Background
Methods
Height | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval |
p = 0.001 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fulani | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.58 | |
Kirdi | 1.595 | 1.585 | 1.605 | |
Total | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.59 | |
Weight | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval |
p < 0.0001 | |
Fulani | 59.93 | 57.90 | 61.95 | |
Kirdi | 65.87 | 63.93 | 67.82 | |
Total | 62.90 | 61.50 | 64.30 | |
BMI | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval |
p = 0.001 | |
Fulani | 24.03 | 23.26 | 24.80 | |
Kirdi | 25.83 | 25.09 | 26.57 | |
Total | 24.93 | 24.40 | 25.46 | |
Age | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval |
p = 0.005 | |
Fulani | 25.32 | 24.19 | 26.45 | |
Kirdi | 27.59 | 26.50 | 28.67 | |
Total | 26.46 | 26.67 | 27.24 |
Statistics
Results
Parity | Fulani | Kirdi | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | N | % | n | % | ||
0 | 22 | 22.92 | 24 | 23.08 | 46 | 24.21 | Chi-square test: |
1 | 24 | 25.00 | 26 | 25.00 | 50 | 26.32 |
P = 0.9 |
2 | 14 | 14.58 | 15 | 14.42 | 29 | 15.26 | |
3 | 13 | 13.54 | 10 | 9.62 | 23 | 12.11 | |
4 | 9 | 9.38 | 9 | 8.65 | 18 | 9.47 | |
5 | 14 | 14.58 | 20 | 19.23 | 34 | 17.90 |
Centiles | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50th | 2.5th | 97.5th | ||||
BPDoo (mm)
| weeks | days | weeks | days | weeks | days |
20 |
11
|
6
| 10 | 6 | 12 | 6 |
21 |
12
|
1
| 11 | 1 | 13 | 0 |
22 |
12
|
3
| 11 | 3 | 13 | 2 |
23 |
12
|
5
| 11 | 5 | 13 | 4 |
24 |
13
|
0
| 12 | 0 | 13 | 6 |
25 |
13
|
2
| 12 | 2 | 14 | 1 |
26 |
13
|
4
| 12 | 4 | 14 | 3 |
27 |
13
|
5
| 12 | 6 | 14 | 5 |
28 |
14
|
0
| 13 | 1 | 15 | 0 |
29 |
14
|
2
| 13 | 3 | 15 | 2 |
30 |
14
|
4
| 13 | 5 | 15 | 4 |
31 |
14
|
6
| 14 | 0 | 15 | 6 |
32 |
15
|
1
| 14 | 2 | 16 | 1 |
33 |
15
|
3
| 14 | 4 | 16 | 3 |
34 |
15
|
5
| 14 | 6 | 16 | 5 |
35 |
16
|
0
| 15 | 1 | 16 | 6 |
36 |
16
|
2
| 15 | 3 | 17 | 1 |
37 |
16
|
4
| 15 | 5 | 17 | 3 |
38 |
16
|
6
| 16 | 0 | 17 | 5 |
39 |
17
|
1
| 16 | 2 | 18 | 0 |
40 |
17
|
3
| 16 | 4 | 18 | 2 |
41 |
17
|
5
| 16 | 6 | 18 | 4 |
42 |
18
|
0
| 17 | 1 | 18 | 6 |
43 |
18
|
2
| 17 | 3 | 19 | 1 |
44 |
18
|
4
| 17 | 5 | 19 | 3 |
45 |
18
|
6
| 18 | 0 | 19 | 5 |
46 |
19
|
1
| 18 | 2 | 20 | 0 |
47 |
19
|
3
| 18 | 4 | 20 | 2 |
48 |
19
|
5
| 18 | 6 | 20 | 4 |
49 |
20
|
0
| 19 | 1 | 20 | 6 |
50 |
20
|
2
| 19 | 3 | 21 | 1 |
51 |
20
|
4
| 19 | 5 | 21 | 3 |
52 |
20
|
6
| 20 | 0 | 21 | 5 |
53 |
21
|
1
| 20 | 2 | 22 | 0 |
54 |
21
|
3
| 20 | 4 | 22 | 2 |
55 |
21
|
5
| 20 | 6 | 22 | 4 |
56 |
22
|
0
| 21 | 1 | 22 | 6 |
57 |
22
|
2
| 21 | 3 | 23 | 1 |
58 |
22
|
4
| 21 | 5 | 23 | 3 |
Centiles | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50th | 2.5th | 97.5th | ||||
BPDoi (mm)
| weeks | days | weeks | days | weeks | days |
20 |
12
|
2
| 11 | 3 | 13 | 1 |
21 |
12
|
4
| 11 | 5 | 13 | 3 |
22 |
12
|
6
| 12 | 0 | 13 | 5 |
23 |
13
|
1
| 12 | 2 | 14 | 0 |
24 |
13
|
3
| 12 | 4 | 14 | 2 |
25 |
13
|
5
| 12 | 6 | 14 | 4 |
26 |
14
|
0
| 13 | 1 | 14 | 6 |
27 |
14
|
2
| 13 | 3 | 15 | 1 |
28 |
14
|
4
| 13 | 5 | 15 | 3 |
29 |
14
|
6
| 14 | 0 | 15 | 5 |
30 |
15
|
1
| 14 | 2 | 16 | 0 |
31 |
15
|
3
| 14 | 4 | 16 | 2 |
32 |
15
|
5
| 14 | 6 | 16 | 4 |
33 |
16
|
0
| 15 | 1 | 16 | 6 |
34 |
16
|
2
| 15 | 3 | 17 | 1 |
35 |
16
|
4
| 15 | 5 | 17 | 3 |
36 |
16
|
6
| 16 | 0 | 17 | 5 |
37 |
17
|
1
| 16 | 2 | 17 | 6 |
38 |
17
|
3
| 16 | 4 | 18 | 1 |
39 |
17
|
5
| 16 | 6 | 18 | 3 |
40 |
18
|
0
| 17 | 1 | 18 | 5 |
41 |
18
|
2
| 17 | 3 | 19 | 0 |
42 |
18
|
4
| 17 | 5 | 19 | 2 |
43 |
18
|
6
| 18 | 0 | 19 | 4 |
44 |
19
|
1
| 18 | 2 | 19 | 6 |
45 |
19
|
3
| 18 | 4 | 20 | 1 |
46 |
19
|
5
| 18 | 6 | 20 | 3 |
47 |
20
|
0
| 19 | 1 | 20 | 5 |
48 |
20
|
2
| 19 | 3 | 21 | 0 |
49 |
20
|
4
| 19 | 5 | 21 | 2 |
50 |
20
|
6
| 20 | 0 | 21 | 4 |
51 |
21
|
1
| 20 | 2 | 21 | 6 |
52 |
21
|
3
| 20 | 4 | 22 | 1 |
53 |
21
|
5
| 20 | 6 | 22 | 3 |
54 |
22
|
0
| 21 | 1 | 22 | 5 |
55 |
22
|
2
| 21 | 3 | 23 | 1 |
56 |
22
|
4
| 21 | 5 | 23 | 3 |
57 |
22
|
6
| 22 | 0 | 23 | 5 |
58 |
23
|
1
| 22 | 2 | 24 | 0 |
Centiles | Centiles | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50th
| 2.5th | 97.5th |
50th
| 2.5th | 97.5th | ||||||||
HC (mm)
|
weeks
|
days
| weeks | days | weeks | days |
HC (mm)
|
weeks
|
days
| weeks | days | weeks | days |
70 |
12
|
2
| 11 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 140 |
18
|
0
| 17 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
72 |
12
|
3
| 11 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 142 |
18
|
1
| 17 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
74 |
12
|
4
| 11 | 4 | 13 | 5 | 144 |
18
|
2
| 17 | 2 | 19 | 2 |
76 |
12
|
5
| 11 | 5 | 13 | 6 | 146 |
18
|
3
| 17 | 3 | 19 | 3 |
78 |
12
|
6
| 11 | 6 | 14 | 0 | 148 |
18
|
4
| 17 | 4 | 19 | 4 |
80 |
13
|
0
| 12 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 150 |
18
|
5
| 17 | 5 | 19 | 5 |
82 |
13
|
1
| 12 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 152 |
19
|
0
| 17 | 6 | 20 | 0 |
84 |
13
|
3
| 12 | 2 | 14 | 3 | 154 |
19
|
1
| 18 | 1 | 20 | 1 |
86 |
13
|
4
| 12 | 3 | 14 | 4 | 156 |
19
|
2
| 18 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
88 |
13
|
5
| 12 | 4 | 14 | 5 | 158 |
19
|
3
| 18 | 3 | 20 | 3 |
90 |
13
|
6
| 12 | 5 | 14 | 6 | 160 |
19
|
4
| 18 | 4 | 20 | 4 |
92 |
14
|
0
| 12 | 6 | 15 | 0 | 162 |
19
|
5
| 18 | 5 | 20 | 5 |
94 |
14
|
1
| 13 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 164 |
19
|
6
| 18 | 6 | 20 | 6 |
96 |
14
|
2
| 13 | 2 | 15 | 3 | 166 |
20
|
0
| 19 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
98 |
14
|
3
| 13 | 3 | 15 | 4 | 168 |
20
|
1
| 19 | 1 | 21 | 1 |
100 |
14
|
5
| 13 | 4 | 15 | 5 | 170 |
20
|
2
| 19 | 2 | 21 | 2 |
102 |
14
|
6
| 13 | 5 | 15 | 6 | 172 |
20
|
3
| 19 | 3 | 21 | 3 |
104 |
15
|
0
| 13 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 174 |
20
|
4
| 19 | 4 | 21 | 4 |
106 |
15
|
1
| 14 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 176 |
20
|
5
| 19 | 5 | 21 | 5 |
108 |
15
|
2
| 14 | 2 | 16 | 2 | 178 |
20
|
6
| 19 | 6 | 21 | 6 |
110 |
15
|
3
| 14 | 3 | 16 | 4 | 180 |
21
|
0
| 20 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
112 |
15
|
4
| 14 | 4 | 16 | 5 | 182 |
21
|
1
| 20 | 1 | 22 | 1 |
114 |
15
|
6
| 14 | 5 | 16 | 6 | 184 |
21
|
2
| 20 | 2 | 22 | 2 |
116 |
16
|
0
| 15 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 186 |
21
|
3
| 20 | 3 | 22 | 3 |
118 |
16
|
1
| 15 | 1 | 17 | 1 | 188 |
21
|
4
| 20 | 4 | 22 | 4 |
120 |
16
|
2
| 15 | 2 | 17 | 2 | 190 |
21
|
5
| 20 | 5 | 22 | 4 |
122 |
16
|
3
| 15 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 192 |
21
|
5
| 20 | 6 | 22 | 5 |
124 |
16
|
5
| 15 | 4 | 17 | 5 | 194 |
21
|
6
| 20 | 6 | 22 | 6 |
126 |
16
|
6
| 15 | 5 | 17 | 6 | 196 |
22
|
0
| 21 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
128 |
17
|
0
| 16 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 198 |
22
|
1
| 21 | 1 | 23 | 1 |
130 |
17
|
1
| 16 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 200 |
22
|
2
| 21 | 2 | 23 | 2 |
132 |
17
|
2
| 16 | 2 | 18 | 2 | 202 |
22
|
3
| 21 | 3 | 23 | 2 |
134 |
17
|
3
| 16 | 3 | 18 | 3 | 204 |
22
|
3
| 21 | 3 | 23 | 3 |
136 |
17
|
4
| 16 | 4 | 18 | 5 | 206 |
22
|
4
| 21 | 4 | 23 | 4 |
138 | 17 | 6 | 16 | 6 | 18 | 6 | 208 |
22
|
5
| 21 | 5 | 23 | 5 |
210 |
22
|
5
| 21 | 6 | 23 | 5 |
Centiles | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50th | 2.5th | 97.5th | ||||
FL (mm)
| weeks | days | Weeks | days | weeks | days |
11 |
11
|
5
| 12 | 0 | 13 | 6 |
12 |
12
|
1
| 12 | 4 | 14 | 3 |
13 |
12
|
4
| 13 | 0 | 14 | 6 |
14 |
13
|
0
| 13 | 3 | 15 | 2 |
15 |
13
|
3
| 13 | 5 | 15 | 5 |
16 |
13
|
5
| 14 | 1 | 16 | 0 |
17 |
14
|
1
| 14 | 4 | 16 | 3 |
18 |
14
|
4
| 14 | 6 | 16 | 6 |
19 |
14
|
6
| 15 | 2 | 17 | 1 |
20 |
15
|
2
| 15 | 4 | 17 | 4 |
21 |
15
|
4
| 16 | 0 | 17 | 6 |
22 |
15
|
6
| 16 | 2 | 18 | 2 |
23 |
16
|
2
| 16 | 5 | 18 | 4 |
24 |
16
|
4
| 17 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
25 |
16
|
6
| 17 | 2 | 19 | 2 |
26 |
17
|
1
| 17 | 4 | 19 | 4 |
27 |
17
|
4
| 18 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
28 |
17
|
6
| 18 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
29 |
18
|
1
| 18 | 4 | 20 | 4 |
30 |
18
|
3
| 18 | 6 | 20 | 6 |
31 |
18
|
5
| 19 | 1 | 21 | 2 |
32 |
19
|
0
| 19 | 3 | 21 | 4 |
33 |
19
|
2
| 19 | 5 | 21 | 6 |
34 |
19
|
4
| 20 | 1 | 22 | 1 |
35 |
19
|
6
| 20 | 3 | 22 | 3 |
36 |
20
|
2
| 20 | 5 | 22 | 5 |
37 |
20
|
4
| 21 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
38 |
20
|
6
| 21 | 2 | 23 | 3 |
39 |
21
|
1
| 21 | 4 | 23 | 5 |
40 |
21
|
3
| 21 | 6 | 24 | 0 |
Present study | Altman and Chitty | Johnsen et al
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement | 50th centile | Uncertainty | 50th centile | Uncertainty | 50th centile | Uncertainty | |
(mm) | (weeks + days) | (± days) | (weeks + days) | (± days) | (weeks + days) | (± days) | |
BPDoo | 22 | 12 + 3 | 6 | 12 + 4 | 7 | 12 + 3 | 6 |
50 | 20 + 2 | 5 | 20 + 3 | 13 | 20 + 2 | 9 | |
HC | 90 | 13 + 6 | 6 | 13 + 2 | 5 | 13 + 3 | 6 |
180 | 21 + 0 | 6 | 20 + 5 | 10 | 20 + 4 | 8 | |
FL | 14 | 14 + 1 | 7 | 14 + 1 | 7 | 14 + 3 | 6 |
32 | 20 + 2 | 8 | 20 + 0 | 11 | 20 + 2 | 8 |
Maternal factor | Mean | 95%CI | SD | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | 0.82 | ||||
Fulani | 40.52 | 40.19 | 40.85 | 9.8 | |
Kirdi | 40.47 | 40.15 | 40.78 | 11.2 | |
Weight (centiles) | 0.39 | ||||
< 10 | 40.30 | 39.64 | 40.97 | 10.1 | |
10–90 | 40.44 | 40.18 | 40.69 | 10.6 | |
90+ | 41.11 | 40.40 | 41.83 | 10.6 | |
Height (centiles) | 0.83 | ||||
< 10 | 40.47 | 39.77 | 41.17 | 9.7 | |
10–90 | 40.54 | 40.27 | 40.80 | 10.7 | |
90+ | 40.25 | 39.64 | 40.86 | 10.6 | |
BMI (centiles) | 0.33 | ||||
< 10 | 40.47 | 39.74 | 41.19 | 8.5 | |
10–90 | 40.44 | 40.19 | 40.69 | 10.7 | |
90+ | 40.91 | 40.19 | 41.63 | 10.7 | |
Parity | 0.01 | ||||
0 | 38.67 | 37.97 | 39.38 | 11.4 | |
1 | 39.04 | 38.39 | 39.69 | 10.1 | |
2 | 39.70 | 38.85 | 40.55 | 11.2 | |
3 | 40.41 | 39.55 | 41.27 | 11.5 | |
4 | 39.45 | 38.51 | 40.40 | 10.3 | |
5+ | 39.99 | 39.12 | 40.87 | 9.3 | |
Age | 0.10 | ||||
-19 | 40.25 | 39.16 | 41.35 | 12.3 | |
20–24 | 39.98 | 39.37 | 40.58 | 10.4 | |
25–29 | 39.53 | 39.01 | 40.06 | 10.0 | |
30–34 | 38.55 | 37.81 | 39.28 | 11.9 | |
35+ | 39.41 | 38.28 | 40.55 | 9.7 |
Maternal factor | Mean | 95%CI | SD |
p-value
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | 0.89 | ||||
Fulani | 136.59 | 135.21 | 137.97 | 36.6 | |
Kirdi | 136.46 | 135.13 | 137.78 | 40.4 | |
Weight (centiles) | 0.22 | ||||
< 10 | 135.47 | 132.66 | 138.27 | 39.4 | |
10–90 | 136.30 | 135.23 | 137.37 | 38.2 | |
90+ | 139.45 | 136.43 | 142.46 | 39.0 | |
Height (centiles) | 0.58 | ||||
< 10 | 136.10 | 133.17 | 139.03 | 37.5 | |
10–90 | 137.05 | 135.95 | 138.14 | 39.6 | |
90+ | 134.00 | 131.46 | 136.55 | 39.6 | |
BMI (centiles) | 0.20 | ||||
< 10 | 135.68 | 132.62 | 138.73 | 32.9 | |
10–90 | 136.42 | 135.35 | 137.49 | 38.8 | |
90+ | 138.19 | 135.16 | 141.22 | 38.1 | |
Parity | 0.27 | ||||
0 | 132.01 | 129.21 | 134.81 | 41.8 | |
1 | 131.25 | 128.68 | 133.82 | 36.3 | |
2 | 132.64 | 129.26 | 136.02 | 40.9 | |
3 | 135.78 | 132.38 | 139.17 | 40.8 | |
4 | 132.05 | 128.30 | 135.81 | 40.0 | |
5+ | 134.50 | 131.04 | 137.97 | 34.0 | |
Age | 0.34 | ||||
-19 | 134.81 | 130.45 | 139.16 | 45.6 | |
20–24 | 134.26 | 131.85 | 136.66 | 38.1 | |
25–29 | 132.09 | 130.00 | 134.17 | 36.7 | |
30–34 | 132.44 | 129.52 | 135.36 | 43.1 | |
35+ | 131.60 | 127.09 | 136.11 | 33.9 |
Maternal factor | Mean | 95%CI | SD |
p-value
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | 0.24 | ||||
Fulani | 24.53 | 22.89 | 26.17 | 7.7 | |
Kirdi | 25.79 | 24.18 | 27.41 | 8.0 | |
Weight (centiles) | 0.20 | ||||
< 10 | 23.33 | 19.95 | 26.72 | 8.4 | |
10–90 | 25.26 | 23.96 | 26.57 | 7.8 | |
90+ | 26.53 | 22.97 | 30.08 | 7.8 | |
Height (centiles) | 0.22 | ||||
< 10 | 24.05 | 20.66 | 27.44 | 8.4 | |
10–90 | 25.18 | 23.84 | 26.52 | 7.8 | |
90+ | 26.04 | 22.99 | 29.09 | 7.6 | |
BMI (centiles) | 0.60 | ||||
< 10 | 21.61 | 17.99 | 25.24 | 7.3 | |
10–90 | 25.45 | 24.17 | 26.73 | 7.7 | |
90+ | 26.42 | 22.89 | 29.95 | 8.3 | |
Parity | 0.11 | ||||
0 | 23.95 | 23.02 | 24.88 | 8.7 | |
1 | 24.21 | 23.37 | 25.05 | 7.7 | |
2 | 24.77 | 23.62 | 25.92 | 7.7 | |
3 | 23.88 | 22.77 | 24.99 | 5.6 | |
4 | 24.63 | 23.40 | 25.86 | 8.2 | |
5+ | 25.63 | 24.53 | 26.73 | 7.4 | |
Age | 0.17 | ||||
-19 | 25.32 | 23.91 | 26.74 | 8.6 | |
20–24 | 24.91 | 24.15 | 25.66 | 7.8 | |
25–29 | 24.62 | 23.98 | 25.27 | 7.9 | |
30–34 | 23.99 | 23.03 | 24.96 | 8.3 | |
35+ | 23.71 | 22.27 | 25.15 | 7.1 |