Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Physical examination
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Assays
Calculation of indices
Beta-cell function indices
Insulin sensitivity
Early, late and overall Disposition Indices
NGT SA | NGT Cau | IFG/IGT SA | IFG/IGT Cau | T2D SA | T2D Cau | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 22 | 34 | 12 | 12 | 23 | 18 |
Sex(male/female), n %(male) | 10/12 (45.5) | 11/23 (32.4) | 8/4 (66.7) | 4/8 (33.3) | 11/12 (47.8) | 9/9 (50.0) |
Age (years) | 39.6 ± 11.6¶
| 38.9 ± 9.4‡
| 46.3 ± 8.8 | 44.5 ± 11.4‡
| 52.3 ± 8.8‡§
| 63.2 ± 7.6*†¶
|
Weight (kg) | 78.7 ± 13.8 | 81.1 ± 15.7 | 78.7 ± 14.5 | 94.1 ± 30.4 | 74.4 ± 12.4 | 90.5 ± 15.0¶
|
Length (cm) | 1.69 ± 0.1 | 1.75 ± 0.1 | 1.67 ± 0.1 | 1.75 ± 0.1 | 1.61 ± 0.1‡
| 1.76 ± 0.1¶
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.1 | 26.3 ± 4.1 | 27.9 ± 2.9 | 30.4 ± 8.5 | 28.6 ± 4.1 | 29.3 ± 4.9 |
Waist (cm) | 94 ± 10 | 91 ± 15‡
| 98 ± 13 | 105 ± 20 | 97 ± 11 | 105 ± 14* |
Hip (cm) | 105 ± 5 | 108 ± 8 | 103 ± 6 | 116 ± 20 | 104 ± 9 | 112 ± 10 |
W/H | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.09‡
| 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.08* |
RR systolic (mmHg) | 122.6 ± 14.1 | 123.2 ± 12.5 | 125.9 ± 15.0 | 129.6 ± 20.2 | 132.4 ± 15.1 | 135.6 ± 13.0 |
RR diastolic (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 9.7 | 76.3 ± 9.1 | 85.0 ± 10.8 | 79.4 ± 10.3 | 80.4 ± 8.4 | 83.4 ± 12.2 |
Smoking, n %D
| 2 (11.8) | 13 (40.6) | (5) 55.6 | (5) 50.0 | 8 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) |
Antihypertensive, n % | 2 (9.1) | 0‡
| 2 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (39.1) | 9 (50.0)* |
Lipid treatment, n % | 3 (13.6) | 1 (2.9)‡
| 3 (25.0) | 0‡
| 11 (47.8) | 11 (61.1)*†
|
Macrovascular history, n % | 4.5 | 3.0 | 16.7 | 0 | 8.7 | 12.5* |
Microvascular history, n % | 13.0B
| 25.0B
| ||||
Metformin usage | 20(87 %) | 17(94.4 %) | ||||
Age of diagnosis | 44.3 ± 7.3A,B
| 56.1 ± 7.2A,B
| ||||
Period of having T2D | 9.9 ± 7.3A,C
| 8.5 ± 8.4A,C
| ||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.4¶
| 5.2 ± 0.3†‡
| 6.0 ± 0.5¶
| 6.0 ± 0.6*‡
| 7.2 ± 1.1§||
| 8.0 ± 1.1*†
|
120 min glucose (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.1¶
| 5.5 ± 1.1‡
| 7.8 ± 1.1¶
| 7.7 ± 2.3*‡
| 12.5 ± 4.4§||
| 14.1 ± 3.6*†
|
ISI | 5.0 ± 3.9 | 8.2 ± 5.1‡
| 3.2 ± 1.8 | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 3.3* |
ISR t0–210 | 1,647 ± 852 | 1,153 ± 385 | 1,873 ± 862 | 1,369 ± 561 | 1,645 ± 513‡
| 1,060 ± 478 |
ISR t0–30 | 297 ± 122*¶
| 208 ± 82‡
| 254 ± 158¶
| 166 ± 69 | 116 ± 64§||
| 124 ± 75 |
ISR t60–210 | 921 ± 632 | 595 ± 296 | 1,217 ± 699 | 900 ± 524 | 1,225 ± 430‡
| 744 ± 360 |
Glucose disposal t0–210 | 169 ± 95¶
| 211 ± 126‡
| 394 ± 138¶
| 446 ± 176‡
| 830 ± 438§||
| 1,035 ± 445*†
|
Glucose disposal t0–30 | 33 ± 17 | 35 ± 14‡
| 40 ± 14 | 44 ± 27‡
| 51 ± 22§
| 70 ± 23*†
|
Glucose disposal t60–210 | 73 ± 60¶
| 99 ± 81‡
| 239 ± 107¶
| 281 ± 162‡
| 611 ± 383§||
| 764 ± 405*†
|
Statistical analyses
Results
Disposition indices, first/second phase beta-cell function
Model 1
|
β
| SE | Wald test | 95 % CI |
P value |
Model 2
|
β
| SE | Wald test | 95 % CI |
P value |
Model 3
|
β
| SE | Wald test | 95 % CI |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | ISR t0–30 | 0.553 | 0.187 | 8.745 | [0.186; 0.920] |
0.003
| ISRt0 − 30 | 0.707 | 0.212 | 11.122 | [0.291; 1.123] |
<0.001
| DIratio | 0.316 | 0.115 | 7.551 | [0.091; 0.541] |
0.006
|
ISRt60–210 | −0.211 | 0.197 | 1.147 | [−0.597; 0.175] | 0.284 | ISI | −0.245 | 0.190 | 1.663 | [−0.617; 0.127] | 0.197 | age | 1.989 | 5.480 | 0.132 | [−8.752; 12.730] | 0.717 | |
ISI | −0.101 | 0.217 | 0.217 | [−0.526; 0.324] | 0.642 | Age | −2.338 | 4.595 | 0.259 | [−11.344; 6.668] | 0.611 | W/H | −0.001 | 0.001 | 2.778 | [−0.002; 0.0001] | 0.096 | |
age | −0.677 | 4.641 | 0.021 | [−9,773; 8.419] | 0.884 | W/H | −0.0002 | 0.0002 | 1.000 | [−0.0006; 0.0002] | 0.317 | WHO OGTT | 2.456 | 2.240 | 1.202 | [−1.934; 6.846] | 0.273 | |
W/H | −0.00001 | 0.0002 | 0.003 | [−0.0005; 0.0004] | 0.956 | WHO OGTT | 0.402 | 1.872 | 0.046 | [−3.267; 4.071] | 0.830 | Gender | 12.557 | 115.011 | 0.012 | [−212.865; 237.979] | 0.913 | |
Gender | 6.649 | 111.197 | 0.0036 | [−211,297; 224,595] | 0.952 | Gender | −4.134 | 117.477 | 0.001 | [−234.389; 226.121] | 0.972 | |||||||
R2 (%) | 22.7 | R2(%) | 45.5 | R2 (%) | 19.2 | |||||||||||||
Cau | ISRt0–30 | 0.092 | 0.178 | 0.267 | [−0.257; 0.441] | 0.605 | ISRt0–30 | 0.270 | 0.156 | 2.996 | [−0.035; 0.576] | 0.083 | DIratio | 0.090 | 0.040 | 5.063 | [0.012; 0.168] |
0.024
|
ISRt60–210 | −0.057 | 0.188 | 0.092 | [−0.425; 0.311] | 0.762 | ISI | −0.055 | 0.045 | 1.494 | [−0.143; 0.033] | 0.222 | age | 0.866 | 3.643 | 0.057 | [−6.274; 8.006] | 0.812 | |
ISI | −0.040 | 0.056 | 0.510 | [−0.150; 0.070] | 0.475 | Age | −2.080 | 3.701 | 0.316 | [−9.334; 5.173] | 0.574 | W/H | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.444 | [−0.0004; 0.001] | 0.505 | |
Age | 2.909 | 4.182 | 0.484 | [−5.288; 11.106] | 0.487 | W/H | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 1.000 | [−0.0003; 0.001] | 0.317 | WHO OGTT | −0.030 | 0.030 | 1.000 | [−0.089; 0.029] | 0.317 | |
W/H | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 1.778 | [−0.0002; 0.0008] | 0.182 | WHO OGTT | −0.020 | 0.030 | 0.444 | [−0.079; 0.039] | 0.505 | Gender |
−192.943 | 95.45 | 4.086 | [−380.025; −5.861] |
0.043
| |
Gender | −46.69 | 120.990 | 0.149 | [−283.830; 190.450] | 0.700 | Gender | −125.358 | 93.631 | 1.793 | [−308.975; 58.159] | 0.181 | |||||||
R2 (%) | 8.9 | R2 (%) | 17.4 | R2 (%) | 27.1 |
Independent | B | SE | Wald | 95 % CI |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ordinal regression analysis with NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D as dependent variables | |||||
SA | |||||
ISR t0–30 | −0.020 | 0.009 | 5.246 | [−0.037; −0.002] |
0.022
|
ISI | −0.782 | 0.582 | 1.806 | [−1.922; 0.359] | 0.179 |
Cau | |||||
ISR t0–30 | −0.066 | 0.020 | 11.128 | [−0.105; −0.027] |
0.001
|
ISI | −0.603 | 0.256 | 5.556 | [−1.105; −0.101] |
0.018
|
Binary logistic regression analysis with T2D/non T2D as dependent variable | |||||
SA | |||||
ISR t0–30 | −0.029 | 0.009 | 11.350 | [−0.047; −0.011] |
0.001
|
ISI | −0.338 | 0.275 | 1.516 | [−0.877; 0.201] | 0.218 |
Cau | |||||
ISR t0–30 | −0.017 | 0.006 | 7.859 | [−0.029; −0.005] |
0.005
|
ISI | −0.319 | 0.124 | 6.630 | [−0.562; −0.076] |
0.01
|