Background
Methods
Participants
Methods
General information and clinical exams
Ophthalmologic examinations
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic data of the participants
Mean ± SD | Bipolar disorder group | Depression group | Normal Control group | t/F/χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 38.96 ± 14.61 | 43.60 ± 15.51 | 41.59 ± 9.37 | 2.558 | 0.079 |
Gender Female (n) | 64 | 30 | 220 | 0.912 | 0.634 |
Male (n) | 18 | 5 | 54 | ||
Duration of illness (year) | 13.27 ± 11.44 | 8.43 ± 9.55 | – | 1.636 | 0.107 |
Smokers, n (%) | 12 (14.6) | 2 (5.7) | 12 (4.4) | 16.737 | 0.020 |
Positive family history, n (%) | 24 (29.3) | 2 (5.71) | 3 (1.1) | 32.715 | < 0.001 |
BMI | 24.68 ± 3.65 | 24.32 ± 4.86 | 23.94 ± 3.34 | 1.165 | 0.313 |
SBPa (mmHg) | 109.88 ± 8.39 | 108.86 ± 9.32 | 109.23 ± 9.22 | 0.213 | 0.808 |
DBPb (mmHg) | 71.28 ± 5.76 | 69.43 ± 5.39 | 70.69 ± 5.84 | 1.257 | 0.286 |
MAPc (mmHg) | 84.14 ± 6.19 | 82.57 ± 6.27 | 83.54 ± 6.38 | 0.778 | 0.460 |
ALTd (U/L) | 16.66 ± 13.33 | 33.26 ± 30.91 | 20.16 ± 15.14 | 10.423 | < 0.001 |
ASTe (U/L) | 18.52 ± 10.35 | 24.97 ± 11.44 | 19.31 ± 7.89 | 6.403 | 0.002 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.34 ± 2.70 | 4.67 ± 0.37 | 5.43 ± 1.51 | 2.240 | 0.108 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.24 ± 0.98 | 4.08 ± 0.74 | 4.77 ± 0.84 | 15.644 | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.96 ± 1.22 | 1.64 ± 0.85 | 1.50 ± 1.24 | 3.857 | 0.022 |
UAf (mol/L) | 359.90 ± 72.50 | 279.90 ± 75.54 | 321.63 ± 83.80 | 11.548 | < 0.001 |
Thyrotropin (mIU/L) | 2.97 ± 2.43 | 2.29 ± 1.28 | 1.95 ± 0.81 | 1.585 | 0.212 |
TT3g (nmol/L) | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.96 ± 0.18 | 2.078 | 0.133 |
FT3h (pmol/L) | 3.23 ± 0.66 | 3.19 ± 0.93 | 4.17 ± 1.49 | 5.685 | 0.005 |
TT4i (nmol/L) | 12.76 ± 22.32 | 10.15 ± 15.61 | 7.64 ± 2.61 | 0.386 | 0.681 |
FT4j (pmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.15 | 1.17 ± 1.97 | 0.83 ± 0.13 | 0.399 | 0.673 |
Eye pressure left (mmHg) | 14.74 ± 3.22 | 13.97 ± 3.09 | 15.39 ± 2.70 | 4.303 | 0.014 |
Right (mmHg) | 14.67 ± 3.53 | 14.30 ± 2.35 | 15.24 ± 2.51 | 2.419 | 0.091 |
Diopters (D) left eye (unnormal,n) | 4.10 ± 1.74 (29) | 2.60 ± 0.55 (5) | 2.68 ± 1.18 (15) | 5.322/12.00 | 0.008 (0.285) |
right eye (unnormal,n) | 4.12 ± 1.77 (29) | 2.1 ± 0.52 (5) | 2.71 ± 1.32 (15) | 6.086/12.00 | 0.005 (0.285) |
RBANS | |||||
Immediate memory | 75.10 ± 20.49 | 72.52 ± 13.87 | 106.84 ± 10.51 | 151.15 | < 0.001 |
Visuospatial/Constructional | 95.10 ± 14.81 | 95.92 ± 14.71 | 105.69 ± 14.91 | 14.08 | < 0.001 |
Language Index | 90.91 ± 18.92 | 84.44 ± 14.78 | 106.82 ± 9.55 | 53.63 | < 0.001 |
Attention Index | 97.07 ± 12.41 | 101.92 ± 11.08 | 120.04 ± 16.56 | 60.71 | < 0.001 |
Delayed Memory | 86.10 ± 13.58 | 85.56 ± 16.65 | 111.14 ± 7.86 | 158.32 | < 0.001 |
Total Scale(t) | 84.84 ± 13.78 | 83.24 ± 12.64 | 117.64 ± 12.13 | 198.91 | < 0.001 |
Metabolic and basic optical data of the participants
RNFL thickness and macular thickness in different groups
Thickness (Mean ± SD) | Bipolar disorder group | Depression group | Normal Control group | F | P/p (post-hoc) | P′ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right RNFL | ||||||
Total thickness (μm) | 90.69 ± 19.97 | 100.18 ± 14.12 | 102.13 ± 14.32 | 12.29 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.593b/0.016c | 0.004 |
Superior thickness (μm) | 110.34 ± 29.22 | 123.59 ± 23.53 | 120.13 ± 14.32 | 3.14 | 0.045/0.022a/0.607b/0.067c | 0.017 |
Inferior thickness (μm) | 116.72 ± 33.32 | 122.05 ± 23.05 | 130.17 ± 22.37 | 6.75 | 0.001/< 0.001a/0.168b/0.401c | 0.823 |
Disc area (mm2) | 2.35 ± 1.15 | 2.62 ± 0.63 | 2.34 ± 0.67 | 1.17 | 0.313 | 0.202 |
Cup volume (mm3) | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.26 ± 0.24 | 0.11 ± 0.13 | 11.55 | < 0.001/0.697a/< 0.001bc | 0.934 |
Left RNFL | ||||||
Total thickness (μm) | 91.61 ± 14.85 | 97.27 ± 16.71 | 103.71 ± 11.94 | 19.73 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.033b/0.084c | 0.001 |
Superior thickness (μm) | 115.13 ± 25.36 | 129.95 ± 21.32 | 128.55 ± 22.51 | 8.12 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.788b/0.01c | 0.010 |
Inferior thickness (μm) | 119.13 ± 26.78 | 115.45 ± 34.02 | 133.88 ± 18.68 | 13.65 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab/0.513c | 0.010 |
Disc area (mm2) | 2.24 ± 1.17 | 2.32 ± 0.64 | 2.24 ± 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.899 | 0.224 |
Cup volume (mm3) | 0.08 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.13 | 5.16 | 0.006/0.150a/0.011b/0.001c | 0.252 |
Right macular (μm) | ||||||
Average thickness | 255.24 ± 14.47 | 287.34 ± 26.01 | 263.82 ± 41.93 | 1.79 | 0.168 | 0.688 |
Central thickness | 220.06 ± 48.22 | 215.67 ± 25.45 | 227.03 ± 23.87 | 3.10 | 0.046 | 0.218 |
Inner superior | 273.49 ± 70.54 | 271.97 ± 71.62 | 302.54 ± 16.22 | 20.45 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab/0.855c | 0.001 |
Inner inferior | 263.52 ± 68.68 | 257.86 ± 70.50 | 293.47 ± 19.67 | 23.55 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab/0.499 | 0.001 |
Inner nasal | 271.97 ± 71.02 | 271.03 ± 70.95 | 298.85 ± 30.97 | 13.33 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.001b/0.921 | 0.001 |
Inner temporal | 262.11 ± 76.56 | 255.37 ± 66.42 | 287.27 ± 15.86 | 16.94 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab/0.431 | < 0.001 |
Outer ring superior | 246.61 ± 62.93 | 241.34 ± 63.01 | 267.60 ± 14.81 | 15.72 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab/0.739 | 0.013 |
Outer inferior | 234.05 ± 61.13 | 236.46 ± 61.03 | 255.79 ± 15.11 | 13.73 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.002b/0.739c | 0.005 |
Outer nasal | 257.19 ± 65.72 | 257.49 ± 66.69 | 283.07 ± 16.44 | 17.69 | < 0.001 < 0.001ab/0.970 | 0.002 |
Outer temporal | 225.22 ± 61.27 | 226.51 ± 58.73 | 248.99 ± 16.62 | 16.83 | < 0.001/< 0.001ab0.858c | 0.002 |
Left macular (μm) | ||||||
Average thickness | 253.15 ± 48.47 | 266.40 ± 18.28 | 263.91 ± 36.37 | 2.53 | 0.081/0.033a/0.722b/0.097c | 0.858 |
Central thickness | 221.58 ± 45.12 | 225.85 ± 28.21 | 224.19 ± 21.71 | 0.33 | 0.718 | 0.620 |
Inner superior | 285.56 ± 54.35 | 295.82 ± 20.27 | 302.96 ± 17.16 | 10.69 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.177b/0.089c | 0.038 |
Inner inferior | 274.90 ± 51.80 | 287.97 ± 28.25 | 292.06 ± 20.18 | 9.45 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.456b/0.037c | 0.515 |
Inner nasal | 286.60 ± 54.18 | 293.18 ± 27.48 | 298.44 ± 26.10 | 3.63 | 0.027/0.008a/0.396b/0.351c | 0.700 |
Inner temporal | 270.56 ± 53.12 | 271.39 ± 25.46 | 282.70 ± 18.62 | 6.24 | 0.002/0.002a/0.037b/0.891c | 0.081 |
Outerring superior | 248.63 ± 52.68 | 268.39 ± 16.24 | 267.11 ± 17.73 | 12.83 | < 0.001/< 0.001a/0.804b/0.001c | 0.096 |
Outer inferior | 241.28 ± 50.35 | 252.82 ± 21.51 | 255.43 ± 18.16 | 7.39 | 0.001/< 0.001a/0.610b/0.048c | 0.094 |
Outer nasal | 264.64 ± 50.12 | 277.97 ± 23.37 | 279.0 ± 25.18 | 5.96 | 0.003/0.001a/0.859b/0.045c | 0.174 |
Outer temporal | 235.64 ± 48.95 | 248.03 ± 18.28 | 247.96 ± 18.87 | 5.89 | 0.003/0.001a/0.989b/0.032c | 0.605 |
Analysis of the factors related to RNFL and macular thickness in bipolar disorder and major depression patients
Right RNFL | Constant | Age of onset | UA | ALT | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ßl | S.E. | F1 | P1 | ß2 | S.E. | F2 | P2 | ß3 | S.E. | F3 | P3 | ||
Total thickness (μm) | 115.56 | 0.614 | 0.241 | 2.549 | 0.018 | ||||||||
Superior thickness (μm)b | 64.02 | 1.070 | 0.384 | 2.787 | 0.010 | ||||||||
Inferior thickness (μm)c | 284.81 | 0.820 | 0.403 | 2.037 | 0.054 | 0.180 | 0.072 | 2.488 | 0.021 | −0.952 | 0.283 | −3.358 | 0.003 |
Disc area (mm2)d | −6.057 | 0.050 | 0.021 | 2.373 | 0.028 | ||||||||
Right macular (μm) | |||||||||||||
Inner superiore | 269.46 | −2.337 | 0.994 | −2.351 | 0.027 | −0.350 | 0.161 | − 2.178 | 0.039 | 2.244 | 0.741 | 3.030 | 0.006 |
Inner inferior | 307.51 | −2.240 | 1.051 | −2.131 | 0.044 | −0.383 | 0.170 | −2.255 | 0.034 | 1.195 | 0.783 | 2.548 | 0.018 |
Inner nasale | 186.60 | −1.943 | 0.983 | −1.976 | 0.060 | −0.043 | 0.155 | −2.604 | 0.016 | ||||
Inner temporal | 290.80 | −2.214 | 0.914 | −2.323 | 0.029 | −0.411 | 0.148 | −2.782 | 0.010 | 1.926 | 0.681 | 2.829 | 0.009 |
Outer ring superiore | 145.50 | −1.938 | 0.829 | −2.339 | 0.028 | −0.339 | 0.130 | −2.605 | 0.016 | 1.528 | 0.647 | 2.363 | 0.027 |
Outer inferiore | 191.52 | −1.711 | 0.855 | −2.001 | 0.057 | −0.277 | 0.138 | −2.008 | 0.057 | 1.884 | 0.629 | 2.994 | 0.006 |
Outer nasale | 126.94 | −1.583 | 0.862 | −1.838 | 0.080 | −0.333 | 0.136 | −2.444 | 0.023 | 1.408 | 0.673 | 2.093 | 0.048 |
Outer temporale | 163.11 | −1.737 | 0.869 | −1.999 | 0.058 | −0.364 | 0.137 | −2.668 | 0.014 | 1.324 | 0.678 | 1.952 | 0.063 |
Left RNFL | |||||||||||||
Total thickness (μm) | 116.03 | −0.061 | 0.036 | −1.705 | 0.099 | ||||||||
Left macular | |||||||||||||
Inner superior | 292.67 | 0.208 | 0.120 | 1.735 | 0.093 | ||||||||
Inner inferiorf | 313.12 | 0.239 | 0.108 | 2.219 | 0.034 |
Right RNFL | Constant | Age onsetb /duration of illnessc | CHO | ALT | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ßl | S.E. | F1 | P1 | ß2 | S.E. | F2 | P2 | ß3 | S.E. | F3 | P3 | ||
Total thickness (μm) | 86.34 | −0.602 | 0.282 | −2.185 | 0.059b | ||||||||
Inferior thickness (μm) | −25.28 | −1.268 | 0.574 | −2.211 | 0.058b | 26.62 | 9.232 | 2.884 | 0.020 | ||||
Right macular (μm) | |||||||||||||
Average thickness d | 352.80 | 0.630 | 0.293 | 2.155 | 0.050b | −13.204 | 5.203 | −2.538 | 0.020 | ||||
Inner superior | 312.09 | −1.094 | 0.499 | − 2.191 | 0.042 | ||||||||
Ourter superior | 277.77 | −1.042 | 0.432 | −2.410 | 0.027 | ||||||||
Outer inferior | 270.70 | −0.995 | 0.422 | −2.357 | 0.030 | ||||||||
Left RNFL | |||||||||||||
Total thickness (μm)e | −68.81 | − 0.145 | 0.019 | −7.532 | 0.002c | 17.438 | 2.835 | 6.152 | 0.004 | ||||
Inferior thickness (μm)f | −170.57 | −0.249 | 0.044 | −5.655 | 0.002c | 28.310 | 6.264 | 4.519 | 0.006 | ||||
Disc area (mm2)g | 8.805 | −0.033 | 0.008 | −4.322 | 0.023 | ||||||||
Cup volume (mm3)h | −0.874 | −0.002 | −8.904 | < 0.001c | 0.008 | 0.001 | 8.261 | < 0.001 | |||||
Left macular (μm) | |||||||||||||
Inner superior | 284.25 | 0.366 | 0.143 | 2.560 | 0.020b | ||||||||
Inner inferior | |||||||||||||
Inner nasal | 279.40 | 0.440 | 0.193 | 2.278 | 0.036 | ||||||||
Inner temporal | 261.01 | 0.396 | 0.168 | 2.354 | 0.031 | ||||||||
Ourter superior | 222.29 | −0.104 | 0.048 | −2.166 | 0.047c |