a |
18.5–24.9 | 42(71.2) | 13(72.2) | 29(70.7) | |
≧25.0 | 7(11.9) | 3(16.7) | 4( 9.8) | |
Living arrangemen n(%) | ||||
living alone | 21(35.6) | 4(22.2) | 17(41.5) | .338a |
married couple | 7(11.9) | 3(16.7) | 4( 9.8) | |
with other | 31(52.5) | 11(61.1) | 20(48.8) | |
Financial n(%) | ||||
no comfort | 11(18.6) | 3(16.7) | 8(19.5) | .062a |
normal | 30(50.8) | 13(72.2) | 17(41.5) | |
comfortable | 18(30.5) | 2(11.1) | 16(39.0) | |
Education n(%) | ||||
≦9 years | 22(37.3) | 6(33.3) | 16(39.0) | .055a |
10–12 years | 25(42.4) | 5(27.8) | 20(48.8) | |
≧13 years | 12(20.3) | 7(38.9) | 5(12.2) | |
Currently smoking n(%) | 1( 3.3) | 1( 5.3) | 0( 0.0) | .308a |
Currently drinking n(%) | 11(21.6) | 5(31.3) | 6(17.1) | .288a |
Moca-J score MD(IQR) | 20.0(18.0–23.0) | 20.0(19.0–22.0) | 20.0(18.0–23.0) | .812b |
Grip strength MD(IQR) | 18.3(13.4–22.8) | 20.0(18.0–23.0) | 18.0(13.0–22.3) | .201b |
Hypertension n(%) | 55(81.8) | 14(77.8) | 31(83.8) | .713a |
Diabetes mellitus n(%) | 13(22.4) | 3(17.6) | 10(24.4) | .736a |
Cancer n(%) | 12(20.3) | 4(22.2) | 8(19.5) | .812a |
Joint diseases n(%) | 25(42.4) | 7(38.9) | 18(43.9) | .340a |
Disease count MD(IQR) | 4.0(3.0–7.0) | 4.0(3.0–6.0) | 5.0(3.0–7.0) | .812b |
Blood glucose(g/dl) MD(IQR) | 112.0(94.0–143.0) | 135.0(102.0–144.0) | 102.0(93.0–126.0) | .074b |
HbA1c % MD(IQR) | 5.6(5.3–5.9) | 5.5(5.2–5.8) | 5.6(5.4–6.0) | .452b |
Serum albumin n(%) | ||||
< 3.8 g/dL | 4( 6.8) | 1( 5.6) | 3( 7.3) | .544a |
3.8–4.1 g/dL | 15(25.4) | 3(16.7) | 12(29.3) | |
≧4. 1 g/dL | 40(67.8) | 14(77.8) | 26(63.4) | |
Total protein n (%) | ||||
< 6.5 g/dL | 1( 1.7) | 1( 5.6) | 0( 0.0) | .255a |
6.5–8.0 g/dL | 56(94.9) | 16(88.9) | 40(97.6) | |
≧8.0 g/dL | 2( 3.4) | 1( 5.6) | 1( 2.4) | |
Energy intake kcal MD(IQR) | 1953.8(1436.7–2388.7) | 1829.5(1631.1–2232.8) | 1570.1(1394.4–2537.2) | .374b |
Carbohydrates %energy n(%) | ||||
< 50%energy | 19(32.2) | 8(44.4) | 11(28.9) | .366a |
50–65%energy | 34(57.6) | 9(50.0) | 25(61.0) | |
≧65%energy | 6(10.2) | 1( 5.6) | 5(12.2) | |
Protein %energy n(%) | ||||
< 15%energy | 13(22.0) | 1( 5.6) | 12(29.3) | .077a |
15–20%energy | 36(61.0) | 12(66.7) | 24(58.5) | |
≧20%energy | 10(16.9) | 5(27.8) | 5(12.2) | |
Animal protein%energy MD(IQR) | 9.7(8.1–11.8) | 11.3(9.5–14.0) | 9.7(7.7–10.9) | .058b |
Plant protein %energy MD(IQR) | 6.5(5.9- 7.3) | 6.5(6.0–7.4) | 6.4(7.7–10.9) | .633b |
Fat %energy n(%) | ||||
< 20%energy | 6(10.2) | 2(11.1) | 4( 9.8) | .927a |
20–30%energy | 35(59.3) | 10(55.6) | 25(61.0) | |
≧30%energy | 18(30.5) | 6(33.3) | 12(29.3) | |
Animal fat%energy MD(IQR) | 13.5(10.0–16.6) | 14.6(12.3–17.3) | 13.0(9.5–15.7) | .118b |
Plant fat %energy MD(IQR) | 14.4(11.6–16.8) | 12.4(10.4–16.4) | 14.7(12.0–16.8) | .223b |
Explanatory variables | Univariable odds ratioa (95% Confidence) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratiob (95% Confidence) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | ||||
Female (ref. male) | 1.14(0.86–1.52) | .360 | 1.01(0.64–1.61) | .958 |
Age | 1.08(1.05–1.11) | < .001 | 1.07(1.03–1.11) | < .001 |
BMI < 18.5 (ref. > 18.5) | 1.24(0.70–2.20) | .468 | 0.60(0.32–1.12) | .109 |
BMI > 25.0 (ref. < 25.0) | 1.14(0.81–1.62) | .455 | 1.18(0.82–1.72) | .374 |
Living alone (ref. married couple) | 0.87(0.60–1.27) | .481 | 0.67(0.44–1.03) | .066 |
Married couples(ref. no married couples) | 0.75(0.56–1.01) | .059 | 0.78(0.55–1.09) | .139 |
Moca-J score | 0.93(0.90–0.97) | .001 | 0.96(0.92–1.01) | .091 |
Grip strength | 0.97(0.96–0.99) | .003 | 0.99(0.96–1.01) | .312 |
Serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL(ref. > 3.8 g/dL) | 2.13(0.78–5.83) | .139 | 1.80(0.62–5.14) | .287 |
Total protein < 6.5 g/dL (ref. > 6.5 g/dL) | 2.61(0.92–7.42) | .071 | 2.32(0.92–6.88) | .070 |
Carbohydrates > 65%energy(ref. < 65%) | 1.71(1.05–2.76) | .030 | 1.33(0.76–2.32) | .316 |
Protein < 15%energy (ref. > 15%) | 1.14(0.85–1.53) | .391 | 1.04(0.74–1.47) | .814 |
Aged 70 | ||||
Female (ref. male) | 0.72(0.46–1.16) | .176 | 0.69(0.31–1.55) | .374 |
BMI < 18.5 (ref. > 18.5) | 1.13(0.39–3.32) | .818 | 0.96(0.32–3.39) | .957 |
BMI > 25.0 (ref. < 25.0) | 2.04(1.21–3.42) | .007 | 1.90(1.08–3.34) | .026 |
Living alone (ref. married couple) | 0.57(0.26–1.22) | .145 | 0.48(0.21–1.11) | .086 |
Married couples(ref. no married couples) | 0.58(0.35–0.96) | .034 | 0.49(0.28–0.86) | .013 |
Moca-J score | 0.96(0.90–1.04) | .302 | 0.99(0.91–1.08) | .841 |
Grip strength | 1.01(0.98–1.04) | .563 | 0.99(0.94–1.03) | .581 |
Serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL(ref. > 3.8 g/dL) | 8.67(1.90–39.50) | .005 | 10.75(1.90–60.73) | .007 |
Total protein < 6.5 g/dL (ref. > 6.5 g/dL) | 2.10(0.42–10.60) | .251 | 1.39(0.21–9.41) | .737 |
Carbohydrates > 65%energy(ref. < 65%) | 1.27(0.47–3.41) | .640 | 1.96(0.54–7.21) | .309 |
Protein < 15%energy (ref. > 15%) | 1.90(1.18–3.05) | .008 | 1.68(0.98–2.88) | .059 |
Aged 80 | ||||
Female (ref. male) | 1.67(1.13–2.48) | .010 | 1.30(0.70–2.44) | .409 |
BMI < 18.5 (ref. > 18.5) | 1.47(0.69–3.14) | .321 | 1.77(0.79–3.98) | .809 |
BMI > 25.0 (ref. < 25.0) | 0.71(0.42–1.20) | .203 | 0.76(0.43–1.31) | .323 |
Living alone (ref. married couple) | 1.01(0.62–1.63) | .977 | 0.83(0.48–1.31) | .516 |
Married couples(ref. no married couples) | 0.90(0.61–1.34) | .605 | 1.08(0.67–1.73) | .754 |
Moca-J score | 0.96(0.91–1.01) | .089 | 0.96(0.91–1.02) | .199 |
Grip strength | 0.96(0.93–0.98) | .002 | 0.97(0.91–1.02) | .186 |
Serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL(ref. > 3.8 g/dL) | 0.58(0.06–4.70) | .581 | 0.58(0.06–5.30) | .631 |
Total protein < 6.5 g/dL (ref. > 6.5 g/dL) | 2.78(0.55–13.90) | .214 | 3.10(0.55–17.53) | .286 |
Carbohydrates > 65%energy(ref. < 65%) | 1.82(1.01–3.31) | .040 | 1.98(0.97–4.06) | .062 |
Protein < 15%energy (ref. > 15%) | 0.94(0.63–1.41) | .765 | 0.74(0.44–1.21) | .228 |
Aged 90 | ||||
Female (ref. male) | 0.89(0.29–2.71) | .831 | NA | NA |
BMI < 18.5 (ref. > 18.5) | 1.94(0.37–10.21) | .434 | NA | NA |
BMI > 25.0 (ref. < 25.0) | 1.85(0.37–9.28) | .455 | 0.52(0.07–3.76) | .517 |
Living alone (ref. married couple) | 0.40(0.11–1.44) | .162 | 0.96(0.19–4.94) | .963 |
Married couples(ref. no married couples) | 1.85(0.37–9.28) | .455 | 6.68(0.57–78.16) | .130 |
Moca-J score | 1.02(0.88–1.19) | .788 | 1.08(0.87–1.35) | .493 |
Grip strength | 1.05(0.96–1.15) | .307 | 1.24(1.02–1.51) | .034 |
Serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL(ref. > 3.8 g/dL) | 0.75(0.07–7.69) | .805 | NA | NA |
Total protein < 6.5 g/dL (ref. > 6.5 g/dL) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Carbohydrates > 65%energy(ref. < 65%) | 0.42(0.05–3.91) | .449 | NA | NA |
Protein < 15%energy (ref. > 15%) | 0.14(0.02–1.19) | .072 | NA | NA |